成肌细胞治疗DMD模型-mdx鼠体内骨骼肌细胞dystrophin/utrophin蛋白的表达

目的 研究成肌细胞移植入放疗的mdx鼠后dystrophin/utrophin的表达变化.方法 培养大鼠L6骨骼肌成肌细胞株(L6 SkM),进行肌内注射于Duchenne型模型鼠-mdx鼠.移植后1个月、2个月、3个月分别取实验鼠的四肢骨骼肌,运用免疫荧光法、Western blot检测dystrophin及utrophin的表达情况.另分别取5只正常C57BL/6鼠和mdx鼠作阳性和阴性对照.结果 成肌细胞移植后1、2和3个月后mdx鼠的dystrophin表达随移植时间延长增多,而utrophin的表达随移植时间延长下降.结论 成肌细胞移植后dystrophin表达对utrophin有一定的抑制作用,两者存在互补关系.     

Duchenne肌营养不良模型鼠骨髓移植后dystrophin的表达

目的　观察Duchenne型肌营养不良模型鼠 (mdx鼠 )不同成分骨髓细胞移植后dystrophin的表达。方法　用体外培养的C57BL雄鼠的骨髓细胞、骨髓悬浮细胞、骨髓基质细胞分别经鼠尾静脉注射到放疗后的mdx鼠体内 ,动态观察受体雌性mdx鼠骨骼肌dystrophin的表达 ,并取受体mdx雌鼠血 ,用聚合酶链反应进行Sry基因检测。结果　骨髓细胞、悬浮细胞、基质细胞移植后 1～ 2个月 ,较少肌纤维表达dystrophin(<1 % ) ,3～ 4个月分别约有 7%、6 %、4 %的肌纤维表达dystrophin。Sry基因检测均扩增出受体雌鼠Y染色体上 449bp的DNA片段 ,提示供体细胞在受体内存活。结论　骨髓细胞、悬浮细胞、基质细胞分别移植到mdx鼠体内后 ,mdx鼠骨骼肌均有dystrophin的表达     

肌营养不良症模型鼠骨骼肌的组织病理学研究

目的　比较肌营养不良症模型 (mdx)鼠、C57鼠和Duchenne型肌营养不良症 (DMD)患者骨骼肌的组织病理学改变 ,以及dystrophin在肌细胞膜上的分布。方法　取mdx鼠、C57鼠和DMD患者骨骼肌作常规HE染色 ,比较其组织学改变 ;同时对mdx鼠、C57鼠骨骼肌作dystrophin的免疫组化染色 ,比较dystrophin在肌细胞膜上的分布。结果　mdx鼠骨骼肌肌纤维大小不等 ,轮廓变圆 ,肌间隙增宽 ,少量脂肪、结缔组织增生 ,细胞核中心移位增多 ,部分肌纤维变性坏死 ,而DMD患者骨骼肌的改变和mdx鼠基本一致。mdx鼠肌细胞膜缺乏完整环行棕色条带 ,而C57鼠则呈一完整环行棕色条带 ,提示mdx鼠dystrophin蛋白缺乏。结论　mdx鼠有类似于DMD患者的骨骼肌组织病理学改变     

Duchenne型肌营养不良症模型小鼠神经肌肉接头特征研究

目的观察Duchenne型肌营养不良症模型小鼠骨骼肌肌膜抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin)表达变化和神经肌肉接头形态,分析其可能机制。方法 C57BL/6和mdx小鼠各8只,HE染色观察肌细胞组织学形态,免疫荧光染色检测腓肠肌肌膜dystrophin蛋白表达变化和神经肌肉接头形态。结果C57BL/6小鼠腓肠肌肌细胞大小基本一致,呈多角形,胞核位于细胞周边、极少数位于肌纤维中心;肌膜均匀表达dystrophin蛋白;神经肌肉接头形态完好。Mdx小鼠腓肠肌肌细胞大小不一致,呈圆形,部分胞核趋中心化;仅少量或个别肌细胞表达dystrophin蛋白;mdx种鼠突触后膜乙酰胆碱受体断裂成小片段,突触前膜神经末梢突起增多、变细,而mdx幼鼠神经肌肉接头形态与C57BL/6小鼠基本一致;mdx小鼠神经肌肉接头数目明显减少,突触前膜和突触后膜横截面积明显减小,肌细胞间神经轴突明显变细。结论Mdx小鼠骨骼肌肌膜dystrophin蛋白缺失并非导致神经肌肉接头改变的直接因素,可能与病情进展有关。     

mdx小鼠骨骼肌组织成肌、成脂、成骨基因的特异性表达**

背景：干细胞移植是治疗肌营养不良症的有效方法之一,但移植的干细胞在病理骨骼肌中成肌表达较低。 目的：通过比较mdx小鼠和C57小鼠的骨骼肌形态及成肌、成脂、成骨基因表达的差异,探讨mdx小鼠骨骼肌病理改变的可能机制。 方法：取mdx小鼠与C57小鼠的骨骼肌组织行冰冻切片,苏木精-伊红染色和Vonkossa染色观察两种小鼠肌肉组织的形态特征;提取mdx小鼠和C57小鼠骨骼肌组织总RNA,real-time PCR检测成肌、成脂、成骨相关基因的表达。 结果与结论：mdx小鼠骨骼肌有肌纤维坏死和再生,伴有轻度脂肪、纤维结缔组织增生,Vonkossa染色可见钙结节沉积,而C57小鼠的骨骼肌细胞形态清晰,核位于细胞周边。与C57小鼠比较,mdx小鼠肌肉组织成骨、成脂基因表达有不同程度的上调(P < 0.05),而成肌基因表达下调(P < 0.05)。dystrophin基因缺失及成肌基因表达下调、成骨和成脂基因上调是造成mdx小鼠肌肉组织变性坏死的原因。     

Duchenne肌营养不良模型鼠基因型及肌肉病理的研究

目的研究Duchenne肌营养不良(DMD)模型鼠mdx基因型及肌肉病理改变。方法分别采用光镜、免疫荧光、EvansBlue染料、电镜等方法研究mdx小鼠与正常对照组C57/BL6小鼠腓肠肌病理改变,并检测mdx小鼠的基因型。结果经Dys-3、δ-sarcoglican抗体染色后mdx小鼠肌膜基本未见绿色荧光,正常对照组C57/BL6小鼠肌膜呈明显网状绿色荧光;荧光显微镜观察EvansBlue红色荧光染料,mdx小鼠肌纤维呈明显红色荧光,而肌膜完整的正常对照组C57/BL6小鼠肌纤维不摄取红色荧光染料。mdx模型鼠肌丝排列紊乱,方向不一,肌细胞核位于肌纤维中央,Z盘模糊,肌膜局部不连续,C57/BL6小鼠肌丝排列整齐,Z盘清晰可见。结论mdx小鼠以肌纤维变性、坏死为特征,肌细胞膜缺损是mdx小鼠主要病理改变之一。mdx小鼠dystrophin基因缺陷同时伴有dystrophin相关蛋白缺失,mdx小鼠肌肉病理为DMD进一步治疗研究奠定了基础。     

Duchenne 型肌营养不良模型鼠骨髓移植后的行为学观察

目的确立Duchenne型肌营养不良模型鼠(mdx鼠)骨髓移植前的有效放疗剂量，观察不同数量、不同成分的骨髓细胞对受体mdx鼠造血功能的重建和保护作用。方法用不同数量的体外培养6～8周C57BL/6雄鼠的骨髓细胞、骨髓基质细胞、骨髓悬浮细胞，经鼠尾静脉注射给不同剂量放疗后的mdx鼠，观察受体鼠的存活率及行为学改变。结果10只mdx鼠移植前3天12Gyγ射线照射，在移植后7天内全部死亡，且注射细胞数较多者，存活时间相对较长，而8Gyγ射线照射的6只mdx鼠，移植后30天5例存活，1例死亡。结论本实验条件下，移植前8Gyγ射线放疗较合理，在有效剂量放疗破坏受体骨髓造血系统后，移植同系鼠的骨髓细胞、基质细胞、悬浮细胞，mdx鼠均能耐受并存活，且以移植细胞数量为1×10     

杆状病毒修饰后的脂肪干细胞移植治疗mdx鼠的实验研究

目的利用经杆状病毒基因载体系统进行micro-dystrophin基因修饰后的脂肪干细胞(ADSCs)移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良症模型(mdx)鼠,探讨ADSCs移植治疗DMD的安全性及可行性。方法 Mdx鼠60只,分为mdx对照组(30只)和mdx移植组(30只);正常C57小鼠为C57对照组(30只)。体外分离培养小鼠ADSCs,利用杆状病毒基因载体进行micro-dystrophin基因修饰;将基因修饰后的ADSCs经尾静脉移植到mdx鼠体内。于移植后检测mdx鼠的运动功能(采用主动牵引实验和被动转棒实验)、血清CK水平、肌肉病理改变以及肌肉micro-dystrophin表达水平。结果经micro-dystrophin基因修饰的ADSCs移植后,能够重建mdx鼠的micro-dystrophin表达,一定程度上减轻并逆转肌肉的病理损害,进而降低血清CK水平,mdx鼠整体运动功能也有一定改善。结论 ADSCs治疗mdx鼠后,可部分重建模型鼠的dystrophin表达,改善肌肉的病理损害,表明ADSCs是有希望治愈DMD的方法之一。     

不同放疗剂量对肌营养不良鼠骨髓干细胞移植的影响

目的　使用不同剂量γ射线对Duchenne型肌营养不良鼠 (mdx鼠 )照射 ,研究骨髓干细胞移植后mdx鼠缺失蛋白表达的情况。方法　将 18只 7～ 8周mdx鼠随机平均分为A、B、C 3组 ,依次给予 7Gy、7.5Gy、8Gyγ射线预处理 ;3天后行骨髓干细胞移植。移植骨髓干细胞取自 4～ 5周的C5 7BL/6鼠 ,体外培养 3d ,按 1 2× 10 7个细胞 /每只剂量移植给 3组预处理后的mdx鼠。连续观察受体鼠的移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)程度 ;移植 12周后 ,检测受体鼠体内抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况。结果　C组GVHD反应较明显 ;A、B、C 3组的股骨肌肌纤维dystrophin蛋白表达率分别为 8%、9%和 13 %。各组间缺失蛋白表达率有显著差异。结论　对 7～ 8周mdx鼠 ,给予不同剂量的γ射线预处理 ,骨髓干细胞移植后 ,8Gyγ射线表达最多 ,7Gy射线照射表达量最少 ;但 8Gyγ射线照射GVHD反应较明显。     

Mdx小鼠骨骼肌纤维化及Spp1基因表达

目的通过观察Duchenne型肌营养不良的模型鼠mdx小鼠骨骼肌中纤维化情况,研究Spp1基因在mdx小鼠及其对照鼠中不同时期的表达,探讨在mdx小鼠中Spp1与肌纤维化的关系。方法选取雄性C57BL/10Sc Sn-Dmdmdx/JNju鼠为实验组,雄性C57BL/6Sc Sn小鼠为对照组,根据年龄分为2w组、4w组、8w组、12w组。每组选取6只,3只用于冰冻切片的苏木精-伊红染色及马松(masson)染色,3只用于基因芯片及q RT-PCR。结果 2w及4w时mdx小鼠无明显结缔组织增生,8w时,mdx小鼠可见轻度结缔组织增生;12w时,mdx小鼠结缔组织增生程度较8w稍加重,仍为小片状区域的纤维化,对照组小鼠不同时期均未见纤维化;mdx小鼠2w与12w股四头肌基因芯片表达谱对比,其中Spp1基因在mdx小鼠2w与12w相比fold-change值为-15.1354,变化明显;Spp1在mdx小鼠股四头肌不同时期表达量比较:8w组较4w组明显升高,12w组较8w组表达量下降,但仍高于4w组,8w组与12w组Spp1表达量较同期对照组明显升高,差异具有统计学意义。结论 mdx小鼠早期(2w~4w)肌纤维化表现不明显,8w时骨骼肌内可见少量结缔组织增生,随后缓慢进展。2 Spp1基因在mdx小鼠成熟期(8w~12w)表达量明显增加,推测其在mdx小鼠肌纤维化中发挥一定作用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.