发作性运动诱发性运动障碍研究进展

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(PKD)又称发作性运动诱发性手足徐动症或发作性运动诱发性舞蹈指痉症(PKC),主要表现为突然运动诱发的发作性异常运动,具有临床表型和遗传异质性,发作持续时间短,发作频率不等,发作期意识清楚,发作间期无神经系统阳性体征,抗癫痫药物治疗有效,预后良好。临床工作中误诊率高,需与癫痫等多种疾病相鉴别,本文就PKD的流行病学特点、疾病发生机制、临床表现、诊断标准、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后研究进展进行综述,重点更新了发病机制中遗传学说的国内外最新研究进展以及疾病的鉴别诊断。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍36例临床及影像学研究

目的观察发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(PKD)的临床特征及影像学改变,探讨其发病机制。方法详细观察36例PKD的临床特征,影像学和脑电图改变,并综合文献,简述其发病机制及遗传规律。结果36例均由运动诱发,呈发作性运动诱发性肌张力障碍30例,发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症6例,发作时意识清楚,影像学有异常者4例,脑电图1例放电。抗癫痫药疗效好。结论发作性运动障碍是一种少见的运动障碍疾病,临床表现类似癫痫,可能是一种离子通道病,与基底节区功能障碍关系密切,大部分抗癫痫药物治疗有效。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia,PKD）,过去也称发作性运动诱发性舞蹈样手足徐动症（Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis,PKC）,是发作性运动障碍（Paroxysmal Dyskinesias,PD）最常见的类型,具有遗传和临床表现的异质性口]。PKD以静止状态下突然的随意运动诱发短暂、多变、频繁的不随意运动为特点,发作时大多意识清楚,小剂量抗癫痫药物治疗有效。因其具备发作性、刻板性、重复性及短暂性而易与癫痫混淆。近年来,PKD逐渐为广大临床医师所认识,学者们对其发病机制、遗传特点、基因定位等也表现了较高的关注,提出很多理论和见解,本文将对其中的一些研究结果综述如下。     

发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症

目的探讨发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症的发病机制、临床特征及电生理表现。方法回顾性分析18例发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症（PKC）患者的临床资料并结合相关文献进行讨论。结果18例患者，男14例，女4例；均为青少年发病，1例有家族病史，其外祖母、母亲年青时（〈20岁）、妹妹均有类似发作史，1例25岁发病．后证实有原发性甲状旁腺功能低下。发病均由突然运动诱发，表现为一侧或双侧肢体及面部（眼肌、舌肌等）的不自主运动．多持续数秒钟自行缓解。发作中无意识障碍。发作间期无异常表现。18例患者神经系统检查均未见异常，均行头CT和（或）MRI检查，3例有影像学异常。所有患者均行脑电图（EEG）检查，其中3例有痫样放电，余正常。诊断为特发性发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症（PKC／PKD），经服用卡马西平、丙戊酸钠等药物后发作均得到有效控制。结论PKC由突然运动诱发．表现为发作性不自主运动等锥体外系症状。可呈常染色体显性遗传，亦可散发；可为特发性，也可继发于多发性硬化、原发性甲状旁腺功能低下等疾病。部分患者EEG有痫样放电，抗癫痫药物治疗有效。提示PKC的发病机制可能与癫痫类似，但预后良好。     

中国发作性运动诱发性运动障碍诊治指南

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(PKD)是发作性运动障碍中最常见的类型,以突然运动诱发短暂的不自主运动为特征。由于相对少见,PKD易被误诊为癫痫或其他发作性疾病。为提高临床医生对该病的认识及规范化诊治,我国PKD诊治领域的专家反复讨论撰写了该指南,并在神经遗传学组会议上反复讨论修改后定稿。内容包括PKD的临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及遗传咨询。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床分析

目的探讨发作性运动诱发性运动障碍的临床特点。方法对23例PKD患者的临床资料进行分析,归纳其特点。结果 23例患者起病年龄6~18岁,病程1~27a,男性占大多数,男女比例为3.6∶1。突发启动的自主运动诱发,以单侧肢体舞蹈样手足徐动多见,部分表现为双侧,持续10s左右,无意识障碍,脑电图、头颅MRI、CT正常。小剂量卡马西平控制发作。结论 PKD是一种发作性运动诱发的、短暂的局部或全身不随意运动,卡马西平治疗有效。     

发作性运动障碍(附33例临床分析和文献复习)

目的　了解发作性运动障碍的临床特点以及治疗方法。方法　分析 33例发作性运动障碍病例的临床表现和实验室检查。结果　 (1)发作性运动诱发性运动障碍 (PKD) 32例 (96 .97% ) ;(2 )发作性非运动诱发性运动障碍 (PNKD) 3例 (9.0 9% ) ;(3)发作性过度运动导致的运动障碍 (PED) 6例 (18.18% ) ;(4)发作性睡眠诱发性运动障碍 (PHD) 3例 (9.0 9% )。除 2 4例为单纯 PKD外 ,其余病例均与其它类型互相重叠。 EEG大多正常 (32 /33) ,32例 CT/MRI正常。部分可合并癫痫 (5 /33) ,抗癫痫治疗多数 (2 9/33)有效。结论　发作性运动障碍是一种少见的运动障碍疾病 ,和癫痫有一定关系 ,各型可互相重叠 ,EEG大多正常 ,大部分抗癫痫药物治疗有效。     

家族性遗传性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍研究进展

发作性运动障碍是一类以发作性肢体不自主运动和躯体姿态异常,不伴有意识障碍为特征的疾病.临床上主要有两类：运动诱发型,称为发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症（paroxysmal kinesigcnic chmeoathetosis,PKC）,近几年称之为发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（paroxysmal kinesigcnic dyskinesias,PKD）;非运动诱发型,称为发作性肌张力障碍性舞蹈手足徐动症或发作性非运动诱发性运动障碍（paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis or paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesias,PDC/PNKD）[1,2].     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍八个家系临床特点分析

目的分析及探讨家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍（PKD）的临床特征、诊断和治疗特点。方法观察8个PKD家系的临床表现，进行家系调查分析，对患者进行脑电图或视频脑电图、头颅磁共振成像（MRI）或CT检查。结果8个家系共有患者28例，男性20例，女性8例，发病年龄8～18岁，平均10．8岁。全部患者均表现为突然运动诱发的一侧或双侧异常运动，发作时间短于1min，发作时意识清楚；发作间期均无神经系统阳性体征。同一家系中患者症状轻重不一，随年龄增大发作逐渐减少，以至消失。脑电图、视频脑电图及头颅影像学均未发现明显异常。患者使用抗癫痫药物治疗有效。结论PKD是发作性异常运动中常见的一种，突然运动诱发是其主要特点，家族性患者不少见，主要遗传方式是常染色体显性遗传，有外显不全现象，不排除有其他的遗传方式。临床发作形式与癫痫不同，但抗癫痫药物治疗有效。     

发作性运动障碍的临床与遗传学

发作性运动障碍(Paroxysmal dyskinesias)是一组以反复发作的短暂运动障碍为特征的疾病,具有遗传和临床表现异质性。早期报道以家族性较多见,现在散发病例的报道也日渐增多。根据发作是否由自主运动所诱发,将其分为发作性运动诱发运动障碍(PKD)和发作性非运动诱发运动障碍(PNKD)两类,分别相当于早期分类的发作性运动诱发舞蹈手足徐动症(PKC)和发作性肌张力障碍舞蹈手足徐动症(PDC)。除此以外,还有发作性锻炼诱导的运动障碍(PED)、睡眠诱导的发作性运动障碍(HPD)等发作形式。本文对其有关的临床和遗传学研究进展介绍如下。     

41例发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床与神经电生理分析

目的　观察发作性运动诱发性运动障碍 (PKMD)的临床特征及与癫的关系。方法　详细观察 4 1例PKMD的临床特征 ,影像学和脑电图改变。结果　 4 1例均由运动诱发 ,呈发作性运动诱发性舞蹈手足徐动症 30例 ,发作性运动诱发性肌张力障碍 11例 ,发作时意识清楚 ,影像学有异常者 6例 ,脑电图有样放电者 12例 ,其中 2例发作时有样放电 ,脑体感诱发电位半数以上病例有定位侧半球改变。对抗药有良效。结论　本症障碍的部位可能在感觉刺激的传入通路与发作症状的传出通路之间的反射中枢。具有某些癫性质 ,推测与癫发作可能有某些共同的生物学基础     

Childhood paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: report of seven cases with onset at an early age

We report on seven children who developed abnormal involuntary movements as early as 1.5 years after unremarkable term births. The paroxysmal episodes of abnormal movements were typically precipitated by sudden, voluntary movements, or a startle. The clinical features in each case were consistent with the diagnosis of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD). The episodes of abnormal movements are described. EEG was obtained in all cases, and video/electroencephalography (VEEG) monitoring was performed to exclude the possibility of epilepsy in six patients. VEEG studies revealed multiple events consistent with PKD; no ictal epileptiform discharges were recorded. The apparent benign nature of the disorder, as well as treatment options with antiepileptic drugs, was discussed with the parents, and most chose no pharmacologic treatment. We discuss clinical characteristics of PKD, treatment with anticonvulsant therapy, and recent insights into its possible pathophysiology.     

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: cortical or non-cortical origin

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is characterized by involuntary dystonia and/or chorea triggered by a sudden movement. Cases are usually familial with an autosomal dominant inheritance. Hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of PKD focus on the controversy whether PKD has a cortical or non-cortical origin. A combined familial trait of PKD and benign familial infantile seizures has been reported as the infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome. Here, we report a family diagnosed with ICCA syndrome with an Arg217STOP mutation. The index patient showed interictal EEG focal changes compatible with paroxysmal dystonic movements of his contralateral leg. This might support cortical involvement in PKD.     

发作性肌张力障碍38例临床分析

目的提高对发作性肌张力障碍临床特征的认识,以引起临床重视,减少误诊。方法对发作性肌张力障碍的类型、临床特征、电生理表现、治疗转归以及发病机制等进行总结、分析。结果发作性肌张力障碍临床可分三型,不同类型有不同的诱因;患者多为青少年男性,发作表现为舞蹈样手足徐动、躯体扭转及扮鬼脸等肌张力障碍,形式多样,发作时无意识丧失;发作期及发作间期脑电图均无特异性异常,其余多项辅助检查也无异常。结论发作性肌张力障碍是一种不同于癫癎的独立的疾病。     

A locus for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia maps to human chromosome 16

OBJECTIVE: To use genetic linkage analysis to localize a gene for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in a three generation African-American kindred. BACKGROUND: PKD is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodic choreiform or dystonic movements that are brought on or exacerbated by voluntary movement. There are individuals with the clinical features of PKD but with no family history of the disease, but whether these sporadic cases represent spontaneous mutations of PKD or have a distinct condition is unknown. METHODS: A genome-wide linkage scan of polymorphic microsatellites at 25 cM resolution was performed to localize a gene for PKD in one African-American kindred. Pairwise multipoint linkage analyses were performed at different penetrance estimates. RESULTS: Evidence for linkage of the kinesigenic form of paroxysmal dyskinesia to chromosome 16 was obtained. A maximum lod score of 4.40 at theta = 0 was obtained with D16S419. Critical recombinants place the PKD gene between D16S3100 and D16S771. CONCLUSIONS: A paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) locus lies within an 18 cM interval on 16p11.2-q11.2, between D16S3100 and D16S771. A gene for infantile convulsions with paroxysmal choreoathetosis has also been mapped to this region. These two regions overlap by approximately 6 cM. These two diseases could be caused by different mutations in the same gene or two distinct genes may lie within this region.     

Clinical features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Report of 24 cases

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most common type of paroxysmal dyskinesia and is characterized by involuntary, intermittent movements induced by sudden movements. Here, we describe 24 patients with PKD, whose clinical data were analyzed. The attacks of involuntary movements were all short lasting, and could involve extremities, trunk, neck, or face without alteration of consciousness. The motor function was normal between attacks, and in some cases, attacks could be evoked during examination. Most patients had normal electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging results, but 2 cases had abnormal EEGs, and another 2 cases had bilateral calcification of basal ganglion on brain computed tomography (CT) scans. Previous history of misdiagnosis was a predominant feature, while treatments based on misdiagnosis sometimes did lead to improvement. Here, we discuss the clinical characteristics, especially the abnormalities of investigations and misdiagnosis, and recent insights into the pathophysiology of PKD.     

Interictal myoclonus with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia.

We report a new association between interictal myoclonus and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in 2 patients. By definition, PKD is transient, but the overexcitability of the neuronal system that induces these attacks may be permanent. Interictal myoclonus could be a manifestation of permanent overexcitability.     

家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍家系的遗传早现现象研究

目的 探讨家族性发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(PKD)的遗传早现现象.方法 将本研究采集的家系及通过文献检索到资源完整的家系分为中国单纯型PKD组、中国复杂型PKD组、国外单纯型PKD组及国外复杂型PKD组,分别对4组PKD家系进行临床分析和发病年龄的配对t检验和Wilcoxon符号秩和统计学分析.结果 临床表型上,中国单纯型PKD家系均存在发病年龄逐代提前和(或)严重程度加重的现象,国内外其他PKD家系在临床上未发现明显的遗传早现.统计学上,中国单纯型PKD家系代与代之间的平均年龄差为5.2岁,有显著的统计学差异(配对t检验和Wilcoxon符号秩检验P<0.0001);而复杂型PKD组和国外单纯型PKD组父-子代发病年龄并无显著差异(P>0.01).结论 家族性PKD可分为单纯型和复杂型两种类型,与种族和遗传背景有关.中国单纯型PKD家系存在遗传早现现象,而伴发其他疾病的复杂型PKD在临床和统计学上均未发现遗传早现.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate evidence for anticipation in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia ( PKD ). Methods A total of 16 families were investigated and divided into four groups of pure PKD in China, pure PKD in foreign countries, complicated PKD in China and foreign countries. The onset age of all families formed 68 affected child-parent pairs and were analysed by using a simple generalized paired t-test and a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Clinically, only 3 pure PKD families in China showed the phenomenon of progressively earlier and more severe manifestation in successive generations. Statistically, in 68 affected living parent-offspring pairs from 16 families,the mean difference of disease onset in pure PKD in China group was 5.2 years with either statistical analysis(P <0. 0001). However,the onset age differences between parent and offspring generation in complicated PKD and pure PKD in foreign countries group had no statistical significance (P > 0. 01 ). Conclusion Familial PKD could be divided into two types. One is pure PKD, the other is complicated. This study provides the first evidence for anticipation in pure familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. However, complicated PKD showed no phenomenon of anticipation at all.     

A child with paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia

We experienced a 12-year-old boy with paroxysmal exertion (exercise)-induced dyskinesia (PED). His attacks, characterized by painless paralytic stiffness of the extremities during running or playing, developed at 4 years of age. He was initially diagnosed as having epilepsy based on epileptic discharges on interictal EEG. Although several anti-epileptic drugs were not effective, clorazepate was found to be very useful for complete control of attacks for 3 years. His attacks recurred at 8 years of age and appeared to be aggravated by psychological stress, fatigue and lack of sleep. His attacks were confirmed to be non-epileptic paroxysmal hypokinesia with rigid tetraplegia, by ictal video EEG recording, and he was diagnosed as having PED. They did not respond to various anti-epileptic drugs and L-dopa/carbidopa. His attacks were reduced to some extent by administration of hydroxyzine. PED is a very rare condition and similar to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD). There is a strong possibility that patients with PED have been misdiagnosed as PKD.