大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫(痫)

目的 介绍一种新的治疗半球性病变引起的难治性癫(痫)的手术方法,并就该于术方法和适应证进行讨论.方法 应用新的大脑半球多脑叶离断术.分步骤离断额叶,颞叶和顶枕叶与丘脑、基底节的联系,通过侧脑室额角和枕角离断胼胝体前后部,只保留中央前后回皮层及其与丘脑、基底节和内囊的联系,治疗一例半球性病变引发的成年难治性癫(痫)患者....     

大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的疗效

目的 探讨大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的手术经验及疗效。方法 回顾性 分析2013 年4 月—2017 年7 月北京功能神经外科研究所采用大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫患 者共22例,介绍手术方式,观察术后病理及疗效,记录并发症情况。结果 Engel Ⅰ级患者15例（占68%）, Engel Ⅱ级患者6例（占27%）,Engel Ⅲ级患者1例（占5%）。术后出现肢体功能障碍较术前加重的患者4 例, 1 例患者出现颅内感染,无一例出现含铁血黄素沉积症。结论 大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗半球病变 导致的难治性癫痫有较好的疗效,尤其适合那些运动、感觉、语言功能仍然存留在患侧的难治性癫痫患者。     

大脑半球离断术治疗儿童难治性癫痫

目的 探讨大脑半球离断术治疗儿童难治性癫痫的手术方法及疗效.方法 2007年8月至2011年10月北京三博脑科医院进行12例大脑半球离断手术.经侧裂半球离断术1例,经纵裂半球离断并颞叶切除4例,中央区造瘘半球离断并颞叶切除5例,颞叶、岛盖切除岛周半球离断术2例.手术年龄平均7.6岁(2.1 ～11.9岁).结果 术后随访0.5 -4.5年,Engel Ⅰ级10例,EngelⅡ级1例,Engel Ⅲ级1例.术后因离断不完全再次行离断手术1例.术后患者的认知及生活能力较术前提高,无脑积水等严重神经功能损伤及死亡病例.结论 大脑半球离断术治疗儿童半球性难治性癫痫完全缓解率83％ (10/12),手术疗效确定,是治疗儿童半球病变性癫痫的安全、有效的方法.     

多脑叶离断治疗顽固性癫痫

目的 分析多脑叶离断手术治疗顽固性癫痫的预后及神经功能障碍.方法 回顾性分析本院收治的8例多脑叶离断病人临床资料,所有患者均为广泛半球病变,且保留一定的肢体感觉运动等中央区功能,手术方式均为保留中央区的多脑叶离断.随访内容包括发作症状,术后肢体肌力肌张力.结果 至随访结束,按Engel分级：Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级l例.肢体功能障碍轻微.结论 多脑叶离断手术可很好的控制半球病变引起的顽固性癫痫发作,是不适合半球切除或功能半球切除术病例的一个不错选择.     

大脑后部离断术治疗难治性癫痫1例临床分析

目的介绍一种新的治疗后脑病变引起的难治性癫痫的手术方法——大脑后部离断术,并就该手术方法和适应证进行讨论。方法应用大脑后部离断术治疗1例左侧后皮层广泛病变引发的成年难治性癫痫患者。该患者左侧顶叶、枕叶、颞叶脑软化、坏死、萎缩,但中央前后回和额叶皮层结构完整,左侧运动感觉语言功能仍然存在。手术方法为彻底离断顶枕叶、颞叶。结果手术后癫痫得到有效控制,随访6个月,只有2次轻微的复杂部分性发作,Engel分级Ⅱ级,没有新的神经损害并发症发生。结论后脑离断术可以有效治疗大脑后皮层病变所致的难治性癫痫,较多脑叶切除术有手术创伤小、省时、并发症少的优点。     

半球性病变癫痫外科术式选择策略

目的：研究半球性病变癫痫不同手术方式选择的策略。方法回顾分析清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心90例半球性病变（包括Rasmussen脑炎、巨脑回、围产期脑出血后遗症、脑炎后遗症、血管闭塞后遗症、脑面血管瘤）病种、范围、部位，癫痫采用的手术方式及决定或影响手术方式的因素。结果90例共采用4种手术方式，其中74例采用改良解剖大脑半球切除、10例采用保留运动区的大脑半球切除、3例采用分次的半球切除、3例采用半球离断。其中改良的解剖大脑半球切除中有62例采用经纵裂胼胝体侧脑室入路切除方式、12例采用经中央沟侧脑室前后分块切除。病例随访3个月～8年，癫痫控制情况根据Engle评分，Ⅰ级73例、Ⅱ级12例；Ⅲ级5例。结论综合考量磁共振病变特点、症状学及脑电图定侧定位和脑功能评价结果，采用不同的手术方式，能够取得很好的癫痫控制效果、最大程度的保护脑功能、减少创伤、降低术后并发症。     

大脑半球切除治疗难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良(附58例报告)

目的 研究大脑半球切除治疗由一侧大脑半球广泛病变引起的难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良.方法 回顾性分析清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心2006年11月至2011年7月58例行大脑半球切除治疗癫痫病例.根据患者的临床发作、影像学及脑电图特点进行癫痫起源一侧半球的定侧;根据功能磁共振、磁共振弥散成像、PET -CT等进行术前神经功能分析及术后神经功能预测;选择制定合适的半球切除手术计划.结果 58例均行一侧大脑半球切除,32例左侧半球,26例右侧半球,其中5例行保留运动区的大脑半球切除.无手术死亡,4例少量术腔出血,5例切口缺血愈合不良并脑脊液漏.随访1年至5年8个月,48例术后癫痫无发作;10例术后有程度不等的发作.按照Engle评分Ⅰ级48例(83％);Ⅱ级7例(12％);Ⅲ级3例(5％).结论 改良大脑半球切除对于一侧半球病变引起的难治性癫痫控制效果及脑功能代偿良好,无严重并发症,术后停药复发率低.     

功能MRI对大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫患者的术前功能评估

目的通过功能MRI成像（fMRI）技术对大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫患者的患侧大脑半球的功能残存情况和健侧大脑半球的功能代偿情况进行综合评估,从而选择合理的手术方案。方法受试者为15例一侧大脑半球弥漫性病变致癫痫的患者,任务包括右手抓握运动、左手抓握运动、右脚抓握运动、左脚抓握运动、舌运动、默读语言等6项,采集fMRI数据并进行统计学分析,获取相应的皮质激活区图像。4例行解剖性大脑半球切除术,11例行多脑叶切除术。结果患侧手运动时的信号激活,6例在双侧半球相应区域;2例信号较弱,无明显激活区域;2例在健侧半球;5例在患侧半球。患侧脚运动时,8例信号激活在双侧半球相应区域;1例信号较弱,无明显激活区域;4例在健侧半球;2例在患侧半球。术后13例偏瘫无明显加重。术后随访20～52个月,12例癫痫控制为EngelⅠA级,2例为EngelⅡA级,1例为EngeⅢA级。结论fMRI能够客观地评估顽固性癫痫患者运动功能的保留和代偿情况,是一种有效且无创的评估手段。     

难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术治疗

目的探讨难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术方法。方法对经手术治疗且随访时间6个月以上的9例枕叶癫痫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用发作症状评估、影像学检查、长程视频头皮脑电图监测、颅内电极脑电图记录等方法综合术前定位。根据术前定位确定的致痫灶部位与范围采用不同的手术方法。7例病人采用颅内电极置入术来精确定位。局部枕叶皮层切除2例,枕叶大部或全部切除4例,全枕叶或后头部脑叶离断3例;同期经枕入路切除或离断颞叶内结结构3例。结果术后随访6个月至2年,术后癫痫无发作6例,发作1次1例,发作减少90%以上2例。结论难治性枕叶癫痫经手术治疗可以取得较好的疗效,颅内电极脑电图记录有助于致痫灶准确定位,并指导术中切除部位与功能保护。     

药物难治性半球病变性癫痫手术治疗效果及手术方式比较的回顾性研究

目的探讨药物难治性半球病变性癫痫手术疗效,并对功能性大脑半球切除术和大脑半球离断术两种手术方式作比较。方法回顾性分析2005年至2017年在我科手术治疗的25例药物难治性半球病变性癫痫患者,根据所行手术方式分为功能性大脑半球切除术组(FH)15例,大脑半球离断术组(H)10例,对手术时间、术中出血、围手术期并发症、术后癫痫控制、神经功能作回顾性研究。结果术后随访1~12年,平均随访5.28±2.91年。除去失访2例总的癫痫发作控制率为Engel Ia 19例(82.60%)、Engel Id 3例(13.04%)、Engel IIa 1例(4.36%)。在癫痫控制率上,FH组与H组比无差异(p0.05)。在手术时间上,FH组手术时间较H组长,在术中失血上,FH组高于H组,且上述差异均有统计学意义(p0.05)。结论大脑半球切除术是一种有效的难治性半球病变性癫痫治疗措施,术后不仅能有效控制癫痫发作,且部分患者神经功能还得到改善,而大脑半球离断术作为一种创伤更小、疗效相当的手术方式,值得推广。     

局灶性难治性颞叶癫痫全脑葡萄糖代谢特点

目的 探讨局灶性难治性颞叶癫痫全脑葡萄糖代谢特点。方法 回顾性分析2017年1~12月行发作间期18FDG-PET/CT检查的23例局灶性难治性颞叶癫痫的影像学资料。将PET图像导入MIM neuro软件,软件自动分析癫痫病人葡萄糖代谢水平与正常人群葡萄糖代谢的差异,各脑区差异结果以Z-Score值显示,分析颞叶癫痫病人全脑葡萄糖代谢特点。结果 术后病理为脑皮质发育不良22例,节细胞胶质瘤1例;病灶位于左侧颞叶16例,右侧颞叶7例。除颞叶呈葡萄糖低代谢改变外,还存在同侧海马、海马旁回、岛叶、杏仁核、颞叶岛盖以及双侧小脑半球葡萄糖代谢不同程度减低;对侧颞叶、额叶、顶叶、顶上小叶以及角回葡萄糖代谢不同程度增高。结论 颞叶癫痫具有一定葡萄糖代谢特点,其特定的葡萄糖代谢特点有助于更加精准的癫痫术前定位及其病理特征的分析。     

热射病导致的脑梗死或脑出血的诊治分析

目的 探讨热射病导致的脑梗死或脑出血的影像学表现、治疗方法及其效果。方法 回顾性分析2012～2022年收治的20例热射病导致的脑出血或脑梗死的临床资料。结果 2例出现微出血病灶,部位为右额叶及左顶叶;18例出现缺血样改变,包括放射冠、基底节、额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶、皮层下白质、胼胝体、海马,其中2例伴有明显脑水肿。出院时,11例恢复正常,未遗留明显肢体活动障碍、言语障碍及逻辑思维能力障碍;2例出现认知功能减退,主要存在语言表达能力障碍、遵嘱动作较差、小脑共济失调（轮替试验阳性、Romberg阳性）;3例深度昏迷,GCS评分3～4分;4例死亡。结论 热射病导致的脑梗死或脑出血,临床少见,多数病人保守治疗预后良好。建议早期进行康复治疗,以减少神经功能障碍。     

An unusual case of cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy with occipital lobe involvement

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant angiopathy caused by a mutation in the notch 3 gene on chromosome 19. Clinically, patients may be asymptomatic or can present with recurrent ischemic episodes and strokes leading to dementia, depression, pseudobulbar palsy, and hemi- or quadraplegia. Additional manifestations that have been described include migraine (mostly with aura), psychiatric disturbances, and epileptic seizures. Neuroimaging is essential to the diagnosis of CADASIL. On imaging CADASIL is characterized by symmetric involvement by confluent lesions located subcortically in the frontal and temporal lobes as well as in the insula, periventricularly, in the centrum semiovale, in the internal and external capsule, basal ganglia, and brain stem; with relative sparing of the fronto-orbital and the occipital subcortical regions. We describe a 49 year old male with CADASIL with absence of temporal lobe findings on MRI but predominant lesions within the periventricular white matter, occipital lobes with extension into the subcortical frontal lobes, corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter. Although CADASIL characteristically presents with anterior temporal lobe involvement, these findings may be absent and our case addresses the atypical imaging findings in CADASIL.     

Postnatal evolution of cortical malformation in the “non-affected” hemisphere of hemimegalencephaly

A boy with epilepsy of neonatal onset was diagnosed with hemimegalencephaly (HME) based on the finding of an enlarged left cerebral hemisphere with dysplastic cortex over the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an essentially unremarkable gyration pattern in the contralateral hemisphere. Ictal electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography revealed epileptic foci in the left hemisphere. Hyperperfusion and hypermetabolism were noted in comparison to the contralateral hemisphere, and these findings were consistent with the diagnosis of HME. Soon after hemispherotomy was performed at age 3 months, an epileptic focus appeared in the right hemisphere. The epilepsy remained intractable. Unexpectedly, dysplastic changes emerged over the right frontoparietal cortex at age 7 months as shown by MRI, and the cortical volume in this area was observed to be markedly increased at age 1 year and 8 months. This increase was associated with a distorted gray–white matter boundary. These findings contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of HME and may be helpful in determining the management approach for epilepsy in this entity.     

Progressive cerebral atrophy in multiple system atrophy

Nine patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) were studied based on MRI findings of cerebral hemispheric involvement. The age at onset was 56.4+/-8.6 (mean+/-S.D.) years, duration of illness at the first MRI study 2.1+/-1.1 years, duration of illness at the last study 9.7+/-2.6 years, and the follow-up duration 7.6+/-2.3 years. Controls were 85 neurologically intact persons (60.2+/-11.1 years age). In the MRI study, measurements of the ratio of each area to the intracranial area were performed for the cerebral hemisphere, frontal, temporal and parietal-occipital lobes. A significant progression of atrophy to under the normal limit was observed in the cerebrum, frontal and temporal lobes. Besides the typical pathological lesions in MSA, five autopsied patients revealed frontal lobe atrophy with mild gliosis, mild demyelination and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). One of these patients showed remarkable frontal lobe atrophy with degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex. We observed the involvement of the cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal lobe.     

Increased interictal cerebral glucose metabolism in a cortical-subcortical network in drug naive patients with cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy.

Positron emission tomography with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) has been used to assess the pattern of cerebral metabolism in different types of epilepsies. However, PET with [18F]FDG has never been used to evaluate drug naive patients with cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy, in whom the mechanism of origin and diffusion of the epileptic discharge may differ from that underlying other epilepsies. In a group of patients with cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy, never treated with antiepileptic drugs, evidence has been found of significant interictal glucose hypermetabolism in a bilateral neural network including the temporal lobes, thalami, basal ganglia, and cingular cortices. The metabolism in these areas and frontal lateral cortex enables the correct classification of all patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and controls by discriminant function analysis. Other cortical areas--namely, frontal basal and lateral, temporal mesial, and cerebellar cortices--had bilateral increases of glucose metabolism ranging from 10 to 15% of normal controls, although lacking stringent statistical significance. This metabolic pattern could represent a pathophysiological state of hyperactivity predisposing to epileptic discharge generation or diffusion, or else a network of inhibitory circuits activated to prevent the diffusion of the epileptic discharge.     

Diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage in cerebral Whipple's disease

A 30-year-old Chinese male with a history of diarrhea and arthralgia presented for evaluation of progressive dementia, epilepsy, and increased intracranial pressure. Imaging of the brain showed progressive cortical and subcortical lesions with hemorrhage involving the bilateral temporal and occipital lobes, the posterior parietal lobes, and the left frontal lobe. "Foamy" periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages were demonstrated on brain biopsy. The patient showed clinical improvement following treatment with chloromycetin and sulfadiazine for 2 months. This constitutes the first reported case of cerebral Whipple's disease with diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage reported in a Chinese individual. Further, this case points out the significance of early recognition and treatment of cerebral Whipple's disease, especially in those cases with unusual manifestations.     

脑卒中后癫痫160例临床分析

目的 探讨脑卒中后癫痫的临床特征及发病机制。方法 对1860例脑卒中患中的160例继发癫痫的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 卒中后癫痫总发生率为8．6％，其中早发型癫痫占64％，迟发型癫痫占36％。早发型癫痫多见于脑出血，而迟发型癫痫多见于脑梗死。卒中后癫痫的发生率因病灶部位(皮质／皮质下)的不同存在显性差异。皮质病灶中,位于额叶、颞叶、顶叶好发癫痫。皮质下区病灶在基底节、内囊易发生癫痫。结论 脑卒中后癫痫以早发型为多,早期癫痫多见于脑出血,而迟发型癫痫多见于脑梗死。病灶位于皮质发生癫痫的危险性高,皮质下结构在癫痫活动的调节中也起着重要的作用。     

Parietal and Occipital Lobe Epilepsy: A Review

Summary: Parietal and occipital seizures have been investigated relatively little. Recent interest in seizures of frontal lobe origin has led to a definition of several well-identifiable clinical patterns of frontal lobe seizures. A similar delineation of the clinical and EEG pattern of parietal and occipital epilepsy, using modern investigations, appears appropriate, not least because the few reported series of surgical treatment in parietal and occipital epilepsy have indicated that operation may be relevant in selected cases, not only for removal of space-occupying lesions. Such a study is currently being undertaken at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and The Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy with the aim of developing and evaluating diagnostic criteria for these seizures. From the existing literature we can conclude that precise incidence and prevalence are largely unknown. A recent community-based study of 252 subjects with partial epileptic seizures in an epileptic population of 594, showed that parietal seizures and seizures of posterior origin each comprised 6.3% and central or sensory-motor seizures comprised 32.5% of focal seizures in the 160 cases in which seizures could be subclassified (Manford et al., 1992). This incidence seems low for occipital seizures as compared with the 1953 study by Gibbs and Gibbs, who observed occipital epileptiform activity in 8% of subjects with focal epilepsy. The most prominent clinical manifestations of parietal epilepsy are elementary sensory phenomena at the beginning of seizures and elementary visual hallucinations in occipital epilepsy. These symptoms are not associated solely with posterior hemisphere epilepsy, however, and more studies are obviously needed to define how close this relation is. Scalp EEG is frequently negative or maybe misleading; further-more, spread of epileptic discharges from the parietal and occipital lobes to frontal and temporal regions may obscure seizure origin. Because of these controversial symptoms, diagnostic criteria may be difficult to define. The wide difference in clinical and EEG manifestations between reported series of parietal and occipital epilepsy also reflects a considerable problem with patient sampling. Classification of epilepsy according to the anatomic division of the brain may be arbitrary, and it may be appropriate to define epileptic syndromes such as sensorimotor seizures or occipitotemporal seizures that cross such artificial divides.