大脑半球切开术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫

目的探讨大脑半球切开手术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫的临床效果。方法回顾性分析7例大脑半球性病变致癫痫的患儿的临床资料。患儿综合评估后行大脑半球切开术,手术经外侧裂环岛沟入路,癫痫控制效果以Engel标准评判,疗效以最后1次随访时间为准。结果 7例患儿经6个月~2.5年的随访,癫痫控制均为EngelⅠ级,均无明显并发症;术后对侧肢体感觉、运动功能无减退,认知及生活能力较术前有不同程度的改善。结论大脑半球切开术治疗儿童半球性病变致癫痫的疗效确切,安全、有效。     

大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的疗效

目的 探讨大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的手术经验及疗效。方法 回顾性 分析2013 年4 月—2017 年7 月北京功能神经外科研究所采用大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫患 者共22例,介绍手术方式,观察术后病理及疗效,记录并发症情况。结果 Engel Ⅰ级患者15例（占68%）, Engel Ⅱ级患者6例（占27%）,Engel Ⅲ级患者1例（占5%）。术后出现肢体功能障碍较术前加重的患者4 例, 1 例患者出现颅内感染,无一例出现含铁血黄素沉积症。结论 大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗半球病变 导致的难治性癫痫有较好的疗效,尤其适合那些运动、感觉、语言功能仍然存留在患侧的难治性癫痫患者。     

患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的应用患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗该侧半球性病变导致的难治性癫痫,目的是对保留病变半球基本功能的癫痫患者提出一个有效而实用的术式。方法①大脑半球多脑叶离断术的创新:对患侧大脑半球我们分步骤离断额叶,颞叶、和顶枕叶与丘脑、基底节的联系;通过侧脑室额角和枕角离断胼胝体前后部,只保留中央前后回皮层及其与丘脑、基底节和内囊的联系;通过外侧裂切除岛叶皮层;通过颞角切除海马杏仁核。②利用这一术式我们治疗了5例大脑半球病变引发的难治性癫痫患者。结果该术式在5例患者成功实施。结果证实,该手术创伤小,并发症少,术后病人没有任何加重对侧肢体功能障碍的并发症,癫痫得到有效控制。随访13～20个月,Engel I级3例;II级2例。结论大脑半球多脑叶离断术,是对那些保留运动、感觉和语言功能的半球性病变所致的难治性癫痫患者有效、可靠的治疗选择。     

大脑半球切除治疗难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良(附58例报告)

目的 研究大脑半球切除治疗由一侧大脑半球广泛病变引起的难治性癫痫的术前评估及手术改良.方法 回顾性分析清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心2006年11月至2011年7月58例行大脑半球切除治疗癫痫病例.根据患者的临床发作、影像学及脑电图特点进行癫痫起源一侧半球的定侧;根据功能磁共振、磁共振弥散成像、PET -CT等进行术前神经功能分析及术后神经功能预测;选择制定合适的半球切除手术计划.结果 58例均行一侧大脑半球切除,32例左侧半球,26例右侧半球,其中5例行保留运动区的大脑半球切除.无手术死亡,4例少量术腔出血,5例切口缺血愈合不良并脑脊液漏.随访1年至5年8个月,48例术后癫痫无发作;10例术后有程度不等的发作.按照Engle评分Ⅰ级48例(83％);Ⅱ级7例(12％);Ⅲ级3例(5％).结论 改良大脑半球切除对于一侧半球病变引起的难治性癫痫控制效果及脑功能代偿良好,无严重并发症,术后停药复发率低.     

脑瘫伴顽固性癫痫患者大脑半球切除术前后影像学改变研究

目的研究脑瘫伴顽固性癫痫患者改良的大脑半球切除术前后颅脑的影像学变化,分析大脑的可塑性。方法测量20例正常受试者和20例经改良的大脑半球切除术治疗的脑瘫伴顽固性癫痫患者术前3～10d和术后3～4年的大脑脚底截面积、健侧大脑半球的面积、患侧额窦的面积、患侧颅骨的厚度、术后手术残腔的面积及头围,并进行比较分析。结果患者手术前后健侧大脑脚底截面积明显大于正常人（P〈0.05）,而患侧则明显小于正常人（P〈0.05）;患者患侧以及健侧大脑脚底截面积手术前后相比则无明显差异（P〉0.05）,术前与术后健侧大脑半球面积、患侧额窦截面积、颅骨厚度、残腔截面积均有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论脑瘫伴顽固性癫痫患者大脑半球切除后功能代偿的同时有解剖形态结构的代偿,功能和解剖结构的代偿性是相一致的。     

经颅磁刺激评估大脑半球切除术前运动及语言功能

目的探讨经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位(TMS-MEP)及重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)语言干扰试验对大脑半球切除术前运动及语言功能评估的可靠性。方法收集2011年1月至2012年12月就诊宣武医院的药物难治性癫痫拟行大脑半球切除术的病例。其中37例采用TMS-MEP方法评估运动功能半球支配情况。2例进行了rTMS语言干扰试验评估语言优势半球。总结临床资料,比较手术前后运动及语言功能的变化。结果运动功能完全代偿4例,部分代偿5例,无代偿28例。4例进行了大脑半球切除术,2例完全代偿患者及1例部分代偿患者术后无运动功能损害加重,1例部分代偿患者术后肌力下降。2例语言功能评估患者均存在对侧完全代偿,其中1例行左侧大脑半球切除,术后未出现语言功能损害加重。此外,发病年龄越小,运动功能代偿越完全。结论 TMS-MEP及rTMS语言干扰试验能够客观评估大脑半球运动及语言功能。运动功能代偿程度与发病年龄相关。     

改良大脑半球切除术治疗难治性癫痫1例

目的探讨对一侧大脑半球结构性病变致难治性癫痫的治疗方法。方法难治性癫痫患者1例,经MRI证实其右侧大脑半球广泛软化。术前应用功能MRI和Wada试验等方法评估其大脑功能是否转移,并应用视频脑电图测定其癫痫放电的范围,应用大脑半球切除术进行治疗。结果术后患者无癫痫发作,语言及运动功能与术前无变化。结论大脑半球切除术是治疗由一侧半球结构病变引起的难治性癫痫的有效方法,术后不仅癫痫发作消失,而且神经功能不受影响。     

PET-CT脑功能成像在大脑半球切除术术前评估中的应用——(附2例报道)

目的 探讨应用正电子发射断层扫描(PET-CT)成像技术,术前评估大脑半球功能的临床应用价值.方法 选择2 例一侧大脑半球广泛性病变引起的顽固性癫痫患者,用PET对其脑部进行扫描,对比两侧半球脑功能相应区的葡萄糖代谢变化.结果 图像得到后,分析显示:病变侧半球代谢率明显减低或无代谢.结论 PET-CT脑功能成像在大脑半球切除术评估中有极高的临床应用价值,是客观而可靠的.     

术前和术后脑电图在预测功能性大脑半球切除术癫痫控制效果中的意义

目的：探讨功能性大脑半球切除术患者术前、术后脑电图在预测癫痫控制效果的意义。方法回顾性分析20例功能性大脑半球切除术患者术前间期、发作期脑电图及术后脑电图特征,分析其与术后癫痫控制效果的关系。结果术后癫痫控制情况：14例术后无癫痫发作,6例术后6个月内存在癫痫发作。术前脑电图健侧半球慢波增多、间期双侧半球独立痫性放电以及术后脑电图健侧半球痫性放电预示术后癫痫发作可能性大。而术后存在健侧半球放电的患者中,如术后6个月内放电消失或演变为患侧半球放电,仍可获得良好预后。结论半球病变性癫痫术前间期脑电图及术后脑电图对术后癫痫控制效果具有重要的预测价值。     

半球切开术治疗顽固性癫痫

目的 对于单侧大脑半球弥漫性病变引起的难治性癫痫,可以用大脑半球切除术或切开术治疗.本文总结作者最近进行的3例大脑半球切开术,同时进行了相应的文献复习.方法 3例难治性癫痫,男2例,女1例,年龄分别为7、11、和15岁.均为一侧半球病变,其中实施大脑半球完全切开术2例,后象限切开术1例.手术的目的是完全孤立致痫区域.结果 3例患者分别随访22、22、12个月,其中EngelⅠ A 2例,EngelⅡ B 1例.无长期神经功能障碍或死亡病例.结论 应用神经纤维离断技术进行大脑半球切开,可获得与切除术相同的控制癫痫的良好效果.     

磁刺激运动诱发电位对大脑半球切除术前运动功能的评估价值

目的探讨应用经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位（TMS—MEP）评估双侧肢体运动功能的半球支配情况。方法对10例顽固性癫痫、准备行改良大脑半球切除术的病人进行TMS—MEP检查。检查时蝶形线圈置于双侧大鱼际肌的皮质运动功能区，单侧刺激，同时记录双侧大鱼际肌的皮质TMS—MEP。将结果分为功能完全代偿、部分代偿和不能代偿。结果功能完全代偿2例，部分代偿6例．不能代偿2例。完全代偿的病人术后无运动功能损害加重．部分代偿的病人术后短期运动功能损害加重，3个月内运动功能恢复到术前水平。不能代偿的病人行改良大脑半球切除术。结论TMS—MEP能够客观评估顽固性癫痫病人双侧肢体运动功能的半球支配情况．是一种有效、可靠且无创的评估手段。     

Ipsilateral corticospinal projections do not predict congenital mirror movements: a case report

Congenital mirror movements (CMMs) are involuntary, symmetric movements of one hand during the production of voluntary movements with the other. CMMs have been attributed to a range of physiological mechanisms, including excessive ipsilateral projections from each motor cortex to distal extremities. We examined this hypothesis with an individual showing pronounced CMMs. Mirror movements were characterized for a set of hand muscles during a simple contraction task. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was then used to map the relative input to each muscle from both motor cortices. Contrary to our expectations, CMMs were most prominent for muscles with the strongest contralateral representation rather than in muscles that were activated by stimulation of either hemisphere. These findings support a bilateral control hypothesis whereby CMMs result from the recruitment of both motor cortices during intended unimanual movements. Consistent with this hypothesis, bilateral motor cortex activity was evident during intended unimanual movements in an fMRI study. To assess the level at which bilateral recruitment occurs, motor cortex excitability during imagined unimanual movements was assessed with TMS. Facilitory excitation was only observed in the contralateral motor cortex. Thus, the bilateral recruitment of the hemispheres for unilateral actions in individuals with CMMs appears to occur during movement execution rather than motor planning.     

Neuroplasticity in hemispheric syndrome: an interesting case report

Functional hemispherectomy is an accepted treatment in hemispherical intractable epilepsy syndromes. We report a patient who had functional hemispherectomy for intractable seizures secondary to right hemispheric cortical dysplasia. Preoperatively, the patient had mild left hemiparesis and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed bilateral motor function lateralization to normal left hemisphere. The patient remains seizure free at 1-year follow-up, with no deterioration of motor power on left side. This report reviews physiology of neural plasticity for motor function lateralization and also reliability of fMRI in determining the functional shift.     

Differences in sensory and motor cortical organization following brain injury early in life

There have been a number of physiological studies of motor recovery in hemiplegic cerebral palsy which have identified the presence of novel ipsilateral projections from the undamaged hemisphere to the affected hand. However, little is known regarding the afferent projection to sensory cortex and its relationship to the reorganized cortical motor output. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the corticomotor projection to the affected and unaffected hands in a group of subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and also performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the patterns of activation in cortical motor and sensory areas following active and passive movement of the hands. Both TMS and fMRI demonstrated a normal contralateral motor and sensory projection between the unaffected hand and the cerebral hemisphere. However, in the case of the affected hand, the TMS results indicated either a purely ipsilateral projection or a bilateral projection in which the ipsilateral pathway had the lower motor threshold, whereas passive movement resulted in fMRI activation in the contralateral hemisphere. These results demonstrate that there is a significant fast-conducting corticomotor projection to the affected hand from the ipsilateral hemisphere in this group of subjects, but that the predominant afferent projection from the hand is still directed to the affected contralateral hemisphere, resulting in an interhemispheric dissociation between afferent kinesthetic inputs and efferent corticomotor output. The findings indicate that there can be differences in the organization of sensory and motor pathways in cerebral palsy, and suggest that some of the residual motor dysfunction experienced by these subjects could be due to an impairment of sensorimotor integration at cortical level as a result of reorganization in the motor system.     

Usefulness of magnetic motor evoked potentials in the surgical treatment of hemiplegic patients with intractable epilepsy.

Five hemiplegic patients with intractable epilepsy were studied with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after various surgical treatments. These patients had unilateral widespread cerebral lesions acquired at various times, including congenital, infantile and childhood injury. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles were simultaneously recorded on both sides following TMS of the motor cortex in the respective hemisphere using a figure-8 or circular coil. In all patients with congenital disease, the abolition of motor function in the affected hemisphere was estimated by magnetic MEPs, and the hemiplegia did not deteriorate after functional hemispherectomy (HS) was performed in two of them. In two patients with acquired disease, HS was not performed because it was shown by magnetic maps that the motor function in the affected hemisphere remained. Furthermore, it was shown by electric MEPs using subdural electrodes that a patient who had had encephalitis in early childhood had a reorganised motor area in the parietal cortex of the affected hemisphere. The present findings indicate that magnetic MEPs are a very useful non-invasive method of assessing whether the motor area in the affected hemisphere can be resected in hemiplegic patients with intractable epilepsy.     

Functional organization of human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation

The presence of somatotopic organization in the human supplementary motor area (SMA) remains a controversial issue. In this study, subdural electrode grids were placed on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres in 13 patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment. Electrical stimulation mapping with currents below the threshold of afterdischarges showed somatotopic organization of supplementary motor cortex with the lower extremities represented posteriorly, head and face most anteriorly, and the upper extremities between these two regions. Electrical stimulation often elicited synergistic and complex movements involving more than one joint. In transitional areas between neighboring somatotopic representations, stimulation evoked combined movements involving the body parts represented in these adjacent regions. Anterior to the supplementary motor representation of the face, vocalization and speech arrest or slowing of speech were evoked. Various sensations were elicited by electrical stimulation of SMA. In some cases a preliminary sensation of "urge" to perform a movement or anticipation that a movement was about to occur were evoked. Most responses were contralateral to the stimulated hemisphere. Ipsilateral and bilateral responses were elicited almost exclusively from the right (nondominant) hemisphere. These data suggest the presence of combined somatotopic organization and left-right specialization in human supplementary motor cortex.     

Congenital mirror movement: a study of functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Two male patients (a child and an adult) with congenital mirror movement were studied using functional MRI (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Bilateral primary sensorimotor cortices were activated during unilateral hand gripping on fMRI when the child patient was 8 years old andthe adult was 37 years old. Bilateral motor evoked potentials were induced from the hand and forearm muscles after TMS of each hemisphere. Bilateral motor responses were also induced from the arm muscles in the adult patient. Bilateral motor responses had short and similar latencies. Contralateral motor responses to TMS were smaller than ipsilateral ones in the hand muscles, while contralateral responses were larger than ipsilateral ones in the arm muscles. Contralateral hand motor responses reduced in amplitude or disappeared with increasing age while in the child patient, mirror movements decreased gradually. Our results suggest that bilateral activation of the primary sensorimotor cortices during intended unilateral hand movement and bilateral motor responses to TMS account, at least in part, for the pathophysiology of congenital mirror movement. Reduction of contralateral hand motor responses may be related to the decrease in mirror movements during development.     

Ipsilesional and contralesional sensorimotor function after hemispherectomy: differences between distal and proximal function

Previous studies have reported mainly on contralesional somatosensory and motor function after hemispherectomy. So far, ipsilesional impairments have received little attention even though these have been reported in patients with less extensive lesions. In the current study we assessed ipsilesional and contralesional sensorimotor function in a group of 12 patients with hemispherectomy. In addition, we focused on differences between distal and proximal function and investigated several factors that may have contributed to individual differences between patients. The tests included tapping, force production, tactile double simultaneous stimulation, pressure sensitivity, passive joint movement sense and sensitivity to hot and cold. Ipsilesional impairments were found on all tests, except passive joint movement sense. Unexpectedly, no significant ipsilateral distal-proximal gradient was found for any of the measures. Both the removal of the diseased cerebral hemisphere and possible changes to the remaining brain structures may have affected ipsilesional sensorimotor function. Contralesional performance was impaired on all tests except for passive joint movement in the shoulder. The contralesional impairments were characterized by a distal-proximal gradient measured on all tests, except that of sensitivity to hot and cold. Distal function was always most impaired. The difference between distal and proximal motor function is in agreement with the established concepts of the motor pathways, with the motoneurons innervating proximal muscles receiving bilateral cortical and subcortical input. Age at onset of original brain damage correlated significantly with passive joint movement sense. Patients with known abnormalities to the remaining brain structures performed inferior on the tapping test only. No effect was found of the hemispheric side of removal.     

Motor network reorganization after motor imagery training in stroke patients with moderate to severe upper limb impairment

Background

Motor imagery training (MIT) has been widely used to improve hemiplegic upper limb function in stroke rehabilitation. The effectiveness of MIT is associated with the functional neuroplasticity of the motor network. Currently, brain activation and connectivity changes related to the motor recovery process after MIT are not well understood. Aim: We aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms of MIT in stroke rehabilitation through a longitudinal intervention study design with task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis.

Methods

We recruited 39 stroke patients with moderate to severe upper limb motor impairment and randomly assigned them to either the MIT or control groups. Patients in the MIT group received 4 weeks of MIT therapy plus conventional rehabilitation, while the control group only received conventional rehabilitation. The assessment of Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb Scale (FM-UL) and Barthel Index (BI), and fMRI scanning using a passive hand movement task were conducted on all patients before and after treatment. The changes in brain activation and functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between neural functional changes and motor improvement.

Results

The MIT group achieved higher improvements in FM-UL and BI relative to the control group after the treatment. Passive movement of the affected hand evoked an abnormal bilateral activation pattern in both groups before intervention. A significant Group × Time interaction was found in the contralesional S1 and ipsilesional M1, showing a decrease of activation after intervention specifically in the MIT group, which was negatively correlated with the FM-UL improvement. FC analysis of the ipsilesional M1 displayed the motor network reorganization within the ipsilesional hemisphere, which correlated with the motor score changes.

Conclusions

MIT could help decrease the compensatory activation at both hemispheres and reshape the FC within the ipsilesional hemisphere along with functional recovery in stroke patients.     

The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography

We have studied regional cerebral blood flow changes in 6 patients after their recovery from a first hemiplegic stroke. All had a single well-defined hemispheric lesion and at least a brachial monoparesis that subsequently recovered. Each patient had 6 measurements of cerebral blood flow by positron tomography with 2 scans at rest, 2 during movement of fingers of the recovered hand, and 2 during movement of fingers of the normal hand. When the normal fingers were moved, regional cerebral blood flow increased significantly in contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex and in the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere. When the fingers of the recovered hand were moved, significant regional cerebral blood flow increases were observed in both contralateral and ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex and in both cerebellar hemispheres. Other regions, namely, insula, inferior parietal, and premotor cortex, were also bilaterally activated with movement of the recovered hand. We have also demonstrated, by using a new technique of image analysis, different functional connections between the thalamic nuclei and specific cortical and cerebellar regions during these movements. Our results suggest that ipsilateral motor pathways may play a role in the recovery of motor function after ischemic stroke.