保定市精神分裂症的流行病学调查

目的了解保定市精神分裂症的患病率和分布特点。方法2004年10月～2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18周岁的人群,共10073名,用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组,采用美国精神障碍诊断标准（DSM-Ⅳ）,以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第四版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版对调查对象进行精神分裂症的诊断。心理、社会及职业功能评定采用大体功能评定量表（GAF）。结果9021名完成调查,精神分裂症的终生患病率为0.62%（95%CI=0.46%～0.78%）,时点患病率为0.54%（95%CI=0.39%～0.69%）。时点患病率：女性高于男性（P〈0.01）;30～39岁、40～49岁、50～59岁患病率较高。Logistic回归分析结果：女性、分居/离婚、低收入增加精神分裂症的患病危险性。心理、社会及职业功能受损程度：重度57.41%,中度35.19%,无或轻度7.41%。精神分裂症的精神科门诊就诊率为35.56%,住院率28.89%。结论精神分裂症是一类患病率较高的精神障碍,在女性及30～59岁中更常见,严重影响患者的心理、社会及职业功能,精神卫生服务利用率低。     

保定市精神分裂症性别差异的流行病学调查

目的了解保定市精神分裂症的患病率及其性别分布特点。方法2004年10月~2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁的人群,共10073例,用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组,采用美国精神障碍诊断标准（DSM-Ⅳ）,以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版对调查对象进行精神分裂症的诊断。功能状况评价采用大体功能评定量表（Global Assessment Function,GAF）。结果9021人完成调查,精神分裂症的终生及时点患病率分别为6.20‰、5.42‰,男性3.93‰、3.28‰,女性8.45‰、7.55‰,女性均高于男性（P〈0.01）;女性已婚率显著高于男性（P〈0.01）,而受教育年数女性显著低于男性（P〈0.01）;精神分裂症的临床症状、发病年龄与诊断分型性别比较无显著性差异;女性心理、社会及职业功能受损程度较男性为重（P〈0.05）。精神卫生服务利用的性别间均无显著性差异。结论精神分裂症患者在患病率、婚姻、教育及心理、社会、职业功能均存在性别差异,提示在制定治疗康复方案时,应有所区别。     

河北省承德地区精神疾病流行病学调查

目的：了解河北省承德地区18岁及以上人群各类精神疾病的时点患病率和分布特点。方法：2004年10月至2004年11月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，抽取≥18岁者为调查对象。用一般健康问卷（CHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ用定式临床检查患者版进行调查，用DSM-Ⅳ对精神障碍进行诊断。结果：3025人完成调查，精神疾病总时点患病率为177．19‰，终生患病率为216．86‰。除精神发育迟滞和痴呆外，各类精神疾病时点患病率为175．86‰，终生患病率为215．54‰。时点患病率农村为（176．65‰），城市为（180．08‰）；女性（182．05‰）高于男性（171．94‰）。重性抑郁障碍患病率最高（51.57‰）。结论：本调查基本掌握了河北省承德地区18岁及以上人群各类精神障碍的患病水平和分布特点。     

河北省精神障碍的现况调查

目的了解河北省≥18岁人群各类精神障碍的患病率和分布特点。方法2004年10月至2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁人群，共24000名，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版进行调查，用DSM，Ⅳ对各类精神障碍进行诊断。结果（1）患病率：20716人完成调查，精神障碍的时点患病率为162．43‰[95％可信区间（95％CI）为15．8％-16．7％]，排在前三位的是重性抑郁障碍（27．01‰）、未特定的焦虑障碍（25．09‰）和心境恶劣障碍（23．12‰）；终生患病率为185．12‰（95％CI为18．0％～19．0％），排在前三位的是重性抑郁障碍（47．47‰）、酒精依赖性和滥用性障碍（38．62‰）和未特定抑郁障碍（25．51‰）。（2）时点患病率：女性（167．95‰）高于男性（156．95‰），农村（165．63‰）高于城市（144．31‰），均P〈0．05～0．01；并随年龄的增长而不断上升，其中30～49岁为137．17‰～156．71‰，50-≥70岁为201．44‰～285．41‰。结论河北省精神疾病的患病率较高，其中女性和农村的患病率高；重性抑郁障碍是省内患病率最高的精神疾病。     

河北省抑郁症的流行病学调查

目的:了解河北省抑郁症的患病率和分布特点。方法:采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18周岁的人群16 088名,用扩展的一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组,采用美国精神障碍诊断标准(DSM-Ⅳ),以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版(SCID-I/P)对调查对象进行抑郁症的诊断。心理、社会及职业功能评定采用大体功能评定量表(GAF)。结果:14 408人完成调查,抑郁症的终生患病率为0.62%(95%CI=0.46%～0.78%),时点患病率为0.54%(95%CI=0.39%～0.69%)。时点患病率:女性高于男性(P<0.01);30～39岁、40～49岁、50～59岁患病率较高。Logistic回归分析结果:女性、分居/离婚、低收入增加抑郁症的患病危险性。心理、社会及职业功能受损程度:重度57.41%,中度35.19%,无或轻度7.41%。抑郁症的精神科门诊就诊率为35.56%,住院率28.89%。结论:抑郁症是一类患病率较高的精神障碍,在女性及30～59岁中更常见,严重影响患者的心理、社会及职业功能,精神卫生服务利用率低。     

保定市创伤后应激障碍流行病学调查

目的：了解保定市18岁及以上人群创伤后应激障碍患病率。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取10073名≥18岁的人群为调查对象，用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）对调查对象进行DSM-Ⅳ修订版轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床用治疗提纲（SCID-I／P），对各类精神障碍进行诊断。结果：9021人完成调查。创伤后应激障碍时点患病率为3．7‰，终生患病率5．7‰。创伤后应激障碍时点患病者33例中6例（18．8％）患者与情感障碍共病。结论：创伤后应激障碍已成为严重影响社会、经济发展的因素之一，应列入防治和研究的重点疾病。     

保定市焦虑障碍流行病学调查

目的：了解保定市焦虑障碍的患病率和分布特点。方法：于2004年10月至2005年5月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁的人群，共10073名，用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版（SCID）对调查对象进行焦虑障碍的诊断。结果：共9021人完成调查，焦虑障碍的终生患病率为45．12‰，时点患病率为41．79‰，5种常见的焦虑障碍是未特定的焦虑障碍（分别是25.72‰及25．39‰）、创伤后应激障碍（5．65‰及3．66‰）、广泛性焦虑症（仅现患6．43‰）、特殊恐怖症（5.10‰及4．43‰）和惊恐障碍（3．44‰及2．66‰）。时点患病率：女性（54．21‰）明显高于男性（29．73‰）（P〈0．01）；50～59岁患病率最高（58．39‰），20～29岁最低（23．07‰）。Logistic回归分析显示，焦虑障碍的易患危险因素为女性、年龄40-69岁、低文化、低收入。焦虑障碍的精神科就诊率为1．86‰。结论：焦虑障碍是保定市常见的一类精神障碍，患病率高，而其精神卫生服务利用率低。     

保定市广泛性焦虑障碍的流行病学调查

目的了解保定市广泛性焦虑障碍的时点患病率和分布特点。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18周岁的人群,共10073名,用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组,以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第四版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版对调查对象进行广泛性焦虑障碍的诊断。结果9021例完成调查,广泛性焦虑障碍时点患病率为0.81%;女性（1.27%）高于男性（0.35%）（P〈0.01）;农村（0.89%）高于城市（0.28%）（P〈0.05）;年龄50~59岁者的患病率（1.16%）最高;女性患病危险性是男性的3.465倍;与其它精神障碍共病39.66%,其中与抑郁障碍共病占91.30%;精神科就诊率为5.17%。结论广泛性焦虑障碍是一种患病率较高的精神障碍,常见于农村女性,与抑郁障碍共病最常见,且专业就诊率低。     

保定市特殊恐怖症的流行病学调查

目的探讨保定市民特殊恐怖症的患病率和分布特点。方法2004年10月～2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取18周岁及以上的人群10073例,用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ—12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组,采用美国精神障碍诊断标准（DSM—Ⅳ）,以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查病人版对调查对象进行特殊恐怖症的诊断。结果9021例完成调查,特殊恐怖症的终生患病率为0．74％,时点患病率为0．68％;各类型的终生及时点患病率分别为：动物型0．38％、0．36％,自然环境型0．31％、0．27％,其他型0．07％、0．03％;血液-注射-损伤型的终生和时点患病率均为0．09％,情景型仅终生患病率为0．01％。女性时点患病率高于男性;农村时点患病率高于城市;30-39岁的患病率最高,18～19岁的患病率最低。特殊恐怖症的精神科就诊率为2．5％。结论特殊恐怖症常见于年轻的女性,各类型患病率不同,且就诊率低。     

保定市重性抑郁障碍流行病学调查

目的：了解保定市重性抑郁障碍的患病率、人口学特征和社会生活功能状况。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁的人群10073人，以一般键康问卷12项（GHQ-12）为筛选工具，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查病人版（SCID-I／P）为调查诊断工具。用功能大体评定量表（GAF）评价功能状况。结果：重性抑郁障碍的终生患病率为4．19％（95％CI：3．78％～4．60％）；时点患病率为2．64％（95％CI：2．31％～2．97％）。时点患病率女性3．26％明显高于男性2．00％（u=3．73，P〈0．01）；农村2．84％明显高于城市1．40％（u=2．76，P〈0．01）；50～69岁年龄段患病率较高；单次发作60．80％，复发39．20％；GAF平均为（50．74±6．73）分，社会和生活功能受损明显。结论：重性抑郁障碍的患病率相对较高，严重影响患者的社会生活功能。     

An epidemiological survey of alcohol use disorders in a Tibetan population

We performed an epidemiological survey in order to detect the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in a sub-group of the population of Tibet. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire, the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), and a 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) were used to obtain epidemiological data on alcohol use disorders and to assess the severity of ‘problem drinking’ and general mental health status. The AUDIT is a reliable and valid screening tool for both alcohol abuse and dependence in the Tibetan population to identify individuals with alcohol use problems. The cut-off points were set to be 10 and 13 of the AUDIT scores as a diagnostic discriminator of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, respectively, with both sensitivity and specificity > 0.84. The prevalence of alcohol abuse, was 2.7% (female: 2.0%; male: 6.2%), alcohol dependence 13.5% (female: 7.6%; male: 25.4%) and alcohol use disorders 16.2% (female: 9.6%; male: 31.6%). Age and sex were the main factors affecting an individual's alcohol use and general mental health status. The epidemiological data on alcohol use disorders documented in this project may be helpful in future work seeking more valid causal inferences or interpretations related to this prevalent health problem in Tibet.     

Five-year clinical course associated with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence in a large group of men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The prognostic validity of the DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence was evaluated by examining the 5-year clinical course associated with those diagnoses in a large group of predominantly blue-collar men and women. METHOD: Personal semistructured interviews were carried out 5 years after an initial evaluation with 1,346 (75%) of the approximately 1,800 men and women participating in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism who were eligible for follow-up. RESULTS: About two-thirds of the 298 subjects with DSM-IV alcohol dependence at baseline maintained that diagnosis during the 5-year study period. Fifty-five percent of the 288 subjects with DSM-IV alcohol abuse at baseline continued to meet one or more of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criteria, and 3.5% went on to meet the criteria for dependence at follow-up. Among the 760 subjects with no alcohol diagnosis at baseline, 2.5% met the criteria for alcohol dependence and 12.8% for alcohol abuse at follow-up. Baseline characteristics that predicted the occurrence of any of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criteria during the 5-year interval included male gender, lack of marital stability, presence of several of the criteria for dependence, and history of illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that over 5 years the DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence predicts a chronic disorder with a relatively severe course, while DSM-IV alcohol abuse predicts a less persistent, milder disorder that does not usually progress to dependence.     

Transcription profiling reveals mitochondrial,ubiquitin and signaling systems abnormalities in postmortem brains from subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence

Alcohol abuse is a common human disorder with high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. To identify candidate mechanisms for alcohol abuse, the expression of 12,626 genes was measured in postmortem temporal cortex from 11 subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence, with or without other psychiatric diagnoses and compared pairwise with the expression in 11 nonalcoholic subjects matched for the other psychiatric diagnoses and demographics. Genes were defined to have altered expression in alcohol abuse if: 1) the gene showed decreased expression in at least 10 of 11 subjects with alcohol abuse, or showed increased expression in at least 10 of 11 subjects with this diagnosis compared to matched non-abusers (P < 0.007, chi(2)test); or 2) the difference in the mean abuser/non-abuser ratio for the gene from value of 1.0 was significant at P < 0.05 (one sample t-test). In subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence, 163 genes were changed significantly. The most abundant and consistent changes were in gene families encoding mitochondrial proteins, the ubiquitin system, and signal transduction. These alterations indicate disturbances in energy metabolism and multiple signaling mechanisms in the temporal cortex of subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence. We hypothesize that these mechanisms may be related to alcohol abuse traits or long-term effects of alcohol.     

The 5-year clinical course of high-functioning men with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence

OBJECTIVE: One goal of diagnostic criteria is to predict the course of clinically relevant future problems. This study evaluated the ability of the DSM-IV categories of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence to predict the onset and cessation of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criterion items. METHOD: The DSM-IV categorical approach was used to determine alcohol diagnoses for 435 highly educated young adult men, who constituted 97.3% of the 447 men appropriate for this study. Structured face-to-face follow-up interviews were administered 5 years later. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, 14.5% (N=63) of the subjects were alcohol dependent, 18.2% (N=79) reported alcohol abuse, and 67.4% (N=293) carried no alcohol diagnosis. Across these three diagnostic groups, 68.3%, 46.8%, and 15.4%, respectively, experienced at least one of the 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criterion items over the next 5 years. Only 11.4% of those who reported alcohol abuse went on to develop alcohol dependence. In addition to their diagnosis, characteristics that predicted subsequent problems with alcohol included a family history of alcoholism, higher levels of alcohol intake and a greater number of alcohol problems in the 10 years preceding the diagnosis, and a history of drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Even in this highly educated and high-functioning group of men, alcohol abuse and dependence predicted the onset and cessation of alcohol-related problems.     

Paternal alcoholism predicts the occurrence but not the remission of alcoholic drinking: a 40-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of father's alcoholism on the development and remission from alcoholic drinking by age 40. METHOD: Subjects were selected from a Danish birth cohort that included 223 sons of alcoholic fathers (high risk; HR) and 106 matched controls (low risk; LR). Clinical examinations were performed at age 40 (n = 202) by a psychiatrist using structured interviews and DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: HR subjects were significantly more likely than LR subjects to develop alcohol dependence (31% vs. 16%), but not alcohol abuse (17% vs. 15%). More subjects with alcohol abuse were in remission at age 40 than subjects with alcohol dependence. Risk did not predict remission from either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. CONCLUSION: Familial influences may play a stronger role in the development of alcoholism than in the remission or recovery from alcoholism.     

The natural history of alcohol abuse: implications for definitions of alcohol use disorders

Is the DSM-III-R category of alcohol abuse validly differentiated from the DSM-III-R category of alcohol dependence, or is abuse primarily a mild, prodromal condition that typically deteriorates into dependence? A 4-year longitudinal epidemiologic study of male drinkers provided data to answer this question. The study used identical questions at baseline and follow-up. At follow-up, 70% of the subjects who were initially classified as alcohol abusers were still abusers or were classified as remitted. This contrasted significantly with outcome in the subjects who initially reported alcohol dependence. Although additional research is needed, these results indicate that alcohol abuse often has a course distinct from that of alcohol dependence.     

A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: This study reports results of a large-scale epidemiological investigation of the prevalence of mental disorder in Oslo. METHOD: A random sample of Oslo residents age 18-65 years was drawn from the Norwegian National Population Register. A total of 2,066 subjects, 57.5% of the original sample, were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview in 1994-1997. The mean age of the interviewed subjects was 39.3 years. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of all mental disorders was 32.8%, and the lifetime prevalence was 52.4%. Alcohol abuse/dependence and major depression had the highest lifetime prevalence and 12-month prevalences. All mental disorders were more prevalent in women than in men, with the exception of alcohol and drug abuse/dependence. Severe psychopathology (e.g., three or more diagnoses) was found in 14%-15% of the respondents. The lifetime and 12-month prevalences for all diagnostic categories except drug abuse/dependence were similar to those found in the United States Comorbidity Survey. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological data for Oslo show that the lifetime and 12-month prevalences of mental disorder are quite high, with alcohol abuse/dependence and major depression particularly frequent. The rates for women are higher than those for men for all diagnostic categories, except for alcohol and drug abuse/dependence.     

Prospective evaluation of the four DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse in a large population

OBJECTIVE: In 1994 DSM-IV presented new criteria for substance abuse as repetitive problems in any one of four areas reflecting social, interpersonal, and legal difficulties. The authors systematically evaluate the performance of each of the four diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse (problems in role functioning, alcohol use in hazardous situations, alcohol-related legal problems, and social or interpersonal problems) and determine the prognosis associated with a threshold of one versus two or more criterion endorsements. METHOD: Baseline and 5-year follow-up data were analyzed for 2,596 men and women from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, including 1,881 individuals with no alcohol-related diagnosis, and 715 with alcohol abuse, after excluding subjects with alcohol dependence. Performance of each criterion was analyzed for the entire group and for the 565 individuals who endorsed only one criterion at baseline. RESULTS: One alcohol abuse criterion was endorsed by 79% of subjects with alcohol abuse, 18.5% endorsed two, and 2.5% endorsed three. Compared with subjects who endorsed no criteria, individuals who reported any of the four diagnostic criteria at baseline had higher rates of alcohol and drug intake and related problems and higher rates of future difficulties. Diagnostic thresholds of one versus two abuse criteria at baseline performed equally well regarding most outcomes, although endorsement of two criteria predicted a higher risk for progression to dependence. The criterion most frequently endorsed--hazardous use--was associated with baseline substance use characteristics and problematic outcomes similar to those for the other criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The four DSM-IV alcohol abuse criteria performed well regarding both cross-sectional characteristics and the prediction of future problems, but no single diagnostic criterion was superior to any other. The similarity of outcomes for subjects with diagnostic thresholds of one versus two or more criteria may favor the continued use of a threshold of one criterion in the diagnosis of alcohol abuse.     

Conceptualizing impulsivity and risk taking in bipolar disorder: importance of history of alcohol abuse

Background:  Elevated levels of impulsivity and increased risk taking are thought to be core features of both bipolar disorder (BD) and addictive disorders. Given the high rates of comorbid alcohol abuse in BD, alcohol addiction may exacerbate impulsive behavior and risk-taking propensity in BD. Here we examine multiple dimensions of impulsivity and risk taking, using cognitive tasks and self-report measures, in BD patients with and without a history of alcohol abuse.
Methods:  Thirty-one BD subjects with a prior history of alcohol abuse or dependence (BD-A), 24 BD subjects with no history of alcohol abuse/dependence (BD-N), and 25 healthy control subjects (HC) were assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and the computerized Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).
Results:  Both BD groups scored significantly higher than controls on the BIS. In contrast, only the BD-A group showed impaired performance on the BART. BD-A subjects popped significantly more balloons than the BD-N and HC groups. In addition, subjects in the BD-A group failed to adjust their performance after popping balloons. Severity of mood symptomatology was not associated with performance on either task.
Discussion:  The current study supports a primary role of prior alcohol abuse in risk-taking propensity among patients with bipolar disorder. In addition, findings suggest that impulsivity and risky behavior, as operationalized by self-report and experimental cognitive probes, respectively, are separable constructs that tap distinct aspects of the bipolar phenotype.     

Is risk for substance abuse unitary?

The hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary was tested by a log linear regression analysis. A series of risk factors was evaluated in a sample of 219 nonhospitalized, nontreated, young male and female subjects. Risk for alcohol abuse/dependence was independent of risk for drug abuse/dependence and the risks were additive in the prediction of lifetime substance abuse. Antisocial personality diagnosis predicted alcohol abuse/dependence, family history of drug abuse predicted drug abuse/dependence, and, additively, they predicted alcohol and drug abuse/dependence diagnosis over a lifetime. These data support a hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary.