自发性小脑出血手术治疗策略

目的探讨自发性小脑出血的外科治疗。方法回顾性分析采用手术治疗的30例自发性小脑出血患者的临床资料。对蚓部出血6~10mL、出现梗阻性脑积水的患者行单纯侧脑室钻孔引流术,对小脑半球出血10~20mL者行后颅窝开颅血肿清除术,对小脑半球出血量20mL或蚓部出血量10mL者行后颅窝开颅血肿清除+寰枕减压术+侧脑室钻孔引流术。结果单纯侧脑室钻孔引流术6例,恢复良好5例;中残1例;后颅窝开颅血肿清除术14例,恢复良好10例,中残2例,重残2例;后颅窝开颅血肿清除+寰枕减压术+侧脑室钻孔引流术10例,恢复良好6例,中残2例,重残1例,死亡1例。结论对自发性小脑出血患者,积极手术治疗,根据出血的部位、出血的量、有无合并梗阻性脑积水等情况,采用不同的手术方式。     

显微血管减压术后幕上硬膜下血肿的形成和防治

目的探讨显微血管减压术形成幕上硬膜下血肿的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析我院收治的764例首次行MVD患者的临床资料,发生幕上硬膜下血肿10例。结果术后即刻头颅CT平扫提示手术同侧幕上硬膜下血肿6例,2例对侧,2例双侧。患侧为优势半球侧的有2例。此10例患者术后均保守治疗,痊愈出院。结论 MVD术后发生幕上硬膜下血肿几率较小,可能与术中脑脊液释放太快、小脑牵拉过重、或头部过屈有关,术后常规行头颅CT检查可排除幕上SDH的发生。此类血肿不同于外伤导致的SDH,病人预后较好。     

合并脑室出血的小脑幕区脑血管畸形的急诊血管内治疗(附18例报道)

目的探讨合并脑室出血的小脑幕区脑血管畸形的临床特点及急诊血管内治疗的方法、效果。方法回顾性分析2012~2014年收治的18例小脑幕区脑血管畸形合并重度脑室出血的临床资料,其中枕叶深部动静脉畸形(AVM)9例,小脑半球及蚓部AVM 5例,小脑幕区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)4例。均在入院后2 h内行脑血管造明确病因,并急诊行血管内Onyx胶栓塞治疗,然后再行脑室外引流术。结果 14例AVM中,畸形血管团完全栓塞11例,大部分栓塞3例;4例DAVF中,瘘口完全栓塞3例,大部分栓塞1例;术后死亡2例。存活16例术后随访3~6个月,无再出血、脑积水;按GOS评分,恢复良好8例,中残5例,重残2例,植物生存状态1例。结论自发性重度脑室出血需尽早明确原因,急诊血管内栓塞是治疗脑血管畸形的有效方法,可显著减少脑室外引流术后脑室再出血,降低病死率和致残率。     

血肿清除并脑室外引流治疗高血压性小脑出血

目的 总结76例高血压性小脑出血行血肿清除并脑室外引流的疗效.方法 本组病例采取后颅窝正中或旁正中开颅,咬除枕骨.剪开硬膜,清除小脑血肿,并行侧脑室外引流术治疗高血压性小脑出血.结果 76例中治愈58例(76.3%),好转14例(18.4%),死亡4例(6.9%).结论 小脑出血病情进展性加重,积极行血肿清除并行脑室外引流术可取得良好的治疗效果.     

重型闭合型颅脑损伤伴小脑幕静脉出血的诊治体会

目的 探讨急性重型颅脑损伤伴小脑幕静脉出血治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析5例急性重型颅脑损伤伴小脑幕静脉出血患者的临床资料,均行急诊开颅去骨瓣减压+血肿清除术。结果 2例患者预后良好,术后3月并发脑积水,其中1例行脑室-腹腔分流术;另外3例患者死亡。结论 急性重型颅脑损伤中伴小脑幕静脉出血病情凶险,死亡率高,存活的患者远期容易并发脑积水。     

硬通道穿刺引流术联合标准大骨瓣减压术治疗急性硬膜下血肿合并脑疝

目的 探讨硬通道穿刺引流术联合标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗急性硬膜下血肿合并脑疝的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年6月收治的83例急性硬膜下血肿合并脑疝的临床资料,均行床旁硬通道穿刺引流术联合标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗。结果 所有病人均一次性顺利完成穿刺引流术,穿刺用时1~2 min。术后死亡6例（7.2%）,余77例出院后随访6个月,恢复良好32例,中残26例,重残9例,植物生存7例,死亡3例。结论 对于急性硬膜下血肿合并脑疝,床旁硬通道穿刺引流术能够快速缓解或解除脑疝,联合急诊血肿清除术加标准外伤大骨瓣减压术可显著降低病人的致残率及病死率。     

儿童外伤性迟发性后颅窝血肿的手术治疗体会

目的探讨儿童外伤性迟发性后颅窝血肿的诊断、手术治疗及预后。方法对2002年1月至2011年12月18例行手术治疗的外伤性迟发性后颅窝血肿患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果经复查头颅CT发现的15例后颅窝迟发性血肿患儿中,后颅窝硬膜外血肿11例,硬膜下血肿4例。先行幕上血肿清除的3例患儿,1例术中发现硬膜下血肿并小脑内血肿;2例术后复查CT示,后颅窝硬膜外血肿1例,硬膜下血肿1例。术后死亡1例,术后6个月患者预后按GOS分级：2分1例,3分2例,4分5例,5分9例。结论儿童外伤性迟发性后颅窝血肿病情危重,早期诊断、对达到手术指征的患儿行及时有效的手术治疗是挽救患儿生命、改善预后的关键。     

后颅窝枕下减压术治疗大面积小脑梗死的预后分析

目的分析后颅窝枕下减压术治疗大面积小脑梗死的手术时机、手术方式及预后。 方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院神经外科自2010年1月至2018年2月符合纳入标准的大面积小脑梗死患者的临床资料。所有患者于CT及MRI检查确诊后24 h内行后颅窝枕下减压术,如有急性脑积水发生,先行脑室外引流术,再进行后颅窝枕下减压术。 结果本组患者12例,术前CT显示出现脑积水者4例,先行脑室穿刺外引流术,后行颅窝减压术。根据GOS评分评价患者外科治疗效果：良好7例,中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。 结论后颅窝减压术能避免大面积小脑梗死临床症状恶化进行性发展,改善预后。     

后颅窝减压加脑室外引流治疗大面积小脑梗死14例

目的探讨大面积小脑梗死的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析14例大面积小脑梗死患者行后颅窝减压和脑室外引流术治疗的临床资料。全部患者均有不同程度的意识障碍,MRI检查可见小脑长T1、长T2信号,全部14例患者术前双侧脑室以及第三脑室均不同程度增大,第四脑室受压明显变小。结果 14例患者术后随访0.5～1年,9例生活能自理,其中6例恢复正常工作。术后出现共济失调3例,眩晕2例,吞咽困难2例,声音嘶哑、精神障碍和听力下降各1例。结论对于大面积小脑梗死并发脑积水患者,后颅窝减压加脑室外引流术能改善患者预后,提高患者生存质量。     

外伤性后颅窝血肿117例临床分析

目的 分析总结外伤性后颅窝血肿的诊断和治疗特点。方法 对1990年1月至2002年12月117例外伤性后颅窝血肿的病因学、影像学、诊断和治疗特点进行分析。结果 本组117例外伤性后颅窝血肿中硬膜外血肿76.06％(89例),其中跨幕上下者60.67％(54例),硬膜下血肿4.27％(5例),小脑脑内血肿19.66％(23例)。合并幕上对冲性脑损伤52例,合并原发脑干伤9例。本组95例行血肿清除术及综合治疗,22例采用保守治疗,其中18例小脑脑内血肿,3例后颅窝硬膜外血肿和1例硬膜下血肿(出血量<10 mL)。伤后6个月行GOS评估,死亡12例,重残2例,其余预后良好。结论单纯后颅窝血肿应及时诊断并手术,预后良好,即使合并幕上血肿,只要及时治疗,也能取得满意效果。     

血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流治疗老年性高血压脑出血的临床研究(附168例报道)

目的 探讨血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流治疗老年性高血压脑出血的临床效果.方法对解放军第四七四医院神经外科自2002年3月至2009年2月收治的168例老年性高血压脑出血患者应用血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流加尿激酶溶解血肿的方法进行治疗,术后随访6～12个月,根据GOS评分评价患者治疗效果,并分别对患者术前意识分级、出血量大小与预后程度关系进行统计学分析.结果 本组患者预后良好91例,轻残41例,重残及植物生存13例,死亡23例,术后并发症较少.术前意识分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组、出血量30～70 mL组和70 mL以上组患者预后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),平均秩次比较显示Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组患者疗效明显优于Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组,30～70mL组患者疗效明显优于70mL以上组.结论 血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流加尿激酶溶解血肿是治疗老年性高血压脑出血的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical treatment efficacy of punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture in patients with senile hypertensive hemorrhage. Methods One hundred and sixty-eight patients with senile hypertensive hemorrhage, admitted to our hospital from March 2002 to February 2009, were treated by punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture and hematoma dissolution with urokinase. Meanwhile, follow-up for 6-12 months was performed to every patient; the postoperative treatment effects and complications were evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale; the relations between the prognosis and both the amount of intracerebral hemorrhage and grades of consciousness situation were statistically analyzed. Results Good prognosis was noted in 91 patients,mild disability in 41, severe disability and vegetative state in 13, and death in 23; few postoperative complications were noted. The prognoses were significantly different in patients with different amounts of intracerebral hemorrhage; so are those in patients with different grades of consciousness situation (P＜0.05); the prognosis of patients under grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ consciousness situation was better than that of patients under grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ consciousness situation and the prognosis of patients with hemorrhage between 30-70 mL was obviously better than that of patients with hemorrhage above 70 mL. Conclusion The punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture and hematoma dissolution with urokinase is an effective treatment method for patients with senile hypertensive intracerebral hematoma.     

立体定向置管治疗基底节区脑出血

目的：探讨立体定向血肿腔内置管抽吸和尿激酶溶解治疗基底节区脑出血的效果。方法：对26例脑出血患者，采用立体定向血肿腔内置管治疗进行回顾性分析。结果：本组死亡1例．病死率为3．9％，生存25例．恢复良好15例，占60％，中残6例，占24％，重残3例，占12％．随访期内再死亡1例。结论：该术式操作较简单，置管位置准确，损伤少，再出血发生率低，手术效果好。     

New methods of intensive therapy in stroke: hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction and treatment of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase

Life-threatening, complete middle cerebral artery infarction occurs in up to 10% of all stroke patients. The "malignant media occlusion" is an infarction occupying more than 50% of middle cerebral artery territory. The malignant, space-occupying supratentorial ischemic stroke is characterised by a mortality rate of up to 80%. Several reports indicate, that hemicraniectomy in this situation can be life-saving. Hemicraniectomy increases cerebral perfusion pressure and optimises retrograde perfusion via the leptomeningeal collateral vessels. A case of a patient is presented, having progressive neurological deterioration due to massive cerebral infarctions. The patient rehabilitation was successful. Decompressive surgery is life saving and can also give acceptable functional recovery. Hemorrhagic stroke is due to stroke in 15% of cases and in 10%, it is "spontaneous" intracerebral hematoma. The intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage represents one of the most devastating types of stroke associated with high morbidity and mortality. The 30-day mortality rate is 35% to 50% and most survivors are left with a neurological disability. The value of surgical therapy is debatable. The aspiration and urokinase therapy of the hematoma of intracerebral hemorrhage could improve final neurological outcome. Spontaneous, nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage frequently carries a grave prognosis. A large part of morbidity after intraventricular hemorrhage is related to intracranial hypertension from hydrocephalus. One patient presented had intracerebral hemorrhage and another had intraventricular hemorrhage treated with urokinase. Rapid and extensive reduction in the amount of intracerebral and intraventricular blood occurred. Urokinase lysis is safe and can be a potentially beneficial intervention in intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage. By performing decompressive craniectomy, the neurologists of stroke departments and intensive care units with the neurosurgeons will have to play major role in the management of stroke patients.     

Cerebellar Hemorrhage after Burr Hole Drainage of Supratentorial Chronic Subdural Hematoma

Cerebellar hemorrhage is an unusual complication of supratentorial neurosurgery. To the best of our knowledge, only three case reports have described the occurrence of cerebellar hemorrhage after burr hole drainage for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH). We present the case of a patient with this rare postoperative complication of cerebellar hemorrhage after burr hole drainage of a chronic SDH. Although burr hole drainage for the treatment of chronic SDH is rare complication, it is necessary to be aware of the possibility of cerebellar hemorrhage after supratentorial surgery, even with limited surgery such as burr hole drainage of a chronic SDH.     

高血压脑出血外科治疗探讨

目的探讨高血压脑出血外科手术方式的选择及其疗效。方法2002年6月～2007年6月采用微创穿刺引流术、小骨窗开颅、骨瓣开颅三种术式治疗高血压脑出血患者352例。结果存活314例（89.2%），按ADL分级：Ⅰ级169例，Ⅱ级62例，Ⅲ级30例，Ⅳ级28例，Ⅴ级25例。死亡38例（10.8%）。结论对出血部位及出血量不同的患者采用不同的手术方式及选择恰当的手术时机能明显的降低病死率及致残率，提高治愈率。     

颅内血肿微创碎吸清除术临床分析

目的提高颅内出血的救治水平，降低死亡率及伤残率。方法作者对59例颅内出血患者进行CT定位，选用北京万特福公司生产的YL-Ⅰ型一次性颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针，进行微创血肿穿刺碎吸引流术及血肿生物酶溶解技术，根据出血是否破入脑室选用单侧或双侧侧脑室穿刺外引流术．术后配合康复治疗。结果本组高血压脑出血36例治疗好转率88．9％，死亡率11．1％，外伤性颅内出血23例治疗好转率100％，结论颅内血肿微创碎吸清除术救治重症颅内出血是日前降低死亡率及致残率，提高生存质量，缩短病程，减少医疗费用的一种理想方法。     

超早期显微手术联合脑室外引流治疗高血压性小脑出血

目的探讨应用无牵拉脉冲式冲水技术超早期显微手术联合脑室外引流治疗高血压性小脑出血的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2014年6月-2020年6月该院收治的63例高血压性小脑出血重症患者的临床资料,并应用无牵拉脉冲式冲水技术超早期显微手术清除血肿并联合脑室外引流及颅内压监测为治疗方案,采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GOS)评分评价预后。结果手术时间(178±20)min,术中出血量(85±20)mL,血肿清除率(90±5)%,再出血2例(3.2%),术后1个月内死亡4例(6.3%)。术后3个月,按GOS评分,恢复良好30例(47.6%),中度残疾18例(28.6%),重度残疾5例(7.9%),植物生存4例(6.5%),死亡6例(9.5%),脑积水发生7例(11.1%)。结论应用无牵拉脉冲式冲水技术超早期显微手术清除血肿联合脑室外引流治疗高血压性小脑出血可迅速解除梗阻性脑积水及脑干受压,且创伤小、血肿清除率高,同时行颅内压监测,可改善预后,是治疗高血压小脑出血的有效方式。     

四种方法治疗丘脑出血的疗效对比分析

根据丘脑出血患者入院时临床表现、出血量、脑室积血程度、中线移位程度、患者或家属意愿,分别选择保守治疗、双侧侧脑室额角钻孔引流术、CT定位血肿穿刺引流术+双侧侧脑室额角钻孔引流术和大骨瓣血肿清除术+去骨瓣减压术。120例患者共死亡33例,其中保守治疗7例、双侧侧脑室额角钻孔引流6例、双侧侧脑室额角钻孔引流术+CT定位血肿穿刺引流术8例、大骨瓣血肿清除术+去骨瓣减压术12例,不同治疗方式之间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据丘脑出血患者病情严重程度、出血量、脑组织受损范围等选择相应治疗方法,有益于提高治愈率及患者生存质量。     

微创侧脑室引流术配合腰椎穿刺对早期重型脑室出血预后的影响

目的探讨早期重型脑室出血的有效治疗方法。方法尽早行侧脑室穿刺引流,尿激酶灌注,术后第2d开始行腰穿脑脊液置换 地塞米松鞘内注射。结果86例患者中,恢复良好40(46.5%)例,中残28(32.6%)例,重残8(9.3%)例,死亡10(11.6%)例。结论该方法治疗脑室内出血是一种简单、有效、安全、可行的措施。