托吡酯对戊四氮致癫癎大鼠海马AQP4表达水平的影响

目的探讨托吡酯对戊四氮致癫癎大鼠海马AQP4表达水平的影响。方法将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为戊四氮致癫癎组、托吡酯干预组和正常对照组，每组各10只；癫癎模型点燃后在不同时相点灌注取材，通过HE染色观察大鼠海马神经元的变化，并应用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马AQP4表达水平。结果HE染色显示托吡酯干预组神经元变性和坏死较戊四氮致癫癎组明显减轻；免疫组化显示戊四氮致癫癎组在致癫癎后12hAQP4的表达显著增强，致癫癎后24h达高峰，托吡酯干预组在致癫癎后12h～36h各时相点AQP4表达水平均分别低于戊四氮致癫癎组相应时间点（P〈0．05）。结论托吡酯通过下调大鼠海马AQP4的表达可能参与了对大鼠海马神经元的保护过程。     

抗癫癎药物与大鼠海马CA1区胶质细胞TUNEL阳性表达关系的研究

目的:探讨抗癫癎药物对大鼠海马胶质细胞凋亡的影响。方法:35只60天龄SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水组(NS)、戊四氮(PTZ)组、卡马西平组(CBZ)、丙戊酸钠组(VPA)、苯妥英钠组(PHT)、托吡酯组(TPM)、拉莫三嗪组(LTG)7组,起始体重(200±20)g,戊四氮点燃其中6组制作癫癎模型,再给与抗癫癎药物治疗3周,应用TUNEL法观察大鼠海马胶质细胞的阳性表达率。结果:CA1区胶质细胞TUNEL阳性表达:NS组阳性率4.195%,PTZ组阳性率6.536%,CBZ组阳性率4.321%,VPA组阳性率5.587%,4组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异无显著性(χ2=1.158,P>0.05);PHT组阳性率24.460%,TPM组阳性率21.605%,LTG组阳性率18.902%,三组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异无显著性(χ2=1.378,P>0.05)。NS组、PTZ组、CBZ组、VPA组与PHT组、TPM组、LTG组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异有显著性(χ2=70.227,P<0.005)。结论:大鼠癫癎模型经PTH、TPM、LTG治疗后,海马CA1区存在TUNEL阳性胶质细胞。     

托吡酯对戊四氮诱导的癫痫大鼠海马神经元bc1-2、bax基因表达的调控

目的探讨托吡酯对戊四氮癫癎模型大鼠大脑的神经保护作用及可能的机制.方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为正常对照组(6只);戊四氮组(24只);托吡酯预处理组(24只).癫癎发作后分别于6、12、48 h后处死取脑,进行HE染色和bcl-2、bax免疫组化染色.结果癎性发作后海马HE染色显示;戊四氮组CA1、CA3和DC区神经元变性及坏死较托吡酯预处理组显著.免疫组化染色显示托吡酯预处理组bcl-2 12和48 h在CA1、CA3和DC的表达强于戊四氮组,而bax在上述时段的表达则较戊四氮组弱.结论托吡酯具有一定的神经保护作用,推测可能与其增强大鼠海马神经元bcl-2基因表达,降低bax基因表达有关.     

托吡酯对癫痫大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的　探讨托吡酯对癫痫发作大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响及其可能的机制。方法　采用戊四氮致痫模型 ,大鼠癫痫发作后连续给予托吡酯 80mg/ (kg·d)和 4 0mg/ (kg·d) ) ,共 14d。以TUNEL方法标记DNA片段 ,原位检测海马CA1和CA3区的神经细胞凋亡。结果　各组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区均出现TUNEL阳性细胞。对照组 ,海马CA1、CA3区TUNEL阳性细胞数分别为 (35 .83± 4 .5 8)个和(36 .83± 3.87)个 ;4 0mg/ (kg·d)托吡酯组分别为 (31.5 2± 3.4 3)个和 (32 .35±4 .6 9)个 ;80mg/ (kg·d)托吡酯组为 (2 1.17± 3.0 6 )个和 (2 1.16± 3.87)个。 80mg/ (kg·d)托吡酯组与对照组比较存在显著差异(P<0 .0 0 1) ,4 0mg/ (kg·d)托吡酯组TPM组与对照组相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　TPM对癫痫发作后神经元凋亡具有一定的保护作用     

丙戊酸对癫癎大鼠海马兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质动态释放的影响

目的:观察丙戊酸(valproate,VPA)对戊四氮(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)点燃的自由活动大鼠海马胞外兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质动态释放过程的影响。方法:建立大鼠慢性癫癎模型及自由活动的清醒动物脑内在体微透析(microdialysis,MD)模型,用高效液相色谱测定急性腹腔注射VPA 200 mg·kg-1对大鼠海马胞外兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质释放的影响。结果:在惊厥发作期及发作间期,自由活动大鼠海马胞外谷氨酸及天冬氨酸水平显著上升,给予VPA 200 mg·kg-1后,两者浓度明显下降。结论:①VPA对海马胞外主要的兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质释放的调控为其发挥抗癎作用的重要机制之一;②在VPA对CNS兴奋性氨基酸类神经化学递质调控机制的研究中,PTZ点燃的大鼠癫癎模型较为理想。     

胍丁胺对戊四氮诱导慢性癫癎大鼠的保护作用和海马星形胶质细胞表达的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量胍丁胺对戊四氮诱导的慢性癫癎大鼠模型的保护作用及对海马区星形胶质细胞表达的影响。方法:连续28 d腹腔注射戊四氮35 mg.kg-1建立大鼠慢性癫癎模型。不同剂量胍丁胺(20、40、80 mg.kg-1)进行干预。观察大鼠癫癎发作行为学及海马的形态学变化,检测海马星形胶质细胞的表达。结果:胍丁胺40、80 mg.kg-1可降低癫癎发作的日均等级评分,减少海马神经元丢失及星形胶质细胞增生。结论:胍丁胺40、80 mg.kg-1可抑制慢性癫癎大鼠发作,降低惊厥发作后海马星形胶质细胞的异常增生及神经元损伤。     

卡马西平对成年癫癎大鼠海马齿状回BrdU/NeuN表达水平及其对空间记忆的影响

目的 研究卡马西平对成年癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生神经元的影响及其与空间记忆之间的关系.方法 采用氯化锂和匹罗卡品联合诱导大鼠癫痫 间模型,利用5-溴脱氧尿苷嘧啶与神经元核性蛋白双标记观察海马齿状回内源性神经前体细胞分化为成熟神经元的情况;利用行为学分析评价大鼠的空间记忆.结果 (1)卡马西平可增加癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生成熟神经元的数量(P＜0.05);(2)卡马西平对癫癎大鼠的空间记忆有明显改善作用(P＜0.01).结论 卡马西平增加癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生成熟神经元形成,是其改善癫癎大鼠空间记忆的可能机制之一.     

托吡酯对癫癎大鼠海马神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨托吡酯(TPM)对癫疒间发作大鼠海马神经元凋亡的保护作用。方法给予戊四氮(PTZ)致疒间大鼠TPM 80 mg/(kg.d)(大剂量TPM组)、40 mg/(kg.d)(中剂量TPM组)和生理盐水(对照组)灌胃,共14 d。用原位末端标记(TUNEL)方法标记DNA片段,原位检测大鼠海马CA1和CA3区的凋亡神经元。结果各组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区均出现TUNEL阳性细胞。对照组海马CA1、CA3区TUNEL阳性细胞数分别为(35.83±4.58)个和(36.83±3.87)个;中剂量TPM组分别为(31.52±3.43)个和(32.35±4.69)个;大剂量TPM组分别为(23.50±2.81)个和(25.50±3.72)个。大剂量TPM组与对照组比较差异有非常显著性(均P<0.001),与中剂量TPM组比较差异有显著性(均P<0.05);中剂量TPM组与对照组相比差异无显著性(均P>0.05)。结论大剂量TPM对癫疒间发作后的神经元损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

卡马西平对匹罗卡品诱导成年癫癎大鼠海马齿状回神经发生影响的研究

目的研究卡马西平对成年癫癎大鼠海马齿状回神经发生的影响。方法采用氯化锂和匹罗卡品联合诱导大鼠癫癎模型,于干预后第6d腹腔注射5-溴脱氧尿核苷嘧啶标记海马齿状回内源性神经前体细胞的增殖情况;用免疫组织化学方法及免疫荧光双标方法观察海马齿状回新生细胞的增殖、存活、分化及迁移情况。结果 （1）卡马西平可明显抑制癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生细胞增殖;（2）卡马西平可明显促进癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生细胞的存活;（3）卡马西平可增加癫癎大鼠海马齿状回新生神经元的数量,但不增加新生细胞分化为成熟神经元的比例;（4）卡马西平对新生神经细胞的异位迁移无抑制作用。结论卡马西平对癫癎大鼠海马齿状回神经发生的影响是其控制癫癎临床症状的可能机制之一。     

托吡酯与卡马西平治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）患者的疗效比较

目的 比较托吡酯与卡马西平治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）的临床疗效.方法 选取2011-05-2013-05我院收治的72例脑梗死后继发癫（癎）患者,采用随机对照方法分为观察组和对照组各36例.对照组在常规治疗基础上应用卡马西平,观察组在常规治疗基础上应用托吡酯,比较2组临床疗效、癫（癎）发作次数及不良反应.结果 观察组总有效率91.7%,对照组为80.6%,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组3个月和6个月内癫（癎）发作次数均显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 托吡酯治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）的临床疗效明显优于卡马西平,可有效降低癫（癎）的发作次数,且不良反应少,值得临床应用和推广.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高，而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。