HPLC-MS/MS测定同济2号颗粒剂中黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1

目的 建立HPLC-MS/MS同时测定同济2号颗粒中5个主要活性成分黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁及三七皂苷R₁的方法。方法 以水(0.1%甲酸)-乙腈(0.1%甲酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.4 mL/min。YMC-Pack Pro C₈色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源),负离子模式,以选择性离子监测模式(SIM)进行测定。监测离子分别是m/z 829(黄芪甲苷)、m/z 353(绿原酸)、m/z 845(人参皂苷Rg₁)、m/z 1 108(人参皂苷Rb₁)、m/z 932(三七皂苷R₁)。结果 黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁分别在0.075～2.4、0.95～30.3、1.71～54.72、1.12～35.92、0.45～14.28 μg/mL与峰面积呈良好线性关系。结论 该方法专属性好,灵敏度高,准确快捷,适用于同济2号颗粒的快速检测,为该药的质量标准提供依据。     

活骨丸质量标准研究

目的 对活骨丸进行质量标准研究。方法 采用薄层色谱法,对制剂中丹参、地黄、当归、川芎、三七、土鳖虫、制草乌进行专属性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对处方三七有效成分人参皂苷Rg₁、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁进行含量测定。以乙腈和水按不同比例混合后进行梯度洗脱,流速每为1.0 ml/min;柱温30℃;检测波长为203 nm;进样量为10 μl。结果 丹参、地黄、当归、川芎、三七、土鳖虫、制草乌等的薄层图谱特征斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性对照无干扰。三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和Rg₁分别在39.92~399.2、84.28~842.8 μg/ml和135.86~1 358.6 μg/ml范围内有良好的线性关系;三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和人参皂苷Rg₁的平均回收率分别为102.35%、103.84%、102.97%,RSD均小于2.0%。结论 所建立的质量标准准确、重复性良好,可用于活骨丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和三七皂苷R1的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立同时测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Sunfire C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）分析柱,流动相以乙腈-水梯度洗脱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温30℃;流速1.0 ml·min^-1。结果:人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁之间有较好的分离度,4种成分在线性范围内与峰面积之间线性关系良好,人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁加样回收率分别为99.83%,97.84%,98.43%,97.34%,RSD分别为2.08%,1.66%,1.73%和1.42%（n=5）。结论:本方法可同时测定人参三七颗粒中的人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量。     

百贝益肺胶囊含量测定的方法改进

目的 增加评价指标,建立科学、合理的百贝益肺胶囊含量测定方法。方法 C₁₈小柱纯化样品,优化色谱条件为：Vp-ODS色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;柱温：20℃;变动流速;流动相：乙腈（A）-水（B）,梯度洗脱;进样量：10 μL;检测波长：203 nm。结果 所测成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁分别在40.24~241.44（r=0.999 6）,91.50~549.00（r=0.999 9）,35.72~241.32（r=0.999 8）μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好;加样回收率为94.15%~99.81%,RSD为1.12%~1.94%。结论 该方法准确,重复性良好,可为修订标准提供依据。     

UFLC法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1及Rb1

目的 探索建立超快速液相色谱（UFLC）法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁。方法 采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack XR-ODS Ⅲ（2.0 mm×75 mm, 1.6 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱;体积流量为0.4 mL/min;检测波长为203 nm;进样体积为3 μL。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁分别在0.025 7～0.257 0、0.101 2～1.012 0、0.104 4～1.044 0 μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为96.7%、98.1%、98.8%。结论 本方法在15min内可以将三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁有效分离,节省了大量人力和流动相的消耗,为中药的质量控制技术提供参考方法。     

HPLC同时测定藤珠胃康颗粒中4个皂苷类成分

目的 建立HPLC同时测定藤珠胃康颗粒中4个皂苷类成分（人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Ro和竹节参皂苷Ⅳa）的方法。方法 采用Hypersil GOLD C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.2 %磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱（-5~0 min,19%乙腈;0~14 min,19%→26%乙腈;14~22 min,26%→29%乙腈;22~30 min,29%乙腈;30~40 min,29%→35%乙腈;40~55 min,35%乙腈）,体积流量1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 人参皂苷Re在0.080 4~1.608 μg（r=1）,人参皂苷Rb₁在0.108 8~2.176 μg（r=0.999 9）,人参皂苷Ro在0.288 8~5.776 μg（r=0.999 9）,竹节参皂苷Ⅳa在0.176 0~3.520 μg（r=0.999 9）内线性关系良好;平均回收率（n=6）分别为99.41%,101.92%,99.76%,100.31%,RSD值分别为2.22%,2.07%,0.33%,0.64%。结论 本实验所建立的方法简单,专属性强,重复性好,可用于藤珠胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Ro和竹节参皂苷Ⅳa的测定。     

肠肽胶囊的质量标准

摘 要 目的： 本研究旨在建立肠肽胶囊的质量标准。方法: 采用薄层色谱法鉴别薏苡仁、蒲公英、白芷、厚朴,采用HPLC法测定三七中有效成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb₁的含量。结果: 薄层鉴别斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;三七中有效成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb₁分别在40～300 μg·mL^-1、320 ～2 400 μg·mL^-1、80～600 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好;平均加样回收率分别为99.76%、99.33%、99.48%,RSD分别为0.42%、0.48%、0.63%（n=9）。结论:该方法可用于肠肽胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Rb1和黄芪甲苷的含量

目的 优化胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷的提取方法,并建立其含量测定方法。方法 以人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷的含量作为指标,采用单因素考察法对提取工艺进行优化;采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法（HPLC-ELSD）,XBridge^®Shield RP₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱;乙腈-水（32：68）为流动相;柱温为30 ℃;漂移管温度为60 ℃,载气流量为1.7 SLM,建立测定胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷含量的方法。结果 当采用甲醇回流提取1.5 h,正丁醇提取5次,氨水洗涤2次时,人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷的提取含量较高;建立的HPLC-ELSD法测定人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷含量,线性关系良好（r > 0.9997）,日内日间精密度均小于1%,加样回收率分别为95.65%和100.57%,稳定性和重复性的RSD均小于3%,含量分别为2.8630 mg/g和0.2576 mg/g,RSD分别为0.62%和1.51%。结论 优化了胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷的提取方法,建立了可靠、准确、重现性好的测定胃康颗粒中人参皂苷Rb₁和黄芪甲苷含量的HPLC-ELSD方法。     

三七皂苷的口服吸收机制

目的研究三七总皂苷(PNS)的口服吸收机制。方法采用Caco-2细胞和动物等模型研究PNS中人参皂苷Rb_l(Rb_l)和人参皂苷Rg_l(Rg_l)的胃肠道内稳定性、肠道黏膜吸收机制及吸收过程中胃、肠及肝对药物的影响。结果Rb_l和Rg_l在胃液酸性环境下易被破坏，而在近中性环境内基本保持稳定。Rb_l和Rg_l在大肠内容物中易降解，尤以Rb_l降解较为明显；二者在小肠内容物中则相对稳定。Rb_l和Rg_l在Caco-2细胞层的摄取受温度的影响，而pH的变化及环孢菌素A的加入对二者摄取均无显著性影响。在实验考察的浓度范围内，细胞内Rb_l(或Rg_l)的摄取量随Rb_l(或Rg_l)的浓度的增加而呈线性增加，Rb_l(或Rg_l)单体与总皂苷中的Rb_l(或Rg_l)在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收特性无明显差异。而Rg_l的细胞摄取量［(1.07±0.16) μg·mg^-1(protein)］(C₀=1 mg·mL^-1)相对Rb_l［(0.77±0.03) μg·mg^-1(protein)］(C₀=1 mg·mL^-1)较高。Caco-2细胞转运实验表明，Rb_l和Rg_l单体的转运透过系数(P_app)分别为(5.9±1.0)×10^{-8cm·s-1和(2.59±0.17)×10-7 cm·s-1(C₀=1 mg·mL-1)，二者转运都不受环孢菌素A影响。PNS溶液灌胃、十二指肠及门静脉给药后测得Rb_l大鼠绝对生物利用度分别为0.71%，2.75%和65.77%；Rg_l分别为3.29%，6.60%和50.56%。结论三七总皂苷(包括Rb_l和Rg_l)的肠道吸收机制为单纯被动扩散，吸收过程不受细胞膜内P-gp和MRP外排载体的调控，PNS中其他成分对Rb_l或Rg_l的吸收特性无明显影响。胃液的酸性环境、大肠菌丛产生的酶及肝脏的首过作用均对其口服吸收产生影响，而肠道黏膜的透过性低是其口服吸收差的主要影响因素。}     

基于近红外光谱分析技术的注射用益气复脉(冻干)红参醇提过程在线监测

目的 利用近红外光谱分析技术建立注射用益气复脉（冻干）主要原料红参醇提过程中3种单体皂苷——人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的定量模型,实现提取过程中关键指标的快速检测。方法 在线采集红参醇提过程的近红外光谱,以超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法测定提取过程药液中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量为参考值,采用偏最小二乘法建立光谱与测定值之间的定量校正模型,进而对提取过程进行在线分析。结果 人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的建模波段均为9 403.7～7 498.3 cm^-1和6 102～5 446.3 cm^-1组合波段;人参皂苷Rb₁的建模波段为5 774.1～5 446.3 cm^-1。人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁定量模型的交叉验证决定系数（R²）分别为99.40、99.44、99.41,交叉验证均方根误差分别为5.18、2.77、11.00。结论 所建立的3种单体皂苷定量模型预测性能良好,能够有效测定红参醇提过程中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.