温敏接枝共聚物瓜耳胶-g-异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶胰岛素埋植剂

目的将温敏接枝共聚物瓜耳胶-g-异丙基丙烯酰胺(GPNA)制成含胰岛素的凝胶埋植剂,考察埋植凝胶剂生物相容性及其中胰岛素的药效学特征。方法短期相容性试验考察GPNA凝胶的生物相容性;对糖尿病大鼠分别皮下埋植胰岛素凝胶1.25×10-3g.kg-1和皮下注射4.167×10-5g.kg-1胰岛素注射液,不同时间、不同温度条件下考察凝胶中胰岛素释放情况。结果GPNA凝胶剂有很好的生物相容性;实验动物组内各时间点血糖浓度间不存在明显差别,组间各时间点血糖浓度间存在着显著性差别;在温度降低时间点血糖浓度明显低,与皮下注射组进行t-检验,无显著性差异,在正常体温时,血糖浓度有升高迹象,与皮下注射组进行t-检验,有显著性差异;胰岛素凝胶的相对生物利用度为2.47%。结论温敏型胰岛素凝胶的体内释药具有明显的温度依赖性,可以通过控制外部温度调节凝胶内药物的释放速率。     

接枝共聚物瓜耳胶-g-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸的制备及pH敏感性研究

目的制备pH敏感型聚合物瓜耳胶-g-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸(GG-g-PAAm-AAc,GPAA),并对其结构进行表征。方法采用链引发聚合法制备GPAA;用IR及NMR对GPAA结构进行表征;由元素分析结果计算丙烯酰胺接入率;端基滴定法测定丙烯酸的接入率。以酮洛芬为模型药物,GPAA为骨架材料制备酮洛芬脉冲控释片,采用γ闪烁示踪技术对其体内释药情况进行研究。结果GPAA中丙烯酰胺的接入率为36.4%,丙烯酸的接入率为24.7%;酮洛芬脉冲控释片在胃内基本不释药,进入小肠后,药物逐渐释放,亮点逐渐扩散,7 h药物已释放大部分。结论作者合成的GPAA具有明显的pH敏感性,是一种碱敏感型聚合物,具有广阔的应用前景。     

pH/温度双敏感水凝胶合成与释药性质研究

目的:合成一种同时具有pH和温度敏感性的水凝胶,并研究其载药、释药机理.方法:利用反相悬浮聚合法合成基于温度敏感材料N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、pH敏感材料甲基丙烯酸与N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的共聚物,以双氯芬酸钠为模型药,测定在不同溶剂中水凝胶的载药能力;并测定了在不同pH环境(pH1,pH4和pH7)、不同温度下(25℃和37℃),双敏感水凝胶的释放性质.结果:实验表明药物在低温、低pH条件下保持收缩状态,药物基本不能从中释放;在高温、高pH状态下药物迅速释放,凝胶微球有较强的温度/pH敏感性质.结论:所得双敏感水凝胶具有显著的pH/温度敏感性质,可应用于药物口服给药.     

地塞米松磷酸钠温度敏感原位凝胶释药与溶蚀行为的影响因素考察

目的:制备泊洛沙姆温度敏感原位凝胶,考察地塞米松磷酸钠(DSP)在其中的释放行为以及影响释放的因素。方法:以PluronicF127和F68为材料,DSP为模型药物制备温度敏感原位凝胶并测定胶凝温度。采用无膜溶出法和HPLC法测定DSP的释放行为;考察释放介质的接触面积、体积、pH值及振荡频率对DSP释放的影响。测定凝胶的溶蚀行为及其对药物释放的影响。结果:胶凝温度随F127浓度增大而升高,释放介质的接触面积、体积、振荡频率对药物的释放速率有显著影响,释放介质的pH对药物释放速率无显著影响。DSP的释放和凝胶的溶蚀遵循零级动力学方程,释放量随溶蚀量增加而增加,二者间存在线性关系。结论:DSP温度敏感原位凝胶的缓释效果良好,凝胶溶蚀速率、凝胶与释放介质的接触面积是控制药物释放的主要因素。     

聚合物在温度敏感型原位凝胶中的应用

多种聚合物可用于原位凝胶系统,使其随温度的变化而胶凝,缓慢持久地释放药物,在临床上有着广阔的应用前景。聚合物的开发应用必将不断地促进温度敏感型原位凝胶的快速发展。     

pH及温度双重敏感性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-烯丙胺)纳米水凝胶的制备与表征

利用聚合沉淀法制备聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-烯丙胺）（PNIPA-co-NH2）纳米水凝胶。考察了其粒径分布，并以500nm处的透光率表征PNIPA-co-NH2的低临界溶解温度（LCST，Tc）和pH敏感性。结果表明，通过调节表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠用量和烯丙胺单体的投料比可控制纳米水凝胶的粒径和Tco标记上荧光素后，PNIPA-co-NH2的紫外光谱发生明显改变。     

温敏在体凝胶给药系统的研究与应用

综述N-异丙基丙烯酰胺类聚合物、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物、聚氧乙烯-聚乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物和多糖类衍生物等温敏聚合物的性质、特点、胶凝机制及在温敏在体凝胶给药系统中的应用进展。温敏在体凝胶作为一种智能水凝胶,可用作药物缓、控释和靶向输送的有效载体。     

利巴韦林温度-离子敏感型鼻用原位凝胶喷雾剂的制备及体外性质考察

目的制备具有适宜临界相变温度和临界相变阳离子强度,及适宜的喷雾粒度、使用方便、缓慢释放药物的温度-离子敏感复合型鼻用原位凝胶。方法以临界相变温度、临界相变阳离子强度、喷雾粒度为考察指标筛选温敏及离子敏材料的用量,制备利巴韦林温度-离子敏感复合型原位凝胶。以透析袋法评价该复合凝胶的凝胶外排水量、溶蚀速率、体外释放度,并以断裂距离为指标评价凝胶的黏膜黏附力。结果以质量分数为0.3%的去乙酰化结冷胶和质量分数为18.0%的泊洛沙姆407制备的温度-离子敏感复合型原位凝胶,临界相变温度为32.6℃,临界相变阳离子强度为93.4 mmol.kg-1,喷雾粒度为68.0μm,凝胶外排水质量分数为(13.8±0.8)%,溶蚀速度常数为1×10-4min-1,断裂距离为(1.60±0.06)mm。该混合凝胶具有良好的体外缓释特征。结论该复合型原位凝胶剂适宜作为水溶性药物的鼻用缓释载体。     

瘤内注射用醋酸奥曲肽温敏凝胶的质量评价

目的:评价自制瘤内注射用醋酸奥曲肽(OA)温敏凝胶的质量。方法:测定醋酸奥曲肽温敏凝胶的胶凝温度、黏度,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定样品中OA含量并考察其体外释放情况。结果:醋酸奥曲肽温敏凝胶的胶凝温度为(37.1±0.2)℃,在此温度下黏度为(4750±13)mPa·s,含量为5.1mg·mL-1,96h在磷酸盐缓冲液释放介质(pH=7.2)中体外累积释药率为(85.7±1.67)%。结论:醋酸奥曲肽温敏凝胶质量合格。     

注射用粉防己碱温敏型缓释原位凝胶的制备

目的 制备以泊洛沙姆407(P407)为基本材料的注射用粉防己碱温敏型缓释原位凝胶,并考察其体外溶出行为.方法 采用冷溶法制备凝胶,以胶凝温度为指标,考察单独使用P407和加入其他辅料F188、PEG1500、HPMC、MC对胶凝温度的影响;采用无膜溶出法考察凝胶的体外溶蚀和释放行为,并采用HPLC测定溶出液中药物的含量,筛选较优处方.结果 胶凝温度随P407浓度的增大而降低;且当P407浓度低于15％时不发生相转变,辅料F188、PEG1500、MC的加入不能制备出符合要求的凝胶;8.0％、8.5％ 、9.0％ HPMC分别与8.0％ P407 混昆合制备凝胶的胶凝温度符合要求;HPMC浓度越高,药物释放越快,8.0％ HPMC和8.0％ P407混合后,胶凝温度和缓释效果均符合实验要求.结论 筛选出的处方中大大降低了P407的浓度,同时胶凝温度和缓释效果均符合实验要求,该温敏性凝胶具有良好的温度敏感性,制备方法简单可行.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Comparison of formation of thiolactones and active metabolites of prasugrel and clopidogrel in rats and dogs

1. Prasugrel and clopidogrel are antiplatelet prodrugs that are converted to their respective active metabolites through thiolactone intermediates. Prasugrel is rapidly hydrolysed by esterases to its thiolactone intermediate, while clopidogrel is oxidized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms to its thiolactone. The conversion of both thiolactones to the active metabolites is CYP mediated. This study compared the efficiency, in vivo, of the formation of prasugrel and clopidogrel thiolactones and their active metabolites.

2. The areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of the thiolactone intermediates in the portal vein plasma after an oral dose of prasugrel (1 mg kg^?1) and clopidogrel (0.77 mg kg^?1) were 15.8 ± 15.9 ng h ml^?1 and 0.113 ± 0.226 ng h ml^?1, respectively, in rats, and 454 ± 104 ng h ml^?1 and 23.3 ± 4.3 ng h ml^?1, respectively, in dogs, indicating efficient hydrolysis of prasugrel and little metabolism of clopidogrel to their thiolactones in the intestine.

3. The relative bioavailability of the active metabolites of prasugrel and clopidogrel calculated by the ratio of active metabolite AUC (prodrug oral administration/active metabolite intravenous administration) were 25% and 7%, respectively, in rats, and 25% and 10%, respectively, in dogs.

4. Single intraduodenal administration of prasugrel showed complete conversion of prasugrel, resulting in high concentrations of the thiolactone and active metabolite of prasugrel in rat portal vein plasma, which demonstrates that these products are generated in the intestine during the absorption process.

5. In conclusion, the extent of in vivo formation of the thiolactone and the active metabolite of prasugrel was greater than for clopidogrel’s thiolactone and active metabolite.

     

PTEN和DNA含量与非小细胞肺癌侵袭转移的关系探讨

目的 研究非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中抑癌基因PTEN的表达和DNA含量与NSCLC侵袭、转移的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学SP方法检测PTEN在78例肺癌标本中的表达,并用流式细胞术检测30例肺癌标本中DNA含量.结果:肺癌标本中PTEN蛋白总缺失率为42.3%,有淋巴结转移组和无淋巴结转移组肺癌表达缺失率分别为52.1%和26.7%(P＜0.05),其表达缺失率随TNM分期增加而上升,分期越晚表达缺失率越高.PTEN缺失率高者生存时间短.DNA指数(DI)的分布范围在1.04～1.93.异倍体肿瘤24例,DI值随TNM分期增加而增加(P＜0.05),与淋巴结转移呈正相关.结论 肺癌组织中PTEN的表达与肺癌淋巴结转移有显著相关性,肺癌细胞DNA含量与肺癌TNM分期及淋巴结转移密切相关.检测PTEN蛋白表达和DNA含量将有助于判断肺癌的转移及预后.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗痴呆精神行为症状的疗效及安全性比较

目的观察阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗老年痴呆精神行为症状的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机对照研究,将具有精神行为症状的痴呆患者68例完全随机分为阿立哌唑组及利培酮组,各34例。阿立哌唑组患者服用阿立哌唑,起始剂量2．5mg／d,最大剂量不超过15mg／d;利培酮组患者口服利培酮,起始剂量0．5mg／d,最大剂量不超过3mg／d。疗程均为8周。治疗前和治疗第2、4、8周末采用痴呆病理分析评定量表（BEHAVE—AD）评定疗效,用副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应,并于入组时和治疗第8周末分别检测2组患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、TC、TG、LDL—C、HDL—C及体重。结果阿立哌唑组和利培酮组患者治疗2、4、8周后BEHAVE—AD评分均明显低于治疗前[阿立哌唑组：（14．8±4．2）、（10．2±3．6）、（6．8±2．8）分比（16．4±4．6）分;利培酮组：（15．2±3．9）、（11．8±3．8）、（7．2±3．0）分比（17．2±5．O）分,P〈0．05或P〈0．01]。2组患者间治疗前及治疗后BEHAVE—AD评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2组不良反应发生率均为8．8％（3／34）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。利培酮组治疗8周末体重较治疗前增加明显[（71±6）kg比（66±6）kg,P〈0．05],TG及LDL—C升高[分别为（1．62±0．46）mmol／L比（0．96±0．29）mmol／L．（3．82±0．86）mmol／L比（3．08±0．74）mmol／L,而阿立哌唑组则改变不明显（均P〉0．05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗老年痴呆精神行为症状总体疗效、安全性与利培酮相当,但阿立哌唑对患者血糖、血脂及体重影响小于利培酮。     

Correlation of behavioral and neurochemical effects of d- and l-amphetamines

In an attempt to correlate the behavioral and neurochemical effects of d- and l-amphetamines, the time courses of the effects of the two isomers (1 mg/kg; base, i.p.) were studied on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotyped behavior (ST) as well as on the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in discrete brain areas, such as the caudate nucleus (CN), pons-medulla (PM), and diencephalonmidbrain (DM) in rats. In addition, the dose-response relationship for d-isomer (0.5–2 mg/kg, i.p.) and l-isomer (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) was also studied on SMA and ST. SMA increased with the dose up to 1.5 mg/kg for d-isomer and up to 3 mg/kg for l-isomer and then decreased, whereas ST increased with the dose for both the isomers. At 1 mg/kg dose, SMA reached its peak during the fourth postdrug 20–minute period for both d- and l-isomers, whereas ST reached its peak during third to fifth 20-minute periods for d-isomer and during the third period for the l-isomer. The d-isomer significantly increased the DA levels in the CN and DM at 30 minutes postdrug, which reached their maximum at 60 minutes, whereas NE levels in the PM had no significant change at 30 minutes, but were significantly reduced in the DM at 30 minutes and in both PM and DM at 60 minutes postdrug; 5-HT levels in the PM and DM showed no significant change. Compared to d-amphetamine, the l-isomer at 30 and 60 minutes postdrug caused more or less similar changes in the NE levels in the DM and PM, whereas it produced less increase in the DA levels in the CN and DM and significant decrease in 5-HT levels in the DM and PM. It appears that the difference in the behavioral effects induced by the two isomers of amphetamine may be due to the difference in their effects on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.     

Quantification and prediction of skin pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and cefuroxime

The purpose of this project was to develop and validate a pharmacokinetic model and to quantify the rate and extent of distribution between plasma and skin of two β‐lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin (AMX) and cefuroxime (CFX), which are frequently administered systemically to treat skin and skin structure infections. Dosing regimens are usually based on plasma concentration, however, concentrations at the target site are better correlated with the effect. For each antibiotic, three different i.v. bolus doses were administered to three female rabbits according to a randomized cross‐over design and plasma samples were collected serially. Skin concentrations were obtained by continuous microdialysis. Skin and unbound plasma concentrations were fitted simultaneously using a semi‐physiological model and the transfer constants plasma/skin (K_in) and skin/plasma (K_out) were estimated. K_in and K_out were then used to predict skin concentrations from the plasma levels obtained from an oral administration of AMX or from an i.v. bolus of CFX. The predicted skin profiles were similar to those measured by microdialysis during the actual experiments. In conclusion, this study shows that it is possible to generate a reasonable prediction of skin pharmacokinetics from any plasma level once a careful characterization of the transfer process between plasma and skin has been made. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乙肝两对半、前S1抗原与HBV-DNA含量的测定与比较

目的　探讨乙肝两对半、前 S1抗原与 HBV- DNA含量的关系。方法　 183 0份血清用 EL ISA方法测定 HBV“两对半”和前 S1抗原 ,用荧光定量 PCR方法检测 HBV- DNA含量。结果　不同两对半模式血清 HBV-DNA阳性率不同 ,检出率以 HBs Ag( )和 /或 HBe Ag( )组最高 ;共检出前 S1抗原阳性血清 73例 ,其中 HBV-DNA检出率为 90 .4% ( 66/ 73 )。结论　前 S1抗原与 HBe Ag、HBV- DNA有较好相关性 ;FQ- PCR检测可更准确反映 HBV感染及复制情况     

氟他胺胶囊(片)药代动力学及其生物等效性评价

用HPLC法研究10名健康男性受试者单剂量口服500mg氟他胺胶囊和片后,血浆中羟基氟他胺浓度及其药代动力学指标。并以片剂为参比制剂,对胶囊的生物利用度及其生物等效性进行评价。结果显示受试者服药后,血浆中原型药物浓度低,且变异性大,并快速转化为羟基代谢物。测得的胶囊T_(max)2.7h,C_(max)2.22μg·ml~(-1),片剂的T_(max)3.3h,C_(max)2.00μg·ml~(-1)。两制剂的t1/2约为5.7h。AUC~(24)分别为20.93±4.01和19.43±5.35μg·ml~1。相对生物利用度为110.22±14.82％。经方差分析和双向单侧t检验显示两种剂型的AUC~(24)和AUC生物等效。