Virus profile in children with acute respiratory infections with various severities in Beijing, China

Background Acute respiratory infection （ARI） is one of the most common infectious diseases in infants and young children globally.This study aimed to determine the virus profile in children with ARI presenting with different severities.Methods Clinical specimens collected from children with ARI in Beijing from September 2010 to March 2011 were investigated for 18 respiratory viruses using an xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel Fast （RVP Fast） assay.The Pearson chisquare analysis was used to identify statistical significance.Results Of 270 cases from three groups of ARI patients,including Out-patients,In-patients and patients in the intensive care unit （ICU）,viruses were detected in 176 （65.2％） specimens with the RVP Fast assay.The viral detection rate from the Out-patients group （50.0％） was significantly lower than that from the In-patients （71.1％） and ICU-patients （74.4％） groups.The virus distribution was different between the Out-patients group and the other hospitalized groups,while the virus detection rate and distribution characteristics were similar between the In-patients and ICU-patients groups.The coinfection rates of the Out-patients group,the In-patients group,and the ICU-patients group were 15.6％,50.0％ and 35.8％,respectively.In addition to respiratory syncytial virus （RSV） and adenovirus （ADV）,human rhinovirus （HRV） was frequently detected from children with serious illnesses,followed by human metapneumovirus （hMPV）,human bocavirus （HBoV） and coronaviruses.Parainfluenza virus 3 （PIV3） was detected in children with lower respiratory illness,but rarely from those with serious illnesses in the ICU-patient group.Conclusion In addition to so-called common respiratory viruses,virus detection in children with ARI should include those thoucht to be uncommon respiratory viruses,especially when there are severe ARI-related clinical illnesses.     

幼儿依恋行为分类卡片在孤独症儿童中的初步试用

Objective To test the attachment quality of autism children between 2～6 years with attach-ment Q-Sort,and to understand the difference from normal children. Methods Use the AQS to test the parents of 167 normal children and 55 autism children,which can evaluate the children' attachment types. Results The rate of security attachment in normal children was 68.3% ,and the rate of unsure attachment was 31.7%. The rate of security attachment in autism children was 29.1% ,and the rate of unsure attachment was 70.9% ;and the rates of security attachment in normal and autism children were different significantly(X2=26.16, P<0.01). Attachment quality was not associated with sex both in normal and autism children and neither age was. Conclusions Most of the normal children have the security attachment,and the autism children have the unsure attachment. Neither age nor sex is associated with attachment quality both normal children and autism children.     

河南省贲门癌高、低发区幽门螺杆菌感染与贲门癌变的关系

目的 探讨贲门癌高、低发区幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与贲门癌变的关系.方法 于贲门癌高、低发区分别选择262例贲门癌患者取外周全血,利用胃Hp检测试条检测Hp感染情况并进行分析.结果 贲门癌高、低发区贲门癌患者Hp感染率分别为49%、48%.高、低发区贲门癌患者Hp感染率男女分别为64%、36%和92%、8%,两者比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),高、低发区贲门癌患者Hp感染率随年龄增长均明显增高(P＜0.05),50～70岁为发病高峰年龄;高发区贲门癌家族史阳性患者Hp感染率明显高于低发区贲门癌家族史阳性患者,低发区贲门癌家族史阳性患者Hp感染率明显低于贲门癌家族史阴性患者Hp感染率(P＜0.05).结论 Hp感染可能与贲门癌的发生、发展有一定关系,Hp感染率高的人群贲门癌易感性较低. Abstract： Objective To further elucidate the possible relationship between infection of Helicobacter pylori(Hp)and gastric cardia carcinogenesis on the subjects from HIA and LIA for GCC.Methods Helicobacter pylori Kit were undertaken to determine the expression of Hp in gastric cardia carcinogenesis.Two hundred and sixty -two surgical resected GCA specimens were selected randomly from the hospital(161 from the HIA, 101 from the LIA).Results The ratio of Hp infection of the gastric - cardia adenocarcinoma was 49% and 48% in high and low - incidence areas for gastric cardia carcinogenesis (P ＞ 0.05).However, in high and low - incidence area, the rate of Hp infectiion of GCA in male was higher than in females and the older was higher than the young.The ratio of Hp infection of FH(+)in high - incidence area was apparently higher than that in the low - incidence area.However, in the LIA,the rate of Hp infection of FH(+)was apparently higher than the Hp infection of FH(-), P ＜ 0.05.Conclusions The affectability of GCA of Hp infection is low.Hp infection is correlated with the carcinogenesis and development of cardiac cancer in high and low - incidence area.     

The survey of Cryptosporidium infection among young children in kindergartens in Anhui province

Objective：To study the Cryptosporidium infection among young children in Anhui province, and to explore the best way to diagnose the disease. Methods： Stool specimens of 1 204 children were collected; oocysts of Cryptosporidium were identified with auramine O- modified staining, acid-fast staining, safranine T and methylene blue staining, and auramine O-modified acid-fast staining. Results： The detectable rate of Cryptosporidium in four stainings were respectively 2.46%, 1.50%, 1.98% and 3.46%, and there was a higher significant difference in the rate between auramine O-modified acid-fast staining and the others（P 〈 0.005）. The detectable rate was significantly lower in urban children（2.14%, 15/684） than in rural ones（5,19%, 27/520）. Boys and girls had similar detectable rate （1.99%, 24/1 204 vs. 1.50%, 18/1 204）. Cryptosporidium infection was usually subclinical, and its major clinical features included benign diarrhea, mild abdominal pain and nausea. Conclusion：Cryptosporidium infection was relatively common in kindergartens and a higher infection rate was found in rural children. As the majority of the Cryptosporidium infections were subclinical, diagnosis is important although difficult.     

Recent changes in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and adults in high- or low-incidence regions of gastric cancer in China

Background The prevalence of Helicobacterpylori （H. pylon） infection varies by geographic locations. Studies indicate that the infection rate of H. pylori was previously high in China but that rates had been declining worldwide over recent decades. The aims of our study were： （1） to determine the current prevalence of H. pylori infection among children and adults residing in areas with high （Muping County, Shandong） and low （Yanqing County, Beijing） incidences of gastric cancer in China, and （2） to compare the prevalence for 2006 with the prevalence for the early 1990s. Methods Using Warthin-Starry silver staining of gastric mucosal biopsy specimens and H. pylori stool antigen tests （HpSA）, we tested a total of 2065 asymptomatic children aged 8-15 years and adults aged 40-79 years in the above two regions from May to July 2006. We evaluated 520 children and 526 adults from Muping, and 516 children and 503 adults from Yanqing. Subjects were selected randomly and H. pylori status was determined by HpSA in children and either HpSA or histology of gastric biopsies in adults. Data obtained in the early 1990s in the same two areas of China were also collected and studied. Results For children, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was significantly higher in Muping （37.69%） than it was in Yanqing （25.58%, P〈0.001）. In both regions, the prevalence of H. pyloriincreased with age but was not related to gender A significant difference was observed between 8-9-years old and 10-11-years old （P 〈0.05）, but not between other adjoining age groups （P 〉0.05）. From 1991 to 2006 H. pylori prevalence among 8-10-year-old children decreased in Muping （60.00% vs 32.07%, P 〈0.001）, but not Yanqing （24.06% vs 19.10%, P 〉0.05）. In the adult group, H. pylori prevalence was 50.95% in Muping, which was significantly higher than the 41.35% positive rate in Yanqing （P 〈0.01）. But there were no statistically significant differences between different age groups of 40-49, 50-59, and 60-79 years, or between males and females. A significant decrease in H. pylori prevalence in both regions was observed when the results of 2006 were compared with the data obtained in 1990 in Muping （50.95% vs 73.78%, P 〈0.001） and in 1992 in Yanqing （41.35% vs 55.35%, P〈0.01）. Conclusions After fifteen years, the prevalence of H. pylori infection among both children and adults remained significantly higher in areas with a high incidence of gastric cancer in China compared with that in areas with a low incidence of gastric cancer. H. pylori infection rates have decreased in the general Chinese population during recent years.     

Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries:A review

This review focuses on studies concerning cryptosporidiosis in three Asian countries.Cryptosporidium spp. infection was investigated in children 12 years old afflicted with diarrhoea and admitted to the paediatric hospitals in Iraq, Jordan and Malaysia. Most of the patients complained of abdominal pain, watery diarrhoea and mild-to-severe dehydration. Stool samples were collected from children and five methods were used to detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. including: direct wet mount, Sheather's sugar flotation,formalin-ether sedimentation, modified Ziehl–Neelsen and direct fluorescent antibody(DFA). The infection rate was 8.56, 37.3 and 4.6 in Iraq, Jordan and Malaysia, respectively. A combination offormalin ether sedimentation and acid fast stain was used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in Iraq. The DFA test showed the highest sensitivity for samples of children in Jordan. In Malaysia, direct wet mount, formalin-ether sedimentation, modified Ziehl–Neelsen and DFA gave the same results(4.62%) while Sheather's sugar flotation was 3.85%. Source of drinking water appeared to be an important risk factor in transmission of infection. In Jordan, the high rate of infection was recorded in rainy season(January–May).     

Clinical and experimental study on treatment of acute respiratory tract infection with Shuanghuanglian Aerosol

Two hundred and two cases of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) were treated with Shuanghuanglian (SHL) aerosol. In these cases, the majority were virus infection and 64% of them was caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virostatic and bacteriostatic test were done in vitro by the cell culture method and it was shown that SHL could inhibit the RSV, para-influenza virus I ~ IV and 23 kinds of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus etc. The bacteriostatic effect was positively correlated to the SHL concentration. Experimental study showed that SHL could enhance the NK cell activity, promote the production of α-interferon and raise the rate of lymphocyte transformation. The controlled observation on SHL preparation with various dosage-forms revealed that the SHL aerosol in treating early ARI showed better results than that of injections and oral liquid symptomatologically (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 96%.     

Inhibitory ability of children with developmental dyscalculia

Inhibitory ability of children with developmental dyscalculia(DD) was investigated to explore the cognitive mechanism underlying DD.According to the definition of developmental dyscalculia,19 children with DD-only and 10 children with DD&RD(DD combined with reading disability) were selected step by step,children in two control groups were matched with children in case groups by gender and age,and the match ratio was 1:1.Psychological testing software named DMDX was used to measure inhibitory ability of the subjects.The differences of reaction time in number Stroop tasks and differences of accuracy in incongruent condition of color-word Stroop tasks and object inhibition tasks between DD-only children and their controls reached significant levels(P<0.05),and the differences of reaction time in number Stroop tasks between dyscalculic and normal children did not disappear after controlling the non-executive components.The difference of accuracy in color-word incongruent tasks between children with DD&RD and normal children reached significant levels(P<0.05).Children with DD-only confronted with general inhibitory deficits,while children with DD&RD confronted with word inhibitory deficits only.     

呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体感染流行特点和临床分析

目的探讨小儿呼吸道感染者肺炎支原体（MP）感染的流行特点和临床情况。方法回顾性分析某院2004/2008年呼吸道感染住院患儿2084例采用间接免疫荧光法检测肺炎支原体结果,分析了肺炎支原体的感染率与性别、年龄、季节、部位及与喘息性疾病的关系。结果2084例呼吸道感染患儿中MP阳性患儿共433例（20.78%）,其中男性222例占同性别群体的19.78（222/1122）,女性211例占同性别群体的21.93%（211/962）,男性与女性MP发病率无统计学差异（P＆gt;0.05）。不同年龄组MP发病率分别为：小于3岁组106例占同年龄组的14.95%,3～5岁组163例占同年龄组的25.27%,5～14岁组164例占同年龄组的22.47%,三组之间MP感染率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,小于3岁组分别与3～5岁组及5～14岁组比较,均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。不同季节的MP感染率分别为：1～3月17.99%,4～6月25.01%,7～9月17.73%,10～12月20.47%,不同季节之间的MP感染率统计学有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。上、下呼吸道感染组的MP感染率差异无统计学意义。在下呼吸道感染者中,喘息组MP感染率（26．92％）高于非喘息组（20．19％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论MP是小儿呼吸道感染的常见病原。MP感染与性别和感染部位无关,与年龄和季节有关,大于3岁患儿是易感人群,MP感染可能与喘息性呼吸道感染的发生有关。     

846例儿童急性呼吸道感染的病原学分析

目的了解镇江地区儿童急性呼吸道感染9种病原体流行情况及与喘息的关系,以及上、下呼吸道不同部位感染病原学的分布特点。方法选取2012年3月~2013年2月在江苏大学附属医院儿科住院院的846例急性呼吸道感染患儿,采用间接免疫荧光法检测腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒及肺炎支原体等非典型病原体的IgM抗体。结果肺炎支原体阳性率最高,夏秋季为高峰,多见于1~6岁儿童,0~5月最低。病毒总阳性率13.1%,其中乙型流感病毒秋季最高、春季最低,年龄组中1~2岁和3~6岁组阳性率最高,0~5月组和6~12月组阳性率最低。甲型流感病毒夏季阳性率最高,秋季最低。除甲型流感组外,余病原体上、下呼吸道感染差异无统计学意义。155例喘息患儿中,肺炎支原体检出70例,包括肺炎支原体与病毒混合感染16例;病毒阳性者23例,包括两种病毒混合感染1例。结论2012年3月至2013年2月,肺炎支原体是镇江地区包括喘息患儿在内的儿童急性呼吸道感染的最常见病原体,病毒亦为重要病原体,各有其季节年龄等分布特点,且较多出现肺炎支原体和病毒的混合感染。     

2014年海口地区呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体感染状况分析

目的 分析海口及周边地区急性呼吸道感染儿童肺炎支原体(MP)的流行病学特征,为该地区儿童MP感染的防治提供科学依据.方法 收集2014年1月1日至12月31日入住该院儿科的急性呼吸道感染患儿1 699例,检测血清MP抗体,对不同部位、性别、年龄及月份的MP感染状况进行回顾性分析.结果 1 699例急性呼吸道感染患儿中,MP感染总阳性率17.60%,其中男15.73%,女21.59%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).下呼吸道感染率18.75%,上呼吸道感染率13.70%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).>1～4岁儿童MP感染多见,其中,>3～4岁感染率最高.全年均有散发,以3、4月份高发.结论 MP是2014年海口地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原体,流行特点表现为女性较男性高发;4岁内儿童是高发人群;全年均可发病,3、4月份为相对高发时段.     

肺炎支原体感染与小儿喘息发生的关系

目的探讨肺炎支原体（mycoplasma pneumonia,MP）感染是否诱发小儿喘息。方法用颗粒凝集法检测2007年我院儿科住院部因呼吸道感染性疾病发生喘息而收治的70例患儿及非呼吸道感染性疾病患儿17例的MP-IgM抗体效价,对比喘息组及对照组之间MP-IgM的阳性率,同时比较喘息组各年龄段MP—IgM阳性率的差异以及大环内酯类抗生素在喘息组中的疗效和支原体表达的相关性。结果70例患儿中39例MP-IgM阳性,阳性率为55．7％,对照组17例患儿MP-IgM阳性仅4例,阳性率为23．5％（Х^2=5．668,P=0．017）;喘息患儿中1-3岁年龄段MP-IgM阳性率最高,为27．1％,〈1岁患儿阳性率最低,仅4.3％（Х^2=30．8,P〈0．001）;〈1岁组MP-IgM阳性率显著低于1岁以上组（Х^2=30．119,P〈0．001）;1-3岁组和〉3岁组间MP—IgM阳性率无显著性差异（Х^2=1．089,P=0．297）。喘息患儿中MP-IgM阳性者使用大环内酯类抗生素治疗的有效率为94．9％,而MP-IgM阴性者有效率为29．0％（Х^2=37．7,P〈0．001）。结论肺炎支原体感染可诱发小儿发生喘息,尤其是〉1岁的小儿发生率较高,呼吸道感染诱发喘息者,需要考虑存在支原体感染的可能性。     

学龄前呼吸道感染患儿8种呼吸道病原体的流行病学特征

目的 了解呼吸道感染常见8种病原体在四川绵阳地区学龄前患儿中的流行病学特征,为临床诊断治疗及相关疾病的预防控制提供参考依据。方法 收集2018年1月—2018年12月因呼吸道感染住院治疗的学龄前患儿基本信息,以及在住院期间采用间接免疫荧光法检测血清呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、甲型流感病毒（FluA）、乙型流感病毒（FluB）、副流感病毒（PFlu）、肺炎支原体（MP）、肺炎衣原体（CP）和嗜肺军团菌（LPS）等8种常见呼吸道病原体IgM抗体结果,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 2 963例样本中8种呼吸道病原体IgM抗体阳性1 857例,总阳性率62.7%;单一抗体阳性率从高到低依次是：MP(33.9%)、 FluB(28.3%)、 FluA(26.3%)、RSV(9.1%)、PFlu(2.4%)、ADV(1.9%)、CP(1.3%)和LP(0.7%),混合感染占总阳性的45.2%,多为MP混合感染;男性患儿阳性率61.5%,女性患儿阳性率64.5%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;不同年龄组呼吸道病原体阳性率不同,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中1~2岁阳性率最高 (80.0%);不同季节呼吸道病原体阳性率不同,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,冬季阳性率最高（68.9%）。结论 绵阳地区学龄前住院患儿呼吸道感染的主要病原体是MP、FluB和FluA,其感染与年龄、季节相关,1~2岁儿童感染率最高,在冬季流行,建议有针对性地加强儿童呼吸道疾病的预防控制工作。     

急性呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽部病毒检测分析

目的： 调查盐城地区急性呼吸道感染（ARI）住院患儿的病毒病原学情况,为本地区儿童ARI防治提供依据。方法: 收集2011年6月至2012年7月ARI患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本1 582份,采用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、流感病毒A（IVA）、流感病毒B（IVB）、副流感病毒1-3（PIV 1-3）以及腺病毒7种病毒。结果: 1 582例标本中有426例检出病毒（26.9%）,其中RSV检出率最高,为289例（18.3%）,其次是腺病毒,为46例（2.9%);病毒的总检出率在年龄及季节分布上有统计学差异,以6个月～1岁年龄组检出率最高,冬春季发病率较高。结论: RSV及腺病毒是盐城地区ARI住院患儿病毒感染的主要病原体,其检出率与年龄及季节分布有明显相关性。     

三亚地区呼吸道感染者肺炎支原体IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的：分析三亚地区呼吸道感染者肺炎支原体(MP)感染情况。方法采用间接免疫荧光法对2014年1~12月就诊的2942例呼吸道感染患者血清IgM抗体进行检测分析。结果2942例患者中MP-IgM阳性616例,总阳性率20.94%,男性阳性率为18.42%(337/1830)、女性阳性率25.09%(279/1112),女性阳性率高于男性,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);≤2岁组阳性率最高(27.57%,169/613),≥60岁组最低(14.67%,104/709),各年龄组间阳性率差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);MP感染者全年均有发病,4~10月份为本地区的发病高峰期。结论三亚地区MP总感染率不高,女性高于男性,婴幼儿及学龄前儿童为高危感染人群,临床上应加强对MP的监控。     

3738例肺炎支原体感染的回顾性调查分析

目的总结分析盐城地区2007~2010年住院患儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染的流行病学特征,为本地区MP感染的防治提供依据。方法采用日本富士瑞必欧株式会社肺炎支原体抗体检测试剂(SERODIA-MYCOⅡ)对2007年1月至2010年12月在儿科住院就诊的呼吸道感染的患儿进行血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)检测,并对采集的数据资料进行回顾性对照研究。结果 4年来总共检测15 981例,阳性结果 3 738例,阳性率23.40%,在本地区MP感染一年四季均可发生,但具有季节性差异,冬春季高于夏秋,2009年冬季感染率最高(42.13%);支原体感染具有年龄差异,6个月以下儿童感染率最低(7.68%),4~7岁年龄组儿童感染率最高(39.61%),7岁以后感染率呈下降趋势;男女患儿之间感染无明显性别差异,但城镇儿童感染率明显高于农村;2009年的总体感染率同比明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在各种下呼吸道感染疾病中以大叶性肺炎MP的阳性感染率最高(79.14%),其次是间质性肺炎(62.65%),毛细支气管炎的感染率最低(5.29%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MP是小儿尤其是本地区学龄前儿童呼吸道感染的主要病因之一,其感染率有增高趋势,临床需加强对MP感染的防治,尤其是幼儿园等集体机构。     

鲁山县2011年呼吸道MP—DNA感染情况调查分析

目的探讨鲁山县呼吸道感染患者肺炎支原体（MP）感染阳性率及男女、季节和年龄段的关系。方法回顾我院2011年全年在呼吸道门诊及儿科门诊就诊的成人及儿科患者11004例。用实时荧光PCR技术对MP-DNA进行检测,将筛查人群对性别、年龄和不同季节的阳性检出率进行比较分析。结果2011年的11004例患者中共检出MP-DNA阳性2400例,阳性率21．81％,支原体感染一年四季均可发生,但有季节性差异,冬季发病率最高,夏季最低,男女发病无明显差异,与年龄段关系明显,特别是14岁以上组阳性率为42．50％（51／120）,其次为1-3岁儿童感染率为26．47％,0-1岁以下儿童感染率最低为14．28％。结论支原体感染在每个年龄段均可发病,儿童发病有提前的趋势：成人也不可忽视,特别是对于长期不明原因的呼吸道感染患者的检测。     

呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病原体检测分析

目的:研究安徽省六安市小儿呼吸道感染的病原体分布情况,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考依据。方法:对2014年6月至2016年5月3 466例住院呼吸道感染患儿的血清标本,采用间接免疫荧光法检测11项病原体的IgM抗体,对患儿的阳性检出率进行统计学分析。结果:患儿至少一种病原体检测结果为阳性的检出率为31.4%,其中阳性检出率最高的是肺炎支原体,其次为乙型流感病毒和腺病毒。同时2种及2种以上的病原体感染的患儿,病原体感染阳性检出率为2.9%。男患儿阳性检出率高于女患儿,春冬季病原体检出率高于秋夏季节。结论:安徽省六安市呼吸道感染病原体检出率最高的是肺炎支原体,肺炎支原体临床上多与其他病原体病毒混合感染。