煤灰黏温特性的测试条件

煤灰的黏温特性对以液态排渣的气流床气化炉至关重要。选用岳阳煤灰为原料,在实验室购置的RV DV Ⅲ型高温黏度计上分别从样品量、升温条件、降温速率等方面对煤灰黏温特性的测试条件进行了研究。结果表明：应用此仪器进行煤灰黏温特性测试,制灰量至少为80 g,预熔后的渣样量为40~50 g;一般以待测样品流动温度(TF)以上200 ℃作为测试的最高温度,样品升温段在灰熔点以下100 ℃能以较快速率升温,在灰熔点附近降低升温速率并在灰熔点左右恒温。采用连续降温方式进行测试,分析显示以1 ℃/min降温速率进行测试较合理。     

钙基助熔剂对皖北刘桥二矿混煤的灰熔融特性影响

研究了钙基助熔剂对皖北刘桥二矿混煤（AQ007）灰熔融特征的影响,并采用XRD和红外光谱分析了钙基助熔剂添加前后不同热处理温度下AQ007煤灰的矿物组成。结果表明：1 000 ℃以上形成的莫来石是导致AQ007煤灰熔点高的主要原因,加入钙基助熔剂可以降低AQ007煤灰的熔融温度。这是因为添加钙基助熔剂后,高温下含钙化合物间容易形成钙长石、钙黄长石等低温共熔化合物,从而使煤的灰熔点下降。     

助熔剂对高灰熔点煤灰流动温度的影响

以高灰熔点鲍店煤和南屯煤为对象,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和FactSage软件等方法,研究了添加CaO和Fe2O3助熔剂对煤灰中矿物高温熔融行为的影响和助熔机理。结果表明：两种助熔剂都能有效降低煤灰熔融温度,助熔效果与助熔剂种类和添加量有关。     

利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析高温煤灰熔融机理

选择3种不同灰熔融温度的煤,在弱还原性气氛下,利用XRD考察不同加热温度下煤灰熔融过程中的矿物演变过程,并对煤灰的熔融机理进行探讨。结果表明：3种煤中的晶体矿物主要有高岭石、石英、方解石、石膏和黄铁矿等,煤中高岭石和石英的含量与煤灰熔融温度成正相关影响。煤中方解石、黄铁矿和石膏含量与煤灰熔融温度成负相关影响。815 ℃煤灰中晶体矿物主要为石英、硬石膏和赤铁矿等。随着加热温度的升高,煤灰中石英、硬石膏等结晶矿物含量逐渐减少,生成新的矿物。莫来石的生成是导致煤灰熔融温度高的主要原因。低灰熔融煤灰在加热过程中,1 100 ℃时少量铁钙辉石的生成起到了降低煤灰熔融的作用。     

煤灰中矿物的化学组成与灰熔融性的关系

以神府煤煤灰化学成分和灰熔融性为研究对象，讨论了煤灰化学成分与熔融性的关系，发现煤灰化学成分中碱性氧化物及SO1含量对煤灰熔融性有较大影响，提出了用熔融指数FI(FI=wSO3 ωFe2O3 ωCaO ωMgO ωK2O ωNa2O)来预测煤灰熔融特征温度的回归公式，用FI回归公式计算的煤灰熔融特征温度计算值与实测值之差小于国家标准规定的误差值(再现性≤80℃)。     

煤灰熔融温度多项式模型的偏回归函数分析

为了考察煤灰中的化学组分对熔融特性温度的贡献，借助我国69种重要的商业用煤的灰熔融特性温度和灰中SiO2和Al2O3等6种主要化学组分的测试数据，利用多项式模型的偏回归函数分析方法，对煤灰的熔融特性温度进行一至四阶多项式模型回归分析，获得了各化学组分的偏回归函数。研究结果表明：各化学组分的偏回归函数能够表现熔融温度对应于该组分变化的趋势；同一组分偏回归函数不同，该组分对变形温度、软化温度和熔融温度的影响存在较大的差异；CaO和TiO2的偏回归函数反映熔融温度变化趋势的可信度最高。实验为进一步研究煤灰熔融特性温度的数学模型和参数选择提供参考。     

血液流变学的临床应用与影响因素

血液流变学是研究血液、血管、血液组成的流变性质及其变化规律的新兴边缘学科,是研究血液及有形成分的流变特性、变化规律及在医学中应用的科学,其中全血黏度值是反映血液流变学基本特性的参数,也是反应血液黏滞程度的一项重要指标[1].在大面积人群普查中,可能检出一些表面健康但血液黏度或其他血液黏滞因素升高的人,从而对癌症、心脏病、外周动脉疾患、异常血红蛋白病及某些免疫系统疾病做出早期判断,发现机体的亚健康状态.     

炭黑填充聚乙烯材料电阻—温度特性研究

研究了炭黑／聚乙烯导电复合材料的ＰＴＣ特性及在不同条件下的电阻变化。发现ＰＴＣ特性与体积膨胀及聚乙烯晶相的熔融有许多一致性。认为材料的体积膨胀及聚乙烯晶相熔融时炭黑颗粒均匀化扩散导致了电阻随温度上升。在较高温度下，炭黑颗粒在分子链段热运动的推动下会发生相对聚集使电阻不断减小，这是材料出现ＮＴＣ现象的原因。材料总的电阻温度特性是体积膨胀、炭黑向聚乙烯熔融区扩散及相互聚集三个因素共同作用的结果。     

蝇蛆壳聚糖黏均分子量的测定

目的:测定蝇蛆壳聚糖特性黏度,并计算其黏均分子量.方法:利用乌式黏度计,测定高聚物蝇蛆壳聚糖的黏度,采用外推法和一点法计算,进而得出其分子量.结果:外推法和一点法均可用于壳聚糖黏度及分子量的测定.结论:一点法只需测得1个浓度下的壳聚糖溶液的相对黏度和增比黏度,即可简便、快速、准确地测出壳聚糖的特性黏度,进而求得其黏均分子量,相对一步法更简便,但外推法的可靠性及准确性更高.     

二醋酸纤维素接枝聚乳酸的流变性能

采用毛细管流变仪对二醋酸纤维素接枝聚乳酸(CDA-g-PLA)的流变行为进行了研究,探讨其熔融纺丝的可纺性。结果表明：共聚物熔体为切力变稀流体,随着接枝链的增长,共聚物熔体的非牛顿指数(n)和表观黏度(ηa)减小,而稠度系数(K)、结构黏度指数(Δη)和黏流活化能(Eη)增加;随着温度的升高,非牛顿指数增大,稠度系数和表观黏度下降,共聚物加工过程黏度偏大,最佳熔融纺丝加工温度应控制在170~180°C。     

气流床气化炉熔渣沉积模拟实验研究

煤气化工艺中，气流床气化炉内的熔渣对耐火衬里的高温侵蚀十分严重，是影响耐火衬里寿命的重要因素。在实验室条件下建立了熔渣在气化炉内沉积过程的模拟实验装置，以石蜡作为模拟介质模拟熔渣，通过改变反应条件研究了它在双喷嘴对置式气化炉内的沉积规律。结果表明：炉内渣层达到稳定状态需要一定的时间；气体温度高、流量大或模拟介质温度高均不利于熔渣沉积；模拟介质流量对熔渣沉积的影响较小；相对于水冷，氨冷更有利于熔渣沉积。     

NaCl及PEG溶液中DNA的变性行为

采用热重分析法,对神府煤和蓝藻单独热解及共热解（蓝藻掺混比,即蓝藻与干基混合物的质量比为5%, 10%, 20%, 40%和80%）特性进行了研究。研究表明：蓝藻挥发分析出的极值温度比煤低,而且热解速率比煤快。蓝藻组成复杂、挥发分含量高且含有的不稳定键多,所以在较低温度下就会被破坏,从而以较高的速率挥发出去。当蓝藻与神府煤共热解时,低温下蓝藻的挥发分析出后,暴露出来的灰分覆盖在煤的表面,灰分中具有催化作用的碱和碱土金属会加快煤的热解反应,使煤的挥发分提前析出。当蓝藻的掺混比为40%和80%时,协同作用较明显,热解焦的产率比理论值低。     

气流床煤气化渣的特征

运用TGA、XRD技术及可燃物含量测定方法,对气流床煤气化生成的粗渣和细渣的矿物组成、可燃物含量及反应活性进行了对比分析。结果表明：气化温度对粗渣的矿物组成有明显影响,对细渣的矿物组成影响甚微,细渣中可燃物含量较粗渣高的原因在于细渣的停留时间较粗渣短;细渣中可燃物与CO2反应的活性较粗渣低,但反应级数高于粗渣;可燃物在渣样中分布不均,其中细渣的可燃物含量随颗粒尺寸的增大而增加,而粗渣中可燃物含量随颗粒尺寸的增大而减少。     

Fluorine-fixing efficiency on calcium-based briquette: pilot experiment, demonstration and promotion

Background The fluorosis derived from coal burning is a very serious problem in China. By using fluorine-fixing technology during coal burning we are able to reduce the release of fluorides in coal at the source in order to reduce pollution to the surrounding environment by coal burning pollutants as well as decrease the intake and accumulating amounts of fluorine in the human body. The aim of this study was to conduct a pilot experiment on calcium-based fluorine-fixing material efficiency during coal burning to demonstrate and promote the technology based on laboratory research. Methods A proper amount of calcium-based fluorine sorbent was added into high-fluorine coal to form briquettes so that the fluorine in high-fluorine coal can be fixed in coal slag and its release into atmosphere reduced. We determined figures on various components in briquettes and fluorine in coal slag as well as the concentrations of indoor air pollutants, including fluoride, sulfur dioxide and respirable particulate matter （RPM）, and evaluated the fluorine-fixing efficiency of calcium-based fluorine sorbents and the levels of indoor air pollutants. Results Pilot experiments on fluorine-fixing efficiency during coal burning as well as its demonstration and promotion were carried out separately in Guiding and Longli Counties of Guizhou Province, two areas with coal burning fluorosis problems. If the calcium-based fluorine sorbent mixed coal was made into honeycomb briquettes the average fluorine-fixing ratio in the pilot experiment was 71.8%. If the burning calcium-based fluorine-fixing bitumite was made into a coalball, the average of fluorine-fixing ratio was 77.3%. The concentration of fluoride, sulfur dioxide and PM10 of indoor air were decreased significantly. There was a 10% increase in the cost of briquettes due to the addition of calcium-based fluorine sorbent. Conclusions The preparation process of calcium-based fluorine-fixing briquette is simple yet highly flammable and it is applicable to regions with abundant bitumite coal. As a small scale application, villagers may make fluorine-fixing coalballs or briquettes by themselves, achieving the optimum fluorine-fixing efficiency and reducing indoor air pollutants providing environmental and social benefits.     

某煤矸石电厂职业病危害情况调查与分析

目的：探讨煤矸石发电生产过程中产生的职业病危害情况,为预防和控制职业病的发生提供依据。方法：通过职业卫生学调查,对生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素采用定点采样法连续监测3 d,并对其进行分析。结果：此电厂生产过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素有矽尘、煤尘、噪声等。超标最严重的是除灰渣系统和燃烧系统的矽尘,除灰渣系统和汽轮机系统的噪声。职业病危害防护设施不完全符合国家职业卫生要求。结论：煤矸石发电厂控制的职业病危害因素有矽尘、煤尘、噪声、高温等。保证职业病危害防护设备的正常运转,加强职业卫生管理是此类企业预防控制职业病发生的关键。     

复杂物质化学(火用)的计算模型及计算式

本文以实际燃烧过程为计算模型,导出了通用而简便的复杂物质化学(火用)的计算式。结合我国煤炭资源,提出了煤灰分的平均标准比熵值及估算煤热值的关联式。这些给计算复杂物质的化学(火用)奠定了较好的基础,并可供工程实际使用。     

Preparation of seeding type immobilized microorganisms and their degradation characteristics on Di-n-butyl phthalate

Objective To study the preparation of seeding type immobilized microorganisms and their degradation characteristics on di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP）. Methods Diatomite, clinoptilolite, silk zeolite, and coal fly ash were chosen as reserved materials and modified. Their adsorption capacity and intensity in the bacteria were determined and the best carrier was picked out. The seeding type immobilized microorganisms were prepared by the best carrier and then it degraded DBP under different primary concentration, vibration rate, pH, temperature in the presence of metal compounds. Results The adsorption capacity of the modified coal fly ash, silk zeolite, clinoptilolite and zeolite was 44.2%, 71.6%, 84.0%, and 94.4%, respectively, which was 1.66, 1.49, 1.37, and 1.16 times as high as that of their natural state. Their adsorption intensity was 72.1%, 90.5%, 90.1%, and 91.1% in turn. The modified diatomite was selected to prepare the seeding type immobilized microorganisms. When the primary DBP concentration was 100 to 500 mg/L, the DBP-degraded rate of the immobilized microorganisms could be above 80%. The degradation activity of both the dissociative and immobilized microorganisms was higher in vibration than in stillness. When pH was 6.0 to 9.0, the DBP-degraded rate of the immobilized microorganisms was above 82%, which was higher than the dissociative microorganisms. When the temperature was between 20~C and 40~C, the DBP-degraded rate could reach 84.5% in 24 h. The metal compounds could inhibit the degradation activity of both the dissociative and immobilized microorganisms. The degradation process of the immobilized microorganisms could be described by the first-order model. Conclusion The adsorption capacity of the diatomite, clinoptilolite, silk zeolite and coal fly ash on DBP-degrading bacteria can be improved obviously after they are modified. The modified diatomite is best in terms of its adsorption capacity and intensity. Its seeding type immobilized microorganisms could degrade DBP effectively and is more adaptable to DBP load, temperature, pH than the dissociative microorganisms. The metal compounds could inhibit the activity of both the immobilized and dissociative microorganisms. The degradation reaction of the immobilized microorganisms on DBP is consistent with the gust-order model.     

浮小麦中药学研究

目的研究浮小麦的原植物及生态、显微特征及薄层色谱,水分、灰分及浸出物等情况,以完善浮小麦的质量标准。方法对药材进行原植物及生态描述,应用生物显微镜观察药材粉末特征,采用对照药材法考察药材的薄层色谱行为,参照《中国药典》2010年版一部附录考察药材的水分、灰分及浸出物等的情况。结果各地均作为农作物栽培,夏秋季采收。粉末鉴别,主要以淀粉粒为特征重点。薄层鉴别,以对照药材为参考,特征斑点明显,Rf值适宜。增加水分、总灰分及浸出物等的限度范围。结论修订浮小麦的药材质量标准,对于保证其质量和临床疗效具有重要意义。     

溶剂预处理对淮南煤热解产物分布的影响

采用吡啶 (Py)、四氢呋喃 (THF) 和CS₂作为单一溶剂分别对淮南煤 (HN) 进行了溶胀处理。根据热解气析出速率、组成及热解半焦、焦油、热解水等产物分布,结合热重分析,系统考察了溶胀煤的热解行为。实验结果表明,溶胀煤的热解产物分布有显著改善,热解气体积和热解焦油有不同程度的增加,热解水产率降低;CS₂和THF溶胀煤的热解气析出速率明显增大,Py溶胀煤的热解焦油产率最高,比HN原煤热解时产率提高了5.99%(质量分数,干燥无灰基),这表明溶剂和煤结构间有交互作用,从而提高溶胀煤的热解焦油产率。