烧伤早期损害的防治措施对提高烧伤存活率的作用

目的 探讨烧伤早期损害综合防治措施是提高第3阶段我所烧伤存活率的影响。方法 将我所收治的12568例烧伤病人按时间顺序分为3个阶段,回顾性分析3个阶段病人的面积分布、存活率和烧伤休克、全身性感染、内脏并发症发生率及第3阶段主要的防治措施。结果 与第1阶段及第2阶段比较,第3阶段各面积组休克发生率、全身性感染发生率、内脏并发症发生率均显著降低,总存活率、不同烧伤面积存活率均显著提高;延迟快速复苏、早期一次性大面积切痂、早期肠道喂养及吸入性损伤、肠源性感染等治疗组内脏损害发生率均显著低于相应对照组。结论 烧伤早期损害综合防治措施对提高我所第3阶段烧伤存活率起了重要作用。     

鞭炮爆炸烧伤的临床特点

目的:探讨鞭炮爆炸烧伤的临床特点和治疗方法,以求提高治愈率。方法:通过对临床患者的前瞻性规范治疗和回顾性观察,进行比较分析。结果:鞭炮爆炸烧伤多发生在暴露部位,以深度烧伤为主,常常合并有吸入性损伤、复合伤、火药中毒,发生休克的机会较高,病死率高,全身侵袭性感染的主要细菌是肠道杆菌科的细菌和绿脓杆菌。结论:鞭炮爆炸烧伤是以烧伤病理变化为主的复合伤,出现功能障碍最常见的器官是肺脏,应特别注意呼吸功能支持,创面早期手术效果好。     

感染与胃肠功能障碍

各种因素如创伤应激、重症感染及休克等均可导致胃肠功能障碍,严重感染则是临床中常见的因素之一。细菌、内毒素通过增加肠上皮细胞凋亡、坏死,抑制肠道免疫功能,破坏肠屏障及其修复功能等使肠道通透性增加,肠源性细菌、毒素入血并转移至远隔器官,而最终出现多系统器官功能衰竭。     

1248例烧伤病人的临床分析

本文对1967年6月到1985年12月,十九年间我院收治的1248例烧伤病例进行了综合分析。除一般资料外,本文对休克及败血症的发生进行了讨论。本组1248例烧伤患者,死亡61例,总病死率为49%。感染是导致死亡的主要原因,因全身感染而死亡的患者占死亡总数的63.9%。本文分别对烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积及烧伤指数与死亡概率的关系,进行了回归分析。求得我院近十年的治愈率即烧伤总面积 LA_(50)为76.24;Ⅲ度烧伤面积 LA_(50)为40.89,烧伤指数 LA_(50)为52.20。与前九年相比有显著提高(p<0.01)。但与国内先进水平相比仍有明显差距。本文分析了造成差距的原因,提出今后努力的方向。     

烧伤感染创面细菌学变化及其危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的：探讨烧伤创面感染细菌菌种及其耐药性的变化,分析影响烧伤创面感染的高危因素。方法：调查分析456例烧伤患者创面感染细菌学情况及创面感染的相关因素,并对可能危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果：烧伤患者456例,发生感染76例,感染率为16．67％,共分离出非重复菌株173株,其中革兰阴性菌占51．11％;药敏试验显示多数细菌呈多重耐药性;休克、吸入性损伤、伤后人院时间、抗生素应用是烧伤创面感染的高危因素,早期肠内营养为保护因素。结论：多数细菌对常用的抗生素有多重耐药性;加强烧伤患者及早就医的意识,积极有效的抗休克治疗,合理使用抗生素是降低感染发生率的关键。     

The role of gut as a cytokine-generating organ in remote organ dysfunction after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion

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HSP70基因静脉注射对严重烧伤大鼠肠粘膜保护作用的实验研究

目的 为严重烧伤后肠粘膜损伤的防治提供可行性的基因治疗途径。方法 大鼠静脉注射含HSP70基因的重组腺病毒载体，通过严重烧伤后肠粘膜病理形态学改变、损伤指数统计及血清中乳酸脱氢酶含量的变化观察基因转染后保护效应。结果 静脉转染HSP70基因的大鼠烧伤后肠粘膜组织病理改变较单纯烧伤组减轻，损伤指数明显降低，血清中乳酸脱氢酶含量明显下降。结论 大鼠静脉注射含HSP70基因的重组腺病毒载体可保护严重烧伤后肠粘膜的缺血缺氧性损伤。为严重烧伤早期缺血缺氧性损伤的防治提供可行性的基因治疗途径。     

严重烧伤病人肺脏损害及其类型探讨

本文观测了57例严重烧伤病人血气及肺功能衰竭死亡病人肺脏的病理形态变化,根据不同的临床情况进行分析比较。结果发现,伤后可很快出现低氧血症,A-aDO_2增大,低碳酸血症和代谢性酸中毒。烧伤面积越大,PaO_2下降幅度越大,合并中、重度吸入性损伤、重度休克和全身性感染的病人,PaO_2下降幅度均大于相应对照病人。肺功能衰竭死亡病人肺部有充血、出血、水肿,小血管内血栓形成,间质炎细胞浸润,血管和支气管周围水肿套形成,细支气管腔内炎性分泌物积聚和出血等改变。本文结果提示,大面积烧伤、吸入性损伤、重度休克和全身性感染是烧伤后肺脏损害的主要发病因素,以吸入性损伤所致肺功能衰竭发生率最高。根据16例肺功能衰竭发生和发展的临床过程,本文提出将其分为3种类型:①早发型(占37.5％),发生于烧伤休克期。重度吸入性损伤对怖的直接损害是其主要原因;②迟发型(占50.0％),类似ARDS,发生于急性感染期。重度休克和早期全身性感染是其主要发病因素;③晚发型(占12.5％),发生于创面修复期和康复期。长时间严重低蛋白血症,营养不良和感染,或长时间卧床致血栓形成引起肺栓塞是其主要原因。这对于在烧伤病程的不同阶段有针对性地防治和减少肺功能衰竭,有重要的临床意义。     

危重症肠黏膜屏障功能障碍的机制研究

肠黏膜具有选择性渗透吸收营养物质和防御肠道内微生物及致炎因子入侵等屏障功能。在正常情况下肠道屏障功能使细菌和内毒素局限在肠道内,防止机体受内源性微生物及其毒素的侵害。在严重感染、创伤、手术、休克、重症胰腺炎等应激状态或长期进行肠外营养的情况下,肠黏膜发生缺血缺氧损伤,其结构和功能可能受到严重损害,导致肠黏膜屏障功能障碍,发生肠道细菌易位,引起全身炎性反应综合征甚至诱发多脏器功能衰竭而危及生命。因此,肠屏障功能已成为判断危重患者预后的重要指标之一,了解肠屏障功能损伤的机制对于防治多脏器功能衰竭有重要的临床意义。     

儿童重型β-地中海贫血移植治疗后早期合并败血症的临床分析

目的探讨干细胞移植治疗儿童重型β-地中海贫血早期合并败血症的临床特点。方法收集2011年1月~2016年6月在南 方医院儿科移植中心行干细胞移植早期合并败血症的重型β-地中海贫血患儿的病历资料,对早期感染发生的影响因素、感染部 位、病原菌分布特点以及耐药情况等进行回顾性分析。结果416例重型β-地中海贫血行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的患儿, 321 例早期发生感染,感染率77.16%,其中55 例患儿血培养阳性,阳性率17.13%。55 例败血症患儿感染途径以口腔黏膜 （65.5%）最为常见,其次为胃肠道、肺部、皮肤等。致病菌种主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主,前3位分别为大肠埃希菌（27.3%）、肺炎 克雷伯杆菌（21.8%）、铜绿假单胞菌（9.1%）。真菌败血症1 例,为热带念珠菌。致病菌中产ESBL（超广谱β-内酰胺酶）6 例, MRSA（耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌）2例,多重耐药菌（MDR）2例。结论干细胞移植治疗儿童重型β-地中海贫血早期合并败血 症病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌多见,平均耐药率高,口腔黏膜为最常见的感染部位,合理应用抗菌药物、经验性应用抗真菌药物以及 加强对口腔、肺部、肛门等易感染部位的护理,是防治造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型-β地中海贫血早期感染的重要措施。     

Study on delay two-phase multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To study the injury factors, pathogenic process and clinical features of delay two-phase multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe burned patients and to replicate a standardized animal model that would accurately imitate the clinical features of MODS. METHODS: Forty-five human patients with burn size larger than 30% total body surface area (TBSA) were analyzed. All of them underwent severe burn shock in early stage and sepsis in late stage. Thirty-two goats were randomly divided into three groups: 1) hemorrhagic shock (group H, n = 6); 2) endotoxemia (group E, n = 6); and 3) hemorrhagic shock plus endotoxemia (group M, n = 20). Hemorrhagic shock was produced according to the method of Wigger (6.7 kPa for an hour, 1 kPa = 7.5 mmHg). Endotoxin (E. coli O111 B4) was given via the portal vein 24 hours after the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock, in a dose of 30 ng/kg/min for 5 consecutive days. During the observation period of 10 days, all animals were hemodynamically monitored, given standard metabolic support and due cardiac and pulmonary support according to human intensive care. RESULTS: All the patients showed burn shock at 1-3 days and hyperdynamic circulation, hypermetabolism and systemic inflammatory responses over two weeks post-injury. Thirteen cases were found to develop MODS according to the prevailing diagnostic criteria, and 10 of them died with a mortality of 77%. Eighteen animals died in group M with a mortality of 90%, 12 of the 18 developed MODS, with overall incidence of 60%. Most animals in group M showed changes similar to that observed in human cases. The experimentation proved that in the pathogenic process of MODS, there was a two-hit phenomenon in the dvelopment of the syndrome. To prevent the development of MODS, it therefore was imperative to blunt the first hit or the second hit, so that an excessive inflammatory response was alleviated. This postulation has been verified in the treatment of extensive burns. Two patients with burn extent reaching 100% TBSA survived with only mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and renal dysfunction after comprehensive treatment of burn shock, including adequate fluid resuscitation, drugs to remove oxygen free radicals, rapid restoration of pHi, and early extensive excision of burn eschars. CONCLUSION: Both in human patients or animal experimentation, the typical delay two-phase MODS is shown to be produced by two successive insults in the forms of hypovolemic shock and sepsis. This postulation is helpful in formulating the prevention and treatment modality of MODS.     

57例严重烧伤早期死亡原因及防治的探讨

大面积严重烧伤早期发生休克、败血症时很容易出现多脏器功能衰竭（ＭＯＦ），其预后凶险，死亡率高．本组５７例大面积严重烧伤病人，死亡３５例，占６１％．本文就其死亡的主要原因ＭＯＦ与休克、败血症之间的关系及伤后早期防治中有关补液、杭生素使用等问题进行临床探讨．     

急性坏死性胰腺炎早期内毒素血症及其防治

目的探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）早期内毒素血症发生机理。并观察中药清胰汤和双歧杆菌合剂的防治作用。方法３１只杂种犬,分为对照组（ｎ＝７）、ＡＮＰ组（ｎ＝８）、中药治疗组（ＴＣＭ,ｎ＝８）和双歧杆菌合剂治疗组（ＢＭ,ｎ＝８）。结果与ＡＮＰ组比较,ＣＭ、ＢＭ组肠粘膜菌群中大肠杆菌、类杆菌计数显著减少（Ｐ＜００１～０.０５）,乳杆菌、双歧杆菌则显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．０５）;血浆内毒素水平发病后第２天开始明显下降,血清肿瘤坏死因子水平、淀粉酶活性于发病后第４天显著下降;肠粘膜病理损害明显减轻。结论ＡＮＰ时肠粘膜破坏及大肠杆菌等致病菌的过度繁殖是早期内毒素血症产生的主要原因;中药清胰汤及双歧杆菌合剂具有维护肠粘膜屏障功能、显著减轻ＡＮＰ时内毒素血症的作用。     

小型猪烧伤早期体循环门静脉血流动力学变化

目的：烧伤早期，内脏尤其是肠道循环血量不足已见有报道，但其机理及防止方法尚有待进一步研究，该实验的目的是观察烧伤早期门静脉与体循环的血流量变化规律。方法：16只雄性小型猪，随机分为两组。A组(对照组)6只给予各种插管。B组(实验组)10只，制成30％面积的烧伤动物模型，伤后1h起按Parpland公式补液复苏．通过Swan—Garz导管及门静脉插管测定平均动脉区(MAP)、右房区(RAP)、平均肺动脉区(MPAP)、肺动脉楔区(PAWP)、循环阻力指数(SVRI)、门静脉区(PVP)。结果：右房区(RAP)在烧伤后4h下降。以乳酸钠林格氏液补液复苏后8h出现回升(至正常)，门静脉压力在伤后4h降至最低，伤后72h回升至正常。结论：烧伤休克复苏过程中，门静脉血流恢复晚于体循环的血流恢复，提示烧伤后胃肠道需要超出正常量的循环血量。     

肠道菌群在慢性肝病和肝细胞癌中的作用及临床意义

肠道菌群是人体消化道内复杂、动态的微生态系统,生理条件下与宿主之间存在着平衡的共生关系。然而,在慢性肝病和肝癌等病理状态下,肠道菌群的组成和肠道通透性会发生显著变化,导致菌群失调和细菌易位。肠道细菌及其代谢产物一方面进入肝脏激活炎症相关信号通路,另一方面进入循环形成内毒素血症,共同促使慢性肝病和肝癌恶化进展。目前,针对肠道菌群治疗慢性肝病和肝癌的策略包括合理运用抗生素、益生菌或益生元,粪便微生物移植。本文就肠道菌群在慢性肝病和肝癌中的潜在作用及临床意义作一综述。     

烧伤休克期并发脓毒症治疗结果分析

目的探讨严重烧伤患者休克期并发脓毒症的治疗结果。方法对48例严重烧伤患者休克期并发脓毒症的患者，依据脓毒症和肠源性感染诊断标准，结合患者创面及血液细菌培养结果，计算休克期内脓毒症的发生率。结果48例中，5例脓毒症（10．4％），发病时间为伤后45h内；5例中血培养与创面培养结果相符者2例；5例中的4例并发严重休克，1例并发应激性溃疡；4例脓毒症患者中，2例治愈，3例死亡。结论肠道杆菌感染是严重烧伤休克期发生脓毒症的原因之一，烧伤后早期应用对肠道菌群敏感的抗生素是防治休克期脓毒症的重要措施。     

Experimental studies on the treatment and pathological basis of combined radiation and burn injury

Objective To investigate therapeutics for and the pathological basis of combined radiation and burn injuriesMethods Combined radiation and burn injuries on mice and rats were inflicted by γ ray irradiation from a (60)Co source and thermal radiation from a 5 kW bromotungsten lampResults The dysfunction of myocardium played an important role in the development of early stage shock. Transfusion of irradiated (in vitro, 20 Gy) or stored (4℃, 7 days) blood after irradiation was done to promote the success of allo-transplantation of bone marrow. Decrease of IL-4 mRNA expression was the molecular basis of depression of intestinal mucosa immune and intervention of IL-4 showed an antagonistic effect on enterogenic infection. A new lipid component extracted from burn eschar was documented for the first time and its toxic effects were elucidated. The survival rate of alloskin grafts after removal of burn eschar from the recipient animals was obviously increased in combined injury due to reduction of immune rejection activity by the radiation effect. In contrast, in animal models with simple burn, the alloskin grafts were all rejected within ten days after the procedure. A successful therapeutic result (survival rate: 92% for 30 days and 67% for 100 days) was obtained by comprehensive management of treated animals, while the untreated control animals all died within 3-7 days after injury. Conclusion The pathogenesis of injury caused by simultaneous radiation and burn is extremely complicated and the treatment is very difficult. A comprehensive management program consisting of several therapeutic measures aimed at key links of the pathogenesis may achieve significantly improved results.     

A new classification of respiratory failure in severe burns

Reviewing the clinical data of 57 burn cases,the authors suggested that the postburnrespiratory failure could be classified,according to the time it occurred,into 3 types:(1)Earlytype,occurring in the shock stage with severe inhalation injury being its main cause.(2)Delayedtype,developing in the postburn acute infection stage.Its clinical course was similar to that ofadult respiratory distress syndrome,and severe shock and systemic infection were the maincauses.(3)Late type,occurring in the stages of wound healing and rehabilitation.Its etiologi.calfactors included severe hypoproteinemia,malnutrition,infection and pulmonary embolism due tothrombosis of the inferior vena cava.The new classification was proposed because it was be-lieved to be helpful in the prevention and treatment of respiratory failure in different stagespostburn.     

Expression of TNF mRNA in the internal organs after severe burn injury in rats

ＥｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＴＮＦｍＲＮＡｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｏｒｇａｎｓａｆｔｅｒｓｅｖｅｒｅｂｕｒｎｉｎｊｕｒｙｉｎｒａｔｓＹｕａｎＪｉａｎｃｈｅｎｇ；（袁建成）；ＸｉａｏＧｕａｎｇｘｉａ；（肖光夏）；ＺｈｏｕＬｉｘｉｎｇ；（周立新）；Ｑｉｎｇ...     

核黄素对大鼠烧伤早期肠粘膜损害的防治效果

目的　观察核黄素对烧伤早期肠粘膜损害的防治效果。方法将 90只Wistar大鼠分成正常对照、烧伤对照和烧伤治疗组 ,后二者 30 %的体表面积Ⅲ度烧伤 ,治疗组烧伤后立即腹腔注射核黄素 ,在不同时相对肠粘膜丙二醛 (MDA)二胺氧化酶(DAO)作动态测定 ,同时对肠粘膜形态学作了光镜和电镜观察 ,并以单纯烧伤和正常大鼠为对照。结果治疗组动物肠粘膜丙二醛含量下降较烧伤组显著 (P <0 0 1) ,而二胺氧化酶水平较烧伤组明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,伤后肠粘膜充血、出血、肿胀及粘膜缺损明显减轻。结论严重烧伤后核黄素的早期运用 ,可减轻肠粘膜缺血、缺氧及脂质过氧化损害 ,一定程度上保持了肠粘膜的完整性。