德清县耐药肺结核流行情况及危险因素研究

目的 掌握德清县耐药肺结核流行模式及其危险因素,为肺结核的治疗和综合防制提供科学依据.方法 收集2004-2005年德清县结防所诊断并报告的肺结核病例,调查病例的一般情况(年龄、性别、职业等)和社会经济状况(既往治疗史、体质指数、患者接触史、个人年收入、家庭年收入等),所有病例均进行痰培养,对分离到的结核菌株进行菌型鉴定和药物敏感试验.结果 182例肺结核患者被纳入研究,确定为牛结核分枝杆菌5株(2.7%),结核分枝杆菌177株(97.3%).总耐药率54.9%(100/182), 13例为耐多药肺结核(MDR-TB).初始MDR-TB率和其他耐药(ODR-TB)率分别为3.8%和46.6%,获得性MDR-TB率和其他耐药率分别为16.3%和51.0%.单因素分析显示,年龄、既往治疗史、肺结核患者接触史、个人和家庭收入与MDR-TB发生有关(P<0.05),性别、职业、肺结核患者接触史与其他耐药有关(P<0.05).多因素分析表明,年龄(OR＝1.22,95%CI:1.12～6.63)、既往治疗史(OR＝4.98,95%CI:1.56～8.03)、肺结核患者接触史(OR＝7.84, 95%CI:1.71～25)和个人收入与MDR-TB发生有关.而肺结核患者接触史(OR＝2.9,95%CI:1.13～7.52)与其他耐药结核病发生相关.结论 德清县耐多药肺结核流行尚不严重,既往治疗史是MDR-TB发生的重要原因,农村经济状况较差的人群和老年患者是MDR-TB发生的高危人群.     

异烟肼耐药结核病与耐多药结核病的影响因素研究

目的探讨异烟肼耐药结核病与耐多药结核病的影响因素,为其临床研究提供依据。方法选择160例确诊为肺结核的患者作为研究对象,其中耐多药组33例(20.62%),耐异烟肼组40例(25.00%),全敏感组87例(54.38%)。采用回顾性方法记录相关信息,筛选出影响耐药发生的相关因素,采用logistic回归分析进行多因素分析,并随访观察耐多药结核病发生情况。结果耐多药组与全敏感组在年龄、性别、治疗史及痰涂片比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.281、11.018、2.211、4.013,P=0.022、0.001、0.027、0.045);耐异烟肼组与全敏感组在年龄、性别、治疗史、痰涂片及肺部空洞比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.970、15.044、2.486、4.770、5.970,P=0.015、0.000、0.013、0.029、0.015)。多因素分析显示复治2次、复治≥3次、痰涂片阳性、肺部空洞是耐异烟肼结核病发生的危险因素[OR=2.611,95%CI(1.323~5.152);OR=3.522,95%CI(1.220~10.168);OR=2.014,95%CI(1.104~3.674);OR=1.784,95%CI(1.193~2.655),P0.05];复治≥3次、痰涂片阳性是耐多药结核病发生的危险因素[OR=3.012,95%CI(1.203~7.541);OR=2.945,95%CI(1.131~7.824),P0.05]。耐异烟肼结核病患者更容易发展为耐多药结核病,差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.093,P=0.001)。结论复治及痰涂片阳性是耐异烟肼结核病与耐多药结核病发生的危险因素,耐异烟肼结核分枝杆菌有向耐多药结核病演变的风险。     

2014 - 2017年新余市结核病耐药特征及影响因素分析

目的 了解新余市耐药结核病的流行特征及其影响因素,为耐药结核病防治和管理提供科学依据。方法 2014 - 2017年新余市所有涂阳肺结核病人痰标本进行培养,用比例法进行药敏试验,用SPSS 19.0进行数据分析。结果 新余市2014 - 2017年涂阳结核病标本340例,其中6.47%（22例）为非结核分枝杆菌,93.53%（318例）为结核分枝杆菌。结核分枝杆菌的总耐药率20.44%（65例）,单耐药率6.60%（21例）,多耐药率4.09%（13例）,耐多药率9.75%（31例）。初治病人耐药率15.44%（42/272）,复治病人耐药率50.00%（23/46）。年龄(OR = 1.023,95%CI = 1.006～1.040) 、吸烟史(OR = 2.126,95%CI = 1.111～4.067)、居住农村(OR = 0.468,95%CI = 0.233～0.938)和抗结核病治疗史(OR = 4.580,95%CI = 2.291～9.158)是新余市结核病发生耐药的主要影响因素。结论 新余市结核病耐药形势严峻,结核病耐药率和耐多药率均显著高于世界平均水平,耐多药结核菌株中以同时耐6种药物为主。应提高初治病人的治愈率和加强耐药结核病防控工作。     

耐药结核病的防治现状及对策研究

耐药结核病是目前全球结核病控制工作的最主要威胁之一.耐药结核的防治过程中存在政府承诺不足、病人发现率低、抗结核治疗不规范、直接面试下短程督导化疗(DOTS)和DOTS-plus策略开展不力等问题.在耐药结核病的防治中应做到:预防为主,大力开展研究以提供技术支持,贯彻实施耐药结核病控制策略,对耐药结核病实行综合治疗,减少并控制耐多药结核病.     

结核分支杆菌药敏试验结果分析

目的了解本市结核分支杆菌耐药状况,为选择更为有效合理的抗结核病药物治疗提供依据。方法采用比例法对317株痰培养阳性的结核分支杆菌标本进行药物敏感实验。结果 317株结核分支杆菌中,226株(71.29%)对6种抗结核药全部敏感,91株耐药,总耐药率为28.70%。其中单耐药42株,单耐药率13.25%,多耐药25株,多耐药率7.89%,耐多药24株,耐多药率为7.57%;而复治患者耐药率和耐多药率都明显高于初治患者(χ~2=7.347,P0.01)(χ~2=9.132,P0.01)。结论本市结核病患者的耐药状况较严重(特别是复治组患者),应进一步加强结核病临床治疗的规范用药,控制耐药菌株的增加。     

无锡市城区登记肺结核患者一线抗结核药物耐药特征和相关因素分析

目的分析2011-2012年无锡市城区登记的肺结核患者的耐药情况和相关因素。方法 2011-2012年无锡市城区结核病防治机构登记的所有初治和复治肺结核患者,对痰结核菌培养阳性的标本进行一线抗结核药物(异烟肼,利福平,链霉素,乙胺丁醇)体外敏感试验,分析耐药结果。将患者性别、既往化疗史、糖尿病与肺结核耐药发生的关系用非条件Logistic多因素回归分析。将患者的年龄分布与肺结核耐药发生的关系用非条件Logistic单因素分析。结果2011-2012年无锡市城区共登记痰培养阳性的肺结核患者总耐药率14.9%,耐多药率4.7%,原发性耐药率11.5%,原发性耐多药率2.5%,获得性耐药率26.8%,获得性耐多药率13.4%。对一线抗结核药物的耐药顺位依次是:利福平,链霉素,异烟肼,乙胺丁醇。既往结核病治疗史患者发生耐药的危险约是无结核病治疗史患者的3.5倍,70岁以上的老年患者比低年龄患者更易产生耐药(OR=1.191)。结论本地区耐药结核病的流行处于国内较低水平。但是耐多药率,尤其是获得性耐多药率仍处于较高水平,利福平耐药是本地区一线抗结核药物耐药首位,既往结核病治疗史是产生结核病耐药的高危因素,老年结核病的防治重点是增加患者治疗的依从性,减少结核病耐药的发生     

兰州地区结核分支杆菌耐药性分析

目的 分析兰州地区2005～2007年结核分支杆菌耐药情况,为结核病的防治提供科学依据.方法 利用比例法对215株菌株进行药物敏感性检测,用SPSS 11.0进行统计分析.结果 兰州地区结核分支杆菌总耐药率为47.51％,耐多药率4.75％,低于2001～2004年统计结果,原发性耐药占耐药菌株总数的55％,获得性耐药率为46.59％.结论 兰州地区结核病患者结核分枝杆菌耐药率有所下降,但结核病传染源的控制、结核病防治宣教及结核病短程化疗(DOTS)健康教育和促进工作都需进一步加强.     

华东农村地区耐药结核病传播及其影响因素的分子流行病学研究

目的 对江苏和浙江省两个农业县全年登记的结核病患者中分离获得的耐药结核分枝杆菌(结核菌)进行基因分型,描述以基因型"成簇性"为定义的耐药结核病在该地近期传播及其影响因素.方法 以结核菌散在分布重复单位(MIRU)和IS6110限制性内切酶片段长度多态性(IS6110-RFLP)基因分型技术识别耐药结核菌基因型的"成簇性"和"惟一性",描述223例耐药结核病患者结核菌分离株的成簇性分布特征,识别耐药结核菌的人群间传播,分析人口学特征、社会经济水平和就医行为对耐药结核病传播的影响.结果 223株耐药结核菌株中有52株具有成簇性,形成22个簇,提示簇内患者间发生了耐药结核病的近期传播;其余171株的基因型表现为"惟一性".耐药结核菌成簇性影响因素分析显示:与18～30岁人群相比,30～60岁年龄组(30～岁/18～岁年龄组:30.9% vs.11.9%;OR=3.297,95%CI:1.169～9.297)和复治耐药结核病患者(复治/初治:32.9% vs.18.4%;OR=2.163,95%CI:1.144～4.090)所感染的结核菌更容易成簇;对异烟肼和利福平同时耐药的耐多药结核菌比仅耐一种一线抗结核药物的单耐药菌株更多地表现为成簇(47.2%vs.15.5%;OR=4.773,95%CI:2.316～9.837),耐药结核菌株的近期传播呈现以村落为单位的小范围、散发特点.结论 华东农村地区人群中存在耐药结核病的近期传播,其主要传播方式可能为村落内偶然接触;耐药结核病的控制需要重点关注中年人群和复治结核病患者.     

320例结核病耐药情况与治疗结果分析

目的 本文分析我省参与全球结核病耐药监测中耐多药肺结核发生情况及其对治疗结果的影响以提供结核病控制工作参考。方法 对１９９６～１９９７年河南省耐药监测全部入选的１３７２例中，至少耐Ｈ，Ｒ的多耐药结核病例（ＭＤＲ－ＴＢ）３２０例进行分析。其检出按ＷＨＯ耐药监测指南实施，监测药物为ＨＲＳＥ，质量达标。检出病例按卫生部项目统一化疗方案治疗，对全程督导或部分督导，治疗结果作队列分析。对耐药率，耐药种类，耐     

绍兴市肺结核患者耐药特征分析

目的分析绍兴市2014—2018年肺结核患者耐药特征,为防制耐药结核病提供依据。方法选取2014—2018年绍兴市结核病定点诊治医院收治的痰涂片阳性的2 596例肺结核患者为研究对象。收集肺结核患者的痰涂片阳性标本,并进行菌株培养、鉴定和药敏试验,分析结核分枝杆菌耐药类型及耐药率情况。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析肺结核患者耐多药的影响因素。结果共对2 596例肺结核患者进行抗结核药物耐药性检测,其中初治患者2 083例,占80.24%;复治患者513例,占19.76%。对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇均敏感2 192例,占84.44%;耐药404例,耐药率为15.56%;耐多药134例,耐多药率为5.16%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,复治(OR=4.583,95%CI:3.188～6.590)和居住地为城市(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.086～2.385)是肺结核患者耐多药的危险因素。结论绍兴市肺结核患者耐药率为15.56%,耐多药率为5.16%,复治患者耐多药率高于初治患者,居住地为城市的肺结核患者耐多药率高于农村患者,且结核病患者对异烟肼的耐药率较高。     

华东农村地区利福平耐药结核病的 分子流行病学特征研究

目的 描述华东农村地区利福平耐药结核分枝杆菌(结核菌)的耐药相关分子特征和成簇性规律.方法 以浙江省和江苏省两个农业县结核病防治所一年内所有登记的结核菌检测阳性肺结核病例为研究对象,收集痰标本、培养分离菌株,并进行问卷调查;对培养获得的结核菌株采用比例法进行药敏试验.对获得的65株利福平耐药结核菌株进行rpoB基因利福平耐药决定区和katG基因异烟肼耐药相关热点区测序,采用间隔区寡核苷酸分型(spoligotyping)方法识别北京株,采用IS6110限制性内切酶多态指纹技术(RFLP)对分离株进行基因分型和成簇性分析.结果 92%(60/65)的利福平耐药菌株在利福平耐药决定区531位(57%)、526位(29%)或516位(11%)发生突变,82%(49/60)的rpoB基因突变菌株为耐多药结核菌(MDR-TB);spoligotyping识别H{54株(83%)北京家族菌株;IS6110-RFLP发现共有24株(37%)利福平耐药菌株成簇,形成11个簇,提示簇中病例的结核菌近期传播.所有成簇菌株都为MDR-TB.共有7个簇,簇内菌株具有不完全相同的利福平耐药相关的rpoB基因突变.分析可能与成簇性相关的因素,初治病例在菌株成簇患者中的比例高于在菌株非成簇患者中所占的比例(初治/复治:OR=3.342,95%CI:1.081～10.32).结论 在其他耐药结核菌(如异烟肼耐药结核菌)中进一步产生对利福平的选择性耐药和生长,很有可能是利福平耐药结核病流行的基础,而既往较长的不规则治疗史也为利福平耐药的发生和传播提供条件.     

海南省结核分枝杆菌耐药影响因素分析

目的探讨海南省结核菌耐药影响因素,为制定耐药结核病防控措施提供科学依据。方法将全省18个市县均纳入调查点,通过调查问卷获取患者相关信息,采用比例法进行药敏试验,检测药物包括异烟肼(H)、利福平(R)、链霉素(S)、乙胺丁醇(E)、卡那霉素(Km)和氧氟沙星(Ofx);采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析耐药的影响因素。结果纳入耐药分析的患者1 155例,其中初治880例,复治275例。总体耐药率和耐多药率分别为20.87%、7.53%。影响因素分析表明,对于初治患者,女性(χ2=4.35,P=0.04,OR=0.51,95%CI=0.27~0.96)和年龄的增长(χ2=4.03,P=0.04,OR=1.02,95%CI=1.00~1.04)是发生耐药、耐多药结核病的危险因素;对于复治患者,接受过2次以上抗结核药物治疗(χ2=4.07,P=0.04,OR=0.61,95%CI=0.38~0.99)、首次在综合医院治疗(χ2=5.28,P=0.02,OR=3.06,95%CI=1.18~7.96)、无人监督服药(χ2=4.99,P=0.03,OR=0.43,95%CI=0.21~0.90)、有药物副反应(χ2=5.71,P=0.02,OR=2.42,95%CI=1.17~4.98)发生耐药的风险较高,而产生耐多药的危险因素主要是有药物副反应发生(χ2=10.14,P=0.00,OR=3.40,95%CI=1.60~7.23)。结论女性及年老的初治患者发生耐药、耐多药结核病的风险较高;患者初次治疗在综合医院、有药物副反应发生、无人监督服药且多次治疗是复治患者产生耐药的危险因素。     

中国五省市多次抗痨治疗结核病患者诊疗经历及其对耐药影响的研究

目的了解有多次抗痨治疗史的结核病患者寻求医疗服务的经历与耐药现状,分析就医行为对耐药结局的影响。方法在广东、山东、四川、河南和内蒙古等五个省、自治区分别选择一个开展耐药监测地级市的两个县（区）,对前来就诊的、既往有过多次抗痨治疗史的结核病患者进行问卷调查。使用SPSS16.0软件进行χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果调查328名患者,228例（69.51%）曾经接受过2次抗痨治疗,78例（23.78%）接受过3次及以上的治疗。调查对象中共有240名耐药患者,总耐药率为73.17%。在前两次治疗过程中分别有233例（71.25%）和175例（53.51%）患者接受了国家推荐的标准治疗方案,其治愈率明显高于未采用标准方案的患者（初治：χ2=27.65,P〈0.01;复治：χ2=32.29,P〈0.01）。研究发现,患者家庭年收入（OR=5.549,95%CI：1.712～17.986）和既往治疗次数（OR=4.618,95%CI：1.675～12.736）与耐药的发生有关。结论既往治疗史与耐药结核病的发生,尤其是MDR密切相关。家庭年收入低的患者发生耐药结核病的危险性较高。     

Clinical and genetic risk factors for the development of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in non-HIV infected patients at a tertiary care center in India: a case-control study.

Genetic susceptibility of the host to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is not fully understood. We undertook a case-control study at a tertiary care center at New Delhi, India to identify the clinical and genetic predictors of MDR-TB as compared to the drug sensitive TB cases. Patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis were identified on the basis of drug sensitivity testing by the proportion method. Treatment was initiated according to standard norms and all patients were followed up during the period. Genomic DNA extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cell pellet was used for amplification of HLA class II region (second exon) with a set of forward (5') and reverse (3') primers. A sequence specific 5' biotinylated probes were used to determine 12 DRB1, 8 DQA1 and 13 DQB1 alleles by the PCR-SSOP method. Past history of disease, higher severity of illness, inadequacy of drug treatment and presence of HLA-DRB1*14, DQB1*0503 and DQB1*0502 alleles were found to be significant risk factors for MDR-TB. Multivariate analysis identified poor past compliance to treatment (odds ratio, OR=6.6; 95% confidence interval, CI [2.0-21.5]), higher number of cavities (OR=6; 95% CI [2.1-17.3]) in chest radiographs and the presence of the HLA-DRB1*14 allele (OR=8.2; 95% CI [2.1-31.3]) as independent predictors of MDR-TB. Our results suggest that a combination of clinical and immunogenetic parameters could provide better information on drug resistance in tuberculosis with implications in therapy.     

No evidence for multiple-drug prophylaxis for tuberculosis compared with isoniazid alone in Southeast Asian refugees and migrants: completion and compliance are major determinants of effectiveness

BACKGROUND: The use of multiple-drug prophylaxis for tuberculosis (TB) has not been shown to be more effective than prophylaxis with isoniazid alone. The boundary between inactive pulmonary TB (class 4 TB) and culture-negative "active" pulmonary TB (class 3 TB) is often unclear, as is the intention to treat such patients as a preventive measure or as a curative measure. METHODS: We compared the effectiveness of single drug preventive therapy with isoniazid to the effectiveness of multiple drug preventive therapy for patients with asymptomatic, inactive TB, in a retrospective cohort study of 984 Southeast (SE) Asian migrants and refugees who received prophylaxis between 1978 and 1980. RESULTS: The rate of TB developing in this cohort was 122 per 100,000 person-years. There was no significant difference in development of TB between people who received isoniazid only and those who received multiple drugs. The only significant predictor of TB was noncompletion of prophylaxis [relative risk (RR) = 62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 20-194]. Subgroup analysis on people who had completed therapy showed noncompliance as a significant predictor of TB (RR = 16, 95% CI = 1.4-179). The risk of noncompletion (RR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.37-9.39, P < 0.0001) and noncompliance (RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.03-4.7, P = 0.03) was higher for patients who received multiple drugs compared with isoniazid alone. Multiple-drug therapy cost 30 times more than isoniazid alone. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find evidence in support of the empirical practice of giving multiple drugs for prevention of TB. This practice is also more costly and more likely to result in noncompliance and adverse drug reactions.     

河南省5县市2007年耐药结核病及危险因素研究

[目的]确定2007年河南省5个县市的结核病耐药率及其危险因素。[方法]5个县市结核病防治中心所有痰涂片阳性病人按顺序入选,痰涂片用萋-尼氏染色法镜检,培养用罗杰氏培养基,对4种一线抗结核药物异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇采用比例法进行药敏试验。病人资料由经过培训的医生通过调查问卷获得。[结果]338例肺结核病人中,269例(79.6%)为新病人,69例为(20.4%)复治病人。新病人中任一耐药率和耐多药(MDR)率分别为17.5%和3.0%,复治病人分别为39.1%和21.7%。复治病人首次治疗超过6个月是任一耐药的危险因素(AOR=3.45,95%CI(1.25～9.09),P=0.017),复治病人(AOR=9.06,95%CI(3.62～22.67),P=0.000)以及曾经在其他地方居住1年以上(AOR=2.71,95%CI(1.10～6.69),P=0.030)是MDR的独立危险因素。[结论]河南省5个县市结核病任一耐药率和MDR率仍然很高,是实施DOTS策略和结核病控制面临的一个主要挑战。首次抗结核治疗6个月以上是任一耐药的危险因素,而复治病人以及在其他地方居住超过1年是MDR-TB的两个独立危险因素。全面实施MDR-TB控制以及提高DOTS质量是河南省结核病控制工作的当务之急。     

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: the size of the problem and associated risk factors

Objective

To assess the problem of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) throughout Belarus and investigate the associated risk factors.

Methods

In a nationwide survey in 2010–2011, 1420 tuberculosis (TB) patients were screened and 934 new and 410 previously treated cases of TB were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from each eligible patient were tested for susceptibility to anti-TB drugs. Sociobehavioural information was gathered in interviews based on a structured questionnaire.

Findings

MDR-TB was found in 32.3% and 75.6% of the new and previously treated patients, respectively, and, 11.9% of the 612 patients found to have MDR-TB had extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). A history of previous treatment for TB was the strongest independent risk factor for MDR-TB (odds ratio, OR: 6.1; 95% confidence interval, CI: 4.8–7.7). The other independent risk factors were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.5), age < 35 years (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0–1.8), history of imprisonment (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.0), disability sufficient to prevent work (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–3.0), alcohol abuse (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0–1.8) and smoking (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.0).

Conclusion

MDR-TB is very common among TB patients throughout Belarus. The numerous risk factors identified for MDR-TB and the convergence of the epidemics of MDR-TB and HIV infection call not only for stronger collaboration between TB and HIV control programmes, but also for the implementation of innovative measures to accelerate the detection of TB resistance and improve treatment adherence.     

使用倾向得分匹配法评估南京市耐多药结核病的影响因素

  目的  本研究旨在评价南京市耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistance tuberculosis, MDR-TB)的影响因素,为降低MDR-TB的发病率提供科学依据。  方法  对南京市2013年1月1日―2020年12月31日登记管理的6 649例MDR-TB可疑者进行筛查。通过中国疾病预防控制中心结核病管理系统查询患者一般信息,通过电子病历和电话调查跟踪患者治疗管理情况。描述279例MDR-TB和6 370例非MDR-TB的一般人口学特征,使用倾向得分匹配法1∶1匹配筛选出279例非MDR-TB。采用配对资料条件Logistic回归分析模型分析MDR-TB的影响因素。  结果  条件Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,既往二线抗结核药物使用史和抗结核药物不良反应史是MDR-TB发生的危险因素(OR=2.39, 95% CI: 1.46~3.93, P < 0.001; OR=3.90, 95% CI: 2.45~6.21, P < 0.001),初治患者、规律服药是MDR-TB发生的保护因素(OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.02~2.34, P=0.038; OR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.69~4.07, P < 0.001)。  结论  MDR-TB对患者自身、家庭以及社会的危害极大,临床医疗机构和CDC要加强协作,提高患者的早期发现率和规范治疗管理率,从而控制MDR-TB的传播。     

福建省复治肺结核患者耐药现况与其影响因素分析

摘要:目的　了解福建省复治涂阳肺结核患者耐药现状,探讨其耐药的影响因素。方法　采用统一的患者信息表收集30个监测点复治涂阳患者的社会经济和既往临床诊疗信息。培养阳性菌株采用比例法进行异烟肼（H）、利福平（R）、乙胺丁醇（E）、链霉素（S）、卡那霉素（Km）、氧氟沙星（Ofx）的耐药性测定。对硝基苯甲酸（PNB）培养法鉴定结核分枝杆菌复合群。采用比值比（OR）评估耐药结核病患者和耐多药（MDR）患者的危险因素。结果　复治患者男性居多（占84.15%）,总耐药率为37.32%,MDR率为15.89%,广泛耐药（XDR）率为0.35%;任一耐药顺位依次为:R（25.00%）,H（21.48%）,S（16.55%）,E（15.49%）,Ofx（7.75%）和Km（4.23%）;耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）耐药谱有10种,其中同时对S、H、R和E 耐药占46.67%;多耐药谱有14种,以耐二联药物为主（占68.00%）;治疗2次以上的患者耐药率和MDR率均明显高于治疗1次的患者OR分别为2.43,3.38;P值分别为0.005,0.001。结论　福建省复治结核病患者的耐药及MDR-TB问题仍然严重,反复多次治疗是复治患者耐药及MDR-TB的主要危险因素。     

Influence of social inequality, social unrest and extreme poverty on tuberculosis morbidity in the City of Barcelona

BACKGROUND: The main purpose of this study was to analyse inequalities between tuberculosis/intravenous drug user and tuberculosis/not intravenous drug user among the different neighbourhoods of Barcelona and the relationship to socioeconomic indicators and social/material deprivation indicators throughout the 1990-1995 period. METHODS: An ecological study which included all cases of tuberculosis among residents of Barcelona, the analysis unit being the neighbourhood. Intravenous drug users within the 15-49 age range and non-intravenous drug users over age 14 were included. The mean annual incidence rate standardized by age was used. The social indicators considered were the inner city areas, unemployment, less than primary education, overcrowding, social unrest and extreme poverty. In the bivariate analysis, the relationship between tuberculosis incidence and the social indicators was studied by means of the Spearman correlation coefficient, and the multivariate analysis by means of the Poisson regression. RESULTS: The incidence rates were higher in the inner city neighbourhoods, followed by the newer outlying working class neighbourhoods in both groups studied, and in other older outlying districts for the non-users of intravenous drugs. Among the intravenous drug user group, the variables related to a greater risk of tuberculosis were: man (RR = 7.42, confidence interval at 95% ICI95%-: 6.16-8.93), age (RR = 61.51, CI95%: 34.64-109.20), unemployment (RR = 1.68, CI95%: 1.51-1.88), social unrest (RR = 1.29, CI 95%: 1.04-1.58), overcrowding (RR = 1.36, CI 95%: 1.19-1.55) and inner city areas (RR = 1.92, CI 95% 1.48-2.50). Among the male non-users of intravenous drugs, no interaction between unemployment and age was found. Neighbourhoods with extreme poverty and inner city neighbourhoods showed a higher risk of tuberculosis (RR = 1.11, CI 95% 1.08-1.135 and RR = 1.80, CI95%: 1.51-2.14). Among the female non-users of intravenous drugs, a relationship was found in those of lesser age (RR = 1.29, CI 95%: 1.05-1.57), unemployment (RR = 1.18, CI 95%: 1.09-1.26), extreme poverty (RR = 1.95, CI 95%: 1.56-2.45) and inner city areas (RR = 1.72, CI 95%: 1.35-2.19). CONCLUSION: Inequalities in tuberculosis are related to different social indicators such as unemployment and inner city areas. A difference exists between the two groups studied. Tuberculosis is related with social unrest and overcrowding among intravenous drug users and with extreme poverty among non-users of intravenous drugs.