再生铅冶炼地区环境铅污染及儿童血铅水平调查

目的 了解皖北再生铅冶炼地区铅污染水平以及儿童血铅水平,为进行环境治理及儿童健康干预提供依据.方法 对皖北某县再生铅冶炼地区环境中铅含量进行监测,同时选择污染区2所小学261名5～12岁的学生和清洁对照区的109名学生进行血铅测定.结果 污染区环境铅污染相当严重,最高空气铅含量达到5.74 μg/m3,超过国家标准3.83倍.土壤铅最大超标倍数达2.04倍.主要农作物小麦铅平均含量为2.84 mg/kg,最大超标倍数达42.5倍.污染区儿童血铅水平为98.3～441 μg/L,平均为(258.2±97.8)μg/L,明显高于对照组儿童.结论 再生铅冶炼地区环境铅及儿童体内铅含量均严重超标.     

乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅的影响

目的：分析某乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅水平的影响,为治理环境、防止儿童中毒提供科学依据。方法：采用整群抽样方法,从高污染区、中污染区和相对清洁区分别选取5－9岁在校生进行血铅测定,并对其生活环境中空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅的含量进行检测。结果：高污染区的空气、土壤和小麦铅污染最严重（均值分别为0．0163mg/m^3、1．1614mg/kg、7．9050mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量虽低于国家卫生标准,但明显高于相对清洁区;中污染区的空气、土壤和小麦也受到一定程度铅污染（均值分别为0．0094mg/m^3、0.2910mg/kg、2．4275mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量低于国家卫生标准（均值为0．0048mg/L）;相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染（均值分别为0．00047mg/m^3、0．0534mg/kg、0．0032mg/L、0．3650mg/kg）。3组儿童血铅均值分别为532μg/L、452μg/L、126μg/L,3组间存在显性差异（P＜0．05）,且环境铅含量越高,儿童血铅水平越高。结论：该镇废旧蓄电池回收行业已造成区域性严重铅污染,致使儿童血铅明显升高,社会干预刻不容缓。     

Conners量表在儿童铅暴露与行为效应研究中的应用

目的 寻找反映个体长期铅暴露水平的指标及特异的行为效应指标。方法 选取铅工业污染区１￣４年级学生９８名为暴露组,非污染区学生１００名为对照组,测定血铅,发铅,锌卟啉以评估铅暴露水平,采用高效液相色谱法－电化学法联检测定尿中高香草酸和香草扁桃酸的浓度,采用Ｃｏｎｎｅｒｓ量表评定铅暴露儿童的行为效应。结果 暴露组血铅,发铅和锌卟啉水平增高,分别平均为２．３９￣２．４２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,８１．８１￣８３．７     

某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的：比较某冶炼厂环境铅污染15年前后的变化,为该厂扩建投产后污染变化评价提供依据。方法：选取1980－1982年调查时污染区中的厂南区和对照区,于1995－1997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、井水中的铅含量以及学龄儿童的血铅及δ－氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶（δ－ALAD）活力,并比较两次调查结果。结果：本次调查样品的几何均值米铅（干重）、菜铅（湿重）、井水铅、学生血铅和δ－ALAD酶活力,污染区分别为26．7&;#177;1．65mg/kg、60．4&;#177;2．67mg/kg、0．014&;#177;0．005mg/L、206&;#177;1．7μg/L和98&;#177;1．3IU／L,对照区分别为13．2&;#177;1．85mg/kg、44．9&;#177;1．84mg/kg、0．020&;#177;0．005mg/L、229&;#177;1．3μg/L和225&;#177;1．4IU／L。两区比较米铅含量污染区高于对照区,而酶活力前者明显低于后者（P＜0．01）;污染区有22个学生（占21．2％）超过对照区学生血铅最高值（312．9μg/L),其中8人的血铅值高达45－762μg/L。与1980－1982年调查结果相比,污染区的稻米蔬菜铅含量显著增加。结论：该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有不断累积加重的趋势。δδδδδδ     

某乡镇铅冶炼厂铅污染调查分析

目的分析某乡镇铅冶炼厂对环境和儿童血铅及δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力的影响。方法比较研究污染区和对照区生活环境中土壤、饮用水及稻谷中铅的含量和儿童血铅及δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力。结果污染区土壤、饮用水和稻谷铅含量明显高于对照区,污染区和对照区儿童血铅含量分别为(0.741±0.222)μmol/L、(0.210±0.097)μmol/L,两者差异存在显著性(P<0.01),污染区儿童血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力显著低于对照区(P<0.01)。结论该铅冶炼厂已造成附近居民生活环境区域性铅污染,并对儿童造成铅危害。     

ALAD基因多态性与铅致神经毒效应关系的研究

为研究ＡＬＡＤ基因多态性对铅致神经毒性的影响。对１７９名生活在严重铅污染环境中的６～８岁儿童进行基因型分析、血铅和锌原卟啉,身高、体重、血红蛋白、智商和反应时测定。结果表明,与ＡＬＡＤ１－１纯合子相比,ＡＬＡＤ１－２杂合子的血铅和锌原卟啉都轻度增高但没达到显著性水平,而两组的体格和智力发育参数都十分接近。但ＡＬＡＤ１－２组的反应时延长（Ｐ＝０．０２）。在应用协方差分析充分均衡了两组的血铅水平后,Ａ     

乡镇废旧蓄电池铅污染对儿童血铅和锌原卟啉的影响

[目的 ]了解生活在乡镇废旧蓄电池回收地区儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉水平 ,探讨环境铅污染对儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉的影响 ,为改善环境、防止儿童铅中毒提供依据。 [方法 ]检测废旧蓄电池回收加工区域空气、饮用水、土壤和小麦样品中铅含量 ,测定同区域内 5～ 9岁学龄儿童血铅 (Pb B)浓度和血液锌原卟啉 (ZnPP)含量。 [结果 ]废旧蓄电池加工密集区内环境铅污染严重 ,其空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅含量均值分别为 0 0 16 3mg/m3 、116 14mg/kg、0 0 148mg/L、7 90 5 0mg/kg ;废旧蓄电池加工零散区次之 ,其空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦铅含量均值分别为 0 0 0 94mg/m3 、2 910mg/kg、0 0 0 48mg/L、2 42 75mg/kg ;相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染 (均值分别为 0 0 0 0 47mg/m3 、5 34mg/kg、0 0 0 32mg/L、0 36 5 0mg/kg)。三组学龄儿童血铅浓度均值分别为 5 32、45 2和 12 8μg/L ,三者之间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;血液锌原卟啉中位数分别为 2 0 4μmol/L、1 5 0 μmol/L和 0 2 0 μmol/L ,三者之间存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。 [结论 ]乡镇个体废旧蓄电池回收加工造成的环境铅污染 ,严重影响当地儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉水平 ,加强治理 ,改善儿童生活学习环境刻不容缓     

重金属重点防控区儿童血铅水平及其对神经行为功能的影响

目的探讨某国家级重金属污染重点防控区儿童血铅水平及其对神经行为功能的影响。方法 2012年7月,在某重金属重点防护区域(n=203)和非污染区(n=218)各选择1所小学作为研究现场,采用分层抽样方法选择两所学校三~五年级学生,进行问卷调查、智力测验和神经行为测验,并采集静脉血,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中铅的浓度。结果儿童血铅浓度范围为6.99~145.20μg/L,污染区和对照区儿童血铅中位数分别为30.30和25.66μg/L,污染区高于对照区,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);多重线性回归分析结果表明,儿童性别、父亲文化程度、在重金属重点防控区生活对儿童血铅有显著影响:男童血铅水平高于女童;父亲文化水平越高,其子女血铅水平越低;在重金属重点防控区生活的儿童血铅水平较高;污染区儿童5项神经行为测试得分均低于对照区,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);随着儿童静脉血铅浓度的增加,儿童智商和神经行为测试得分呈下降趋势,儿童智商(rs=-0.116,P0.05)和神经行为测试中划消数字得分(rs=-0.141,P0.05)与血铅呈负相关关系。结论该重金属重点防护区域儿童铅负荷水平略高于一般地区,长期低水平铅暴露可能影响儿童智力和神经行为功能。     

石家庄市儿童铅中毒状况调查报告

为了摸清石家庄市区儿童铅中毒流行状况，采用ZPP－3800血液锌原卟啉对市区22086名2－6岁集体儿童进行了铅中毒监测，结果显示：血铅值在10μg/dl以上儿童为14422例，占监测人群65．29％，提示：城市儿童铅中毒发病情况较为突出，应采取综合性防治措施。     

乡办炼铅厂对环境的铅污染及对儿童机体的影响研究

本文对北京市通县某乡办炼铅厂的环境污染情况及对附近儿童健康的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明,该厂附近小学校的大气铅和尘土铅含量明显高于对照,其大气铅含量超过国家卫生标准13倍。其儿童家中室内尘土铅含量亦高于对照(P<0.001)。同时,这些儿童的血铅和尿铅值均高于对照(P<0.01)。其中血铅>40μg/dl的儿童的视觉运动反应时的测定值高于血铅≤40μg/dl的儿童。提示该厂对环境的铅污染对附近儿童的健康造成了一定危害和威胁。     

公路边农作物铅污染水平与相关因素研究

目的：研究公路边农作物铅污染水平及相关因素。方法：污染区以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段两侧的农作物为研究对象，在不同条件下检测其含铅量，并与对照区样品比较分析，铅测定采用原子吸收光谱法。结果：污染区28种农作物含铅量在0．07－5．30mg/kg，是对照区的1．6－40．8倍，75％的农作物含铅量超过国家限量标准，农作物含铅量与路边距离呈负相关，与极周土含铅量呈正相关，同种农作物的不同部位其含铅量不尽相同，叶面对铅尘具有一定的吸附作用。28种农作物对铅的浓缩比有很大差异，平均浓缩比范围为0．0007－0．0395。结论：公路两侧350m范围内的农作物均受到不同程度的铅污染，污染程度取决于路边距离，根周土含铅量，农作物本身中的浓缩比以及叶面对铅尘的吸附率，污染区选种低浓缩比农作物，取食农作物前充分洗涤叶面和去皮处理，对减少铅的摄入量，减轻铅的危害具有重要意义。     

上海市大气微生物污染对儿童呼吸系统健康影响的研究

「目的」探讨大气微生物污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响。「方法」对上海市空气微生物污染区及清洁区２～５年级小学生２５４人和２６８人进行了健康调查。「结果」污染区儿童鼻甲肿大、过敏性鼻炎、咽充血和扁桃体肿大的检出率为清洁区的１．５７～６．５０倍,污染区小学生的ＦＶＣ和ＦＥＶ１％普遍低于清洁区小学生,多因素回归分析结果显示微生物污染是鼻粘膜充血、鼻甲肿大、咽充主过敏性鼻炎等病证的主要危险因素,也是影响肺通     

南方某市2011年水稻中铅镉污染状况调查

目的 了解南方某市水稻中铅、镉污染状况,进行风险预警.方法 按照2011年国家食品安全风险监测计划的要求,随机采集市辖9个区县市的农户自产水稻,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、镉指标.结果 在414份水稻中,铅、镉检出率分别为81.9％和99.8％,平均值为0.079和0.154 mg/kg,与国标比较,铅、镉超标率分别为3.1％和29.2％.结论 该市水稻均有不同程度铅、镉污染,其中镉的污染更广泛,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障健康.     

唐山市工业区大气污染对儿童健康影响的研究

[目的]探讨工业区大气污染对儿童健康的影响。[方法]在唐山市工业污染区和对照区选取452名儿童为研究对象,进行上呼吸道疾病、肺功能、局部免疫功能的检测和问卷调查。[结果]在均衡了两区儿童的个人生理因素和室内空气污染因素后,污染区儿童上呼吸道疾病检出率增高;肺功能下降;唾液溶菌酶活性降低;SIgA水平升高。[结论]工业区大气污染已对儿童健康产生了危害。     

Effects of ambient air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory health of non-smoking women in Hong Kong

BACKGROUND: Two-thirds of complaints received by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in 1988 were related to poor air quality. In July 1990 legislation was implemented to reduce fuel sulphur levels. The intervention led to a reduction in respiratory symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness of primary school children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in respiratory health between non-smoking women living in the more polluted district (Kwai Tsing) and those living in the less polluted district (Southern); to assess the impact of the government air quality intervention; and to study the effect of environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory health in non-smoking women in both districts. METHOD: A total of 3405 non-smoking women, aged 36.5 years (standard deviation = 3.0), from two districts with good and poor air quality respectively before the intervention were followed yearly from 1989 to 1991. Binary latent variable modelling was used to summarize the six respiratory symptoms and to estimate the effects of risk factors. RESULTS: In 1989, living in the polluted district was associated with poor respiratory health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.17, P < 0.01). After the intervention, in the polluted district only, sulphur dioxide levels fell by up to 80% and sulphate concentrations in respirable particulates by 38%. Between 1989 and 1990-1991, there was no significantly greater decline (P > 0.241) in the more polluted compared with the less polluted district for poor respiratory health. In 1989, the effects on poor respiratory health for exposure to two or more categories of smokers relative to none in the home (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.83, P < 0.01) were higher but not significantly than those for living in polluted relative to less polluted district (95% CI of the two effects overlapping each other). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and outdoor air pollution had independent adverse effects on respiratory health of non-smoking women and improvement in air quality had produced some but non-significant benefits.     

Industrial lead poisoning in China over the past 33 years

This paper is a review of the 48 articles in scientific journals and special reports of investigations emanating from the author's department involving 2504 subjects. During the past 33 years, as a result of the establishment of health and antiepidemic stations throughout the country, the enactment of hygienic standards, and the setting up of the reporting system for industrial poisoning and occupational diseases, the air lead level has been reduced from 10 mg/m³ in the years soon after liberation (1949) to below 0.03 mg/m³ at present. Severe plumbism has disappeared. Some mild cases, however, could still be found among workers in lead smelters and electric battery plants. Great advances have been made in techniques for early diagnosis of lead poisoning. Blood lead, urine lead, aminolevulinic dehydrase, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) have been used as criteria for lead exposure. For the purpose of preventive monitoring, ZnPP as a screening index is the first choice. Behavioral function and sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity measurements of median nerve might also be used for the investigation of lead exposure. The maximum allowable concentration of 0.03 mg/m³ for air lead level in the workshop, in agreement with the results of a nationwide lead industry investigation, has been proven safe. There is also the need to monitor the air lead level and blood lead level in the general population and children living adjacent to a lead industry.     

Relationship between the levels of biological indicators of lead exposure in children and their mothers environmentally exposed to lead

From a follow-up study (1976-1985) on lead exposure in population groups living in the vicinity of a lead smeltery, and those from a control area, data were selected on 222 simultaneous measurements of biological indicators of effective lead exposure (absorption) in the blood of children and their mothers. The range of lead exposure levels in both the children and the mothers was very wide (from "normal" to largely excessive lead exposure) as indicated by blood lead (PbB), activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and erythrocyte zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP). A highly significant (P less than 0.001) exponential decrease in ALAD with respect to PbB, as well as an exponential increase in ZnPP with respect to PbB, was found in children and their mothers. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) relationships were found between the levels of PbB, ALAD, and ZnPP in the children with respect to those found in their mothers, indicating the relevant influence of a similar microenvironment (e.g. lead in indoor air and in household dust) and life-style (e.g. household hygiene habits and food preferences) on the level of effective individual lead exposure. Although these relationships have indicated generally higher levels of lead in children with respect to their mothers, the hypothesis of a relatively higher absorption and retention of lead in children of a lower age than that in children of a higher age could not be confirmed, which is in agreement with our previous observations. However, when the three subgroups according to the age of the children were compared (i.e. 0.3-4.5 years, 5-10 years, and 10.5-15 years), it appeared that children aged 0.3-4.5 years had the lowest lead absorption and those aged 5-10 years the highest in relation to their mothers. Within each of these subgroups, a tendency towards relatively higher effective lead exposure in children (i.e. the child/mother ratio of PbB, ALAD and ZnPP levels) with respect to an increase in environmental lead exposure level has been observed.     

铅污染对儿童血液生化及其智力的影响

【目的】 探讨铅污染对儿童健康的影响,为进一步做好预防儿童铅中毒工作提供科学依据。 【方法】 选某蓄电池厂子校父母一方铅暴露者(实验一组),父母未铅暴露者(实验二组)及对照组学生各61名配对。 【结果】 实验一、二组学生的血铅(PbB)、尿铅(PbU)、红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)显著高于对照组,而血红蛋白(Hb)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)显著降抵(P<0.01),表明长期铅暴露可引起学生体内铅蓄积量增加,干扰扑啉代谢和Hb合成。实验一组低智商检出率(14.75%)显著高于其它两组(P<0.01)。母亲铅暴露者智商(IQ)为98.59,低于父亲铅暴露者(IQ=101.91)和实验二组(IQ=105.20),并显著低于对照组(IQ=106.16,P<0.01)。 【结论】 长期铅暴露的儿童,血红蛋白有降低的趋势;同时铅暴露也是影响学生智力发育的危险因素之一,督促政府和社会给予铅污染对儿童健康影响以极大地关注,采取有效措施保护儿童身心健康。     

Adverse effects of low-level air pollution on the respiratory health of schoolchildren in Hong Kong

To evaluate the respiratory effects of long-term exposure to air pollution, schoolchildren (ages 8 to 12 years) from two districts in Hong Kong with contrasting air quality were studied. Parents of 1660 children completed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms, and 1294 children had their ventilatory function tested with a spirometer. After adjustment for relevant covariates, children living in the more polluted district had increased odds ratios for frequent cough (1.74), frequent sputum (1.87), chronic sputum (1.84), and doctor-diagnosed asthma (1.98). Children of both sexes in the more polluted district had significantly poorer lung function, and the differences among girls were more marked. The study provides additional evidence for the adverse effects of long-term exposure to relatively low-level air pollution.     

太和县某地区环境铅污染调查

目的：了解太和县某地区环境铅污染水平及儿童血铅水平，探讨儿童血铅水平与环境铅污染的关系。方法：采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定环境中空气、地表和地下水、土壤、农作物与儿童静脉血铅含量，采用加权法对环境铅污染进行评价。结果：该地区大气、地表水、土壤和小麦铅含量均超标，儿童血铅含量普遍超标，浓度范围为98．3--441ug／L；结论：该地区存在环境铅污染，可能是导致当地儿童血铅含量超标的因素。