房间隔缺损合并部分肺静脉异位引流外科治疗34例

房间隔缺损合并部分肺静脉异位引流外科治疗３４例王学锋肖颖彬闵家新陈林刘欲团史鉴运褚衍林房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）合并部分肺静脉异位引流（ＰＡＰＶＣ）是一种较常见的先天性心脏病。我院在１９８０年１月～１９９６年１月共行ＡＳＤ修补术３７８例，其中合并ＰＡＰＶＣ...     

完全性肺静脉异位引流的手术治疗经验

为评估影响完全性肺静脉异位引流（ＴＡＰＶＤ）手术纠治的因素，本组纳入了２８例在中度低温体外循环和１５例在深低温停循环下手术纠治者。结果手术死亡４例，死亡率９．３％。随访３２例，２例肺静脉回流梗阻分别于术后５个月和２年３个月死亡。结论认为，ＴＡＰＶＤ必须早期手术防止肺血管阻塞性病变；术后定期随访；改进手术方法，防止心房内补片粘连所致肺静脉回流梗阻。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流外科治疗的进展

完全性肺静脉异位引流外科治疗的进展马旺扣综述汪曾炜审校完全性肺静脉异位引流（ＴＡＰＶＣ）是一种罕见的先天性心脏病，约占“先心病”发病率的１．５％～３．０％，其中７５％～８０％病儿在１岁内死亡［１，２］。因此，必须及早手术治疗。解剖类型Ｅｄｍｕｎｄｓ统...     

新生儿梗阻型完全性肺静脉异位引流的治疗

目的 评估新生儿完全性肺静脉异位引流( TAPVC)不同类型矫治手术方法和预后.方法 1999年至2011年,共收治68例新生儿梗阻型TAPVC急诊手术治疗,平均年龄16天,其中心上型21例,心内型8例,心下型36例和混合型3例.心上型和心下型TAPVC是将肺静脉共汇与左心房后壁作侧侧吻合,心内型TAPVC在心房内将扩大的冠状窦去顶将异位的肺静脉隔入左心房.结果 术后早期死亡2例,占2.9％.随访6个月至3年,经超声心动图随访,肺静脉吻合口均无明显狭窄,血液流速1.10 ～ 1.42 m/s.结论 早期的梗阻型TAPVC的纠治中左心房后壁与肺静脉共汇的侧侧吻合远期效果良好,肺静脉的梗阻情况需要远期进一步随访.     

直肠癌保肛术中行吻合口上下双管引流效果的观察

目的 为减少直肠癌保肛术后并发症。方法 对４２１例直肠癌患者保肛术中行吻合上下双管引流术。结果 双管引流组术后吻合口漏发生率为０．７１％（３／４２１）,无１例发生吻合口狭窄;对照组术后吻合口漏发生率为１１．２０％（１４／１２５）,吻合口狭窄发生率为６．４０％（８／１２５）,与双管引流组相比差异有显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 吻合口上下双管引流法能有效地减少直肠癌保肛术后并发症的发生。     

人体四肢动脉伤端端吻合术后血流动力学变化

目的　研究人体四肢动脉伤端端吻合术后血流动力学变化，为评价临床修复效果及近、远期疗效提供依据。方法　应用多谱勒超声仪对２１ 例患者的２７ 条端端吻合术后血管的通畅情况进行随访观察。应用受约束弹性管模型，在体测量流量波形，分析吻合血管的血流动力学特性。结果　术后早期２７ 条血管全部通畅，２１ 例患者中１５ 例获半年以上随访，血管均通畅。与健侧对照，术后每搏血流量（ＳＶ）下降，吻合口处血流平均速度（Ｖｍ）升高，壁面剪应力（τ） 下降，但各血管吻合口处与近、远端血管及健侧血管之间差异无显著性意义（ Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）。无论随访时间≤２４ 周或＞２４ 周的患者，其上、下肢血管吻合口处的Ｖｍ 均较健侧升高，ＳＶ 降低，τ下降，但差异无显著性意义（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５） 。两时间组的血流搏动指数（ＰＩ） 间差异无显著性意义（ Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）。随访时间≤２４ 周者，Ｖｍ 高于术后时间＞ ２４ 周者，ＳＶ 及τ均降低，但两时间组之间差异无显著性意义（ Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）。结论　血流动力学参数与血管壁面剪应力是辅助评价血管损伤吻合修复效果的良好参数指标，定期、连续观测有助于预测吻合修复血管的转归。     

胆总管十二指肠吻合术治疗良性胆道梗阻的远期疗效观察

为了探讨胆总管十二指肠吻合术的疗效，对随访时间１０年以上，应用胆总管十二指肠吻合术（ＣＤＤ）治疗胆道良性梗阻的４６例随访结果进行了分析。结果显示：疗效优２６例（５６．５％），良１３例（２８．３％），差７例（１５．２％）。优良率８４．８％，与同期胆总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－ｙ吻合１７１例的优良率８６．５％相比，无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：对于胆道良性梗阻，特别是高危老年病人，ＣＤＤ仍是一种安全有效的术式；胆总管扩张达１．５ｃｍ以上，吻合口达２．５ｃｍ以上，吻合口上方各级胆道无残留病变是取得远期良好效果的基本条件。     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的手术治疗(附47例报告)

目的：探讨诊治肾盂输尿管连接部（ＵＰＪ）梗阻的新方法。方法：先天性ＵＰＪ梗阻患者４７例,术前诊断主要依靠电视下逆行肾盂造影和利尿性Ｂ超检查。外科治疗主要采用自行设计的双叶舌状肾盏壁瓣肾盂成形术。结果：Ｂ超和电视下逆行肾盂造影对ＵＰＪ梗阻的确诊率分别为８０．２％和１００％。双叶舌状肾盂壁瓣肾盂成形术后吻合口更通畅,无狭窄或漏尿并发症。结论：在ＵＰＪ梗阻的术前诊断中,电视下逆行肾盂造影明显优于ＩＶＵ。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术后肺功能和血气变化对比临床研究

作者对２２例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ），１２例全麻开腹胆囊切除术患者术前、术后肺功能及动脉血气变化进行了分析。结果显示ＬＣ组术后肺功能各指标（包括ＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１和ＦＥＦ２５％～７５％）下降率明显较开腹组低（Ｐ＞０．０１），而术后２４小时开腹组ＰａＣＯ２较ＬＣ组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论为ＬＣ对肺功能影响小且恢复快，气腹状态下使用肌松和辅助正压呼吸可防止高碳酸血症。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术后肺功能和血气变化对比临床研究

作者对２２例腹腔胆囊切除术（ＬＣ），１２例全麻开腹胆囊切除术患者术前，术后肺功能及动脉血气变化进行了分析。结果显示ＬＣ组术后肺功能各指标（包括ＶＣ，ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＶ１和ＦＥＦ２５％－７５％）下降应明显较开腹组低（Ｐ＞０．０１），而术后２４小时腹组ＰａＣＯ２较ＬＣ组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论为ＬＣ对肺功能影响小且恢复快，气腹状态下使用肌松和辅助正压呼吸可防止高碳酸血症。     

右房异构单心室伴完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的 介绍右房异构、单心室伴完全性肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）的外科治疗经验和TAPVC在右房异构纠治手术中意义。方法 1999年6月于2000年3月手术治疗右房异构、单心室伴TAPVC5例。其中4例为心上型,1例为混合型。所有病儿均施行一侧或双侧的双向腔肺血管吻合术（BCPC）,4例同时进行TAPVC纠治术。结果 手术死亡1例,原因为 诊断不明确、体外循环时间过长、术后严重低心排和低氧血症。生存4例术后均无残余解剖梗阻,术后血流动力学稳定,血氧饱和度明显增高,随访结果满意。结论 术前明确TAPVC的诊断对指导手术具有重要意义;右房异构、单心室伴TAPVC在进行分流术时应同时施行TAPVC纠治术。     

Outcome of primary repair of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection using a right-sided approach to the left atrium

Abstract Objective: Pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO), the major postoperative complication in patients with infracardiac total anomalous venous connection (TAPVC), compromises the surgical outcomes of TAPVC repair. Here, we report our experience using a right‐sided approach to the left atrium to repair this anomaly variant. Method: Eleven patients with infracardiac TAPVC underwent this surgical modification from September 2005 to December 2009. After a medium sternotomy, bicaval venous cannulation was performed for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). By adequate exposure of the surgical field, incision of the left atrium was located and anastomosed to the corresponding incision in the pulmonary venous confluence through the right side. Medical records consisting of preoperative and postoperative data were retrospectively reviewed to analyze the efficiency of this strategy. Results: Total correction was achieved in all 11 patients and there were no operative deaths. Postoperative low cardiac output persisted in six patients (54.5%), including five patients with preoperative PVO. No late deaths were noted in a mean follow‐up of 26.7 months (range, 1 to 51 months). Both residual atrial shunt and severe anastomotic obstruction were excluded by transthoracic echocardiography. Moderate residual obstruction was confirmed in one patient. At the end of the follow‐up, all patients had normal biventricular function and were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class I. Conclusion: The right‐sided approach for repair of infracardiac TAPVC contributes to produce favorable outcomes. This modified technique is useful for enhancing exposure during surgical repair and providing adequate patent anastomosis. (J Card Surg 2011;26:102‐106)     

Surgical palliation of cardiac malformations associated with right isomerism

Between 1985 and 1993, palliative surgery was performed on 13 pediatric patients who had complex cardiovascular anomalies associated with right isomerism. The patients included two neonates, ten infants, and one child who were divided into two groups according to whether or not a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) was present. Group 1 consisted of six patients with TAPVC and group 2 consisted of seven patients without TAPVC. In group 1, the surgical procedures involved TAPVC repair alone in two patients, combined TAPVC repair with a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in two, combined TAPVC repair with pulmonary artery banding in one, and a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt alone in one. There were five hospital deaths and one late death in this group: pulmonary venous obstruction in two patients, perioperative myocardial failure in the two neonates, and congestive heart failure caused by increased pulmonary blood flow in two patients. In group 2, all the patients underwent systemic-pulmonary artery shunts, and there was one hospital death and three late deaths, the causes of which were unknown in two patients, and shunt failure and pneumonia in one patient each. These results suggest that surgical palliation for right isomerism produces poor results in young infants with obstructed TAPVC. Thus, we conclude that TAPVC repair should be performed without delay if pulmonary venous obstruction has been diagnosed clinically. Resolving pulmonary venous obstruction without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be preferable for infants, considering their difficult management. The systemic-pulmonary artery shunt should be of the low-calibrated type, especially if common atrioventricular valve regurgitation exists. If infants survive the surgery, they must be carefully followed up for a long period due to the risk of sudden death or infection.     

The safe use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the management of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in newborns and infants: a case series

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful in evaluating the repair of lesions in patients with congenital heart disease. But the use of TEE in infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) remains unclear. We reviewed the safety and efficacy of intraoperative TEE during TAPVC repair. METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive 1 day to 7 month-old infants with TAPVC (14 supracardiac, six intracardiac and eight infracardiac type) had surgical repair with intraoperative TEE monitoring. RESULTS: Four patients received immediate surgical revision after primary surgery for residual anastomotic stenosis diagnosed by TEE. In addition, two unsuspected ventricular septal defects and three persistent ductus arteriosus were detected before surgery. Eight infants (29%) had hypotension and hypoxemia associated with TEE probe insertion before surgery, but this hemodynamic disturbance returned to baseline value after withdrawing the TEE probe from the esophagus. However, these eight patients had uneventful TEE probe insertion following sternotomy. The mechanism was probably because of the reduction of intrathoracic pressure when the chest was opened. CONCLUSIONS: TEE probe insertion in TAPVC patients may pose a potential risk of compression of pulmonary venous confluence resulting in hemodynamic instability. Therefore, we suggest that the use of TEE in such TAPVC patients appears to be safer after sternotomy.     

38例完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的：总结３８例完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗经验。资料和方法：３８例中男１７例,妇女１例。年龄２个月￣２２岁,３岁以内婴幼儿１２例。体重４．５￣３６．０ｋｇ。心上型２０例、心内型１５例、混合型３例。全组均在中度低温体外循环下将完全性异位引流的肺静脉直接或通过房间隔缺损隔入左房。结果：手术死亡３例（７．９％）,其中２例术后严重心律失常、１例多次缝合止血致吻合口狭小。术后并发心律失常１２例、呼吸道感     

Borderline left ventricle.

The first problem to solve when dealing with the topic 'borderline left ventricle' is to find the appropriate definition. Several parameters have been taken into consideration, either morphometric (diameter of the mitral valve, indexed mitral valve area, left ventricular inflow dimension, left ventricular cross-sectional area, ratio between the apex-to-base left ventricular dimension and right ventricular dimension, left ventricular long axis to heart long axis ratio, left ventricular end diastolic volume, left ventricular mass index, ratio of the right/left ventricular wall thickness, presence of endocardial fibroelastosis, cardiac apex not formed by the left ventricle, diameter of the ventriculo-aortic junction, diameter of the aortic valve annulus and indexed aortic root diameter) as well as functional (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, direction of the blood flow in the ascending aorta and at the level of the patent ductus arteriosus). Pre-operative determination whether the left ventricle is adequate to sustain the systemic circulation, or it may became adequate with the available surgical approaches, and therefore a bi-ventricular type of repair is feasible, can be extremely difficult, particularly in the presence of a 'borderline left ventricle'. In the clinical practice pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons are faced with the problem of the 'borderline left ventricle' in four different groups of congenital heart defects: (a) aortic valve stenosis, (b) aortic coarctation, with or without hypoplastic aortic arch, (c) hypoplastic left heart complex, (d) right ventricular pressure and/or volume overload. In all the above situations in the presence of a left ventricle smaller than normal a very exhaustive approach has been reviewed in the decision making process, taking in account the literature reports as well as the personal experience. In each patient with 'borderline left ventricle' the elements to be considered for the decision making process between uni- and bi-ventricular type of repair, or for less ideal options of management, are the following: morphometric and functional parameters, hemodynamic data, available surgical options, results of the personal and institutional experience.     

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: long-term appraisal with evolving technical solutions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate late outcome of non-isomeric total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) repair, controlling for anatomic subtypes and surgical technique. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2001, 89 patients (median age 54 days) underwent repair for supracardiac (38), cardiac (26), infracardiac (16) or mixed (nine) TAPVC. Ten patients (11.2%) presented associated anomalies other than PDA. Twenty-eight patients (31.5%) were emergencies, due to obstructed drainage. Supracardiac and infracardiac TAPVC repair included the double-patch technique with left atrial enlargement in 29 patients and side-to-side anastomosis between the pulmonary venous (PV) confluence and the left atrium in 29 patients. Coronary sinus unroofing was preferred for cardiac TAPVC repair. Total follow-up was 727.16 patient-years (mean 8.55 years, 98.8% complete). RESULTS: Early mortality was 7.86% (7/89). Ten patients (11.2%) underwent reintervention, including reoperation (eight), balloon dilation (one) and intraoperative stents placement (one), for anastomotic (four) or diffuse PV stenosis (six), with four late deaths. Kaplan-Meier survival is 87.3+/-0.036 SE% at 18.07 years with no difference according to anatomic type or surgical technique. Freedom from PV reintervention for operative survivors is 86.7+/-0.052 SE% at 18.07 years. Cox proportional hazard indicates associated anomalies (P=0.008) and reoperation for intrinsic PV stenosis (P=0.034) as independent predictors of mortality. According to logistic analysis, preoperative obstruction predicts higher risk of reintervention for intrinsic PV stenosis (P=0.022), while the double-patch technique increased the risk of late arrhythmias (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Side-to-side anastomosis provides excellent results for TAPVC repair while left atrial enlargement procedures appear to be associated with higher risk of late arrhythmias. Although early and aggressive reintervention for recurrent PV obstruction is mandatory, intrinsic PV stenosis remains a predictor of adverse outcome.     

Fifteen-year experience with surgical repair of truncus arteriosus

From 1965 until March, 1982, 167 patients underwent surgical repair of truncus arteriosus. The age at operation ranged from 18 days to 33 years (mean 6 years). There were 48 hospital deaths (28.7%). The following factors had a positive correlation with the possibility of a surgical death: age at operation less than 2 years (p less than 0.001), a postrepair pulmonary arterial/left ventricular pressure ratio greater than 0.5 for patients with two pulmonary arteries (p less than 0.001) and greater than 0.6 for patients with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (p less than 0.02), and a postrepair right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio greater than 0.8 (p less than 0.008). The 119 hospital survivors were followed up for a total of 829 person-years. Late survival rate at 5 years was 84.4% and at 10 years, 68.8%. Preoperative factors that correlated with a reduced long-term survival rate were as follows: increasing age at operation (p = 0.004), the presence of moderate or severe truncal valve insufficiency (p = 0.008), lower pulmonary/systemic flow ratio (p = 0.04), and unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (p less than 0.001). Thirty-six patients required reoperation during the follow-up period (30%) primarily for replacement of the right ventricular-pulmonary arterial conduit and/or for truncal valve replacement. The long-term results obtained in these patients support the need for early repair of the anomaly, improvement in the methods for control or repair of the truncal valve insufficiency, and the continued search for better extracardiac valved conduits.     

Preoperative moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction: a novel Doppler echocardiographic long-term prognostic factor in patients with severe aortic stenosis

OBJECTIVE: We studied long-term outcomes in severe aortic stenosis and the importance of prosthesis type (mechanical vs biologic) and size, preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic function, and left ventricular mass. METHODS: Patients undergoing valve replacement from 1991 to 1993 (n = 399, 45% women) were included. The diastolic function was evaluated by integrating mitral and pulmonary venous flow data with Doppler echocardiography. The patients were classified as having either normal diastolic function to mild diastolic dysfunction or moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction. Left ventricular ejection fraction and the diastolic function category were incorporated together with age, sex, and time since operation into a Poisson regression model with death as the end point. Prosthesis type and size and left ventricular mass were also investigated. RESULTS: The age (mean +/- SD) was 71 +/- 9 years, and the overall survival after 12 years was 50%. Although markedly reduced during the initial 6-month period, mortality risk subsequently increased more than could be explained by age (hazard ratio of 1-year difference = 1.12, P = .0005). The moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction pattern independently predicted late mortality (hazard ratio = 1.72, P = .0038), whereas left ventricular ejection fraction did not (hazard ratio = 0.99, P = .18). The prognostic importance of moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction did not diminish with time; on the contrary, it tended to increase. Mortality after 12 years was not predicted by left ventricular mass (P = .66), prosthesis type (P = .57), or prosthesis size (P = .58). CONCLUSION: This study reveals that moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis is an independent predictor of late mortality after valve replacement and that its importance does not decrease with time. Our findings may suggest that moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction implies nonreversible myocardial changes that negatively affect survival.     

Comparison of hemodynamics between Norwood procedure and systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt for single right ventricle patients

Objective: Despite that surgical outcomes of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome have improved, one of the problems remaining is the high interstage mortality after a stage I Norwood procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic characteristics of hypoplastic left heart syndrome after a Norwood procedure. We examined the perioperative hemodynamic differences of the staged operation between the first stage of the Norwood procedure and systemic pulmonary shunt for single right ventricle patients. Methods: Data from 39 patients who underwent a Norwood procedure (right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit: 19, Blalock–Taussig shunt, 20) were analyzed. There were nine early and seven interstage deaths. Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was performed in 15 patients and the Fontan procedure in 9 (group H). We defined the control group as 26 patients who underwent the first stage of a systemic pulmonary shunt for a single ventricle. Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was performed in 14 patients and the Fontan procedure in 8 (group C). We compared the perioperative hemodynamics of the staged operation between the two groups. Results: Cardiothoracic ratio and single ventricular diastolic dimension before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt were acutely increased in group H (P=0.02, <0.001). There was no significant difference between the two different types of Norwood procedures. The pulmonary artery index for the right heart bypass operation was lower in group H than in group C (P<0.001). Oxygen saturation before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt in group H decreased (P<0.001) and thus was lower than that in group C (P=0.003). Mortality and the postoperative clinical parameters of the right heart bypass operation were not different between the two groups. Conclusions: Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome showed hemodynamic instability of acutely increased cardiothoracic ratio, and single ventricular diastolic dimension despite decreased oxygen saturation interstage after stage I of a Norwood procedure. This suggests that this hemodynamic characteristics in hypoplastic left heart syndrome correlates with the higher mortality before second stage palliation than in found with single right ventricle patients.