颈前路减压术后颈椎重建的研究进展

颈前路减压后重建颈椎生理曲度、椎间高度及稳定性对保证手术疗效、避免手术并发症较为重要.文中综述了颈前路经间隙椎间盘切除减压和椎体次全切减压后的颈椎重建.经间隙减压后颈椎重建有单纯骨块植骨、骨块植骨钛板内固定、椎间融合器植骨、椎间融合器植骨钛板内固定以及颈椎人工椎间盘置换;椎体次全切减压颈椎重建有单纯骨块植骨、骨块植骨钛板内固定、钛网植骨钛板内固定、椎间融合器和钛网植骨钛板内固定.颈椎融合术后部分患者存在椎间高度丢失和植骨不融合是两个主要的问题.人工椎间盘可保留椎节运动,但适应证较窄.颈椎彻底减压后应选择最合适的方式重建颈椎椎间高度和稳定性.     

颈前路减压支撑融合钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的 探讨颈前路减压、椎体间植骨支撑融合或颈椎椎间融合器（钛网或Cage）支撑融合、钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床方法及疗效。方法 回顾分析66例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路减压后，分别采取骼骨植骨支撑融合、颈椎间融合器（钛网或Cage）植入支撑融合，钢板内固定术，随访时间平均32个月，采用Zdeblick影像学判定椎体间融合的标准，贾连顺的评定法评定术后临床疗效。结果 在颈前路减压、钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病方法中，自体骼骨植骨融合优良率87．5％，供区并发症12．1％，椎间盘退变椎问高度丢失7．6％；颈椎间融合器支撑融合优良率96．1％，无供区并发症和椎问盘退变椎间高度丢失。结论 颈前路减压、椎体间植骨融合或颈椎间融合器支撑融合、钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病临床疗效满意。钢板内固定术后颈椎即刻稳定；植骨融合手术操作简单，费用少，但存在供区并发症、椎问高度丢失；椎间融合器融合稳定、牢固，椎间高度丢失少，后者疗效优于前者。     

内窥镜技术在颈椎前路手术中的应用

目的：探讨内窥镜下颈椎前路减压植骨融合术的手术技巧与疗效。方法：2002年8月～2005年3月应用内窥镜下颈椎前路减压植骨融合术治疗20例颈椎疾患患者，均应用自制不同型号椎间旋转撑开器及特制不同角度、不同大小的网形与方形刮匙行前路椎间盘切除，单纯PEEK cage植骨融合8例，PEEK cage植骨融合加钛板内同定2例，单纯钛cage植骨融合3例，钛cage植骨融合加钛板内同定2例，椎间植骨融合加钛板内同定5例，随访观察治疗效果。结果：术后随访3～12个月，平均7个月。患者症状体征及神经功能均明显改善。术后影像学检查手术部位减压彻底。1例发生钛cage松动，其余椎间高度无丢失，维持颈椎正常生理曲度。结论：通过对椎间盘镜部分器械和技术的改进，将其应用于颈椎前路椎间盘切除、椎间融合内同定术治疗颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症可取得满意的效果。     

颈椎病前路减压不同重建术式疗效的临床观察

目的探讨颈椎病前路减压后,应用自体髂骨植骨加前路钢板内固定、钛网植骨加前路钢板内固定、多枚颈椎钛金属Vigor椎间融合器及多枚聚醚醚酮(PEEK)融合器等不同重建方式,在恢复颈椎稳定性,维持颈椎病疗效的应用价值。方法总结2001年-2006年82例脊髓型颈椎病,采取椎体次全切+自体髂骨植骨+Windows钢板内固定术、椎体次全切+钛网植骨+Windows钢板内固定术、多个单间隙减压+颈椎Vigor椎间融合器及多个单间隙减压聚醚醚酮(PEEK)界面固定治疗。结果平均随访1.5年,82例患者颈椎生理前凸及椎间隙高度恢复满意,神经功能得到不同程度恢复。结论颈椎病前路手术后的神经功能恢复与减压的彻底性及脊髓受压变性密切相关,手术应达到充分减压,彻底解除脊髓压迫。应用自体髂骨植骨加前路钢板内固定、钛网植骨加前路钢板内固定、多枚颈椎钛金属Vigor椎间融合器及多枚聚醚醚酮(PEEK)融合器等不同重建方式,能使颈椎即刻稳定,维持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,有利于维持颈椎病的远期疗效。     

颈前路椎间融合术限制型与半限制型钢板内固定治疗颈椎病的比较研究

目的比较颈前路椎间融合术中限制型与半限制型钢板内固定治疗颈椎病术后维持颈椎前凸和椎间高度的差异。方法回顾性分析自2002-01—2014-12诊治的62例脊髓型颈椎病,其中28例行颈前路减压+钛网植骨融合+限制型钢板内固定术(限制型钢板组),34例行颈前路减压+钛网植骨融合+半限制型钢板内固定术(半限制型钢板组),比较2组术后植骨融合率、颈椎曲度、椎间高度及JOA评分。结果 62例均获得随访8~12个月,平均11个月。2组植骨材料(钛网)均与相邻椎体骨性融合。半限制型钢板组术后1年Cobb角较术后3 d增加幅度更大,差异有统计学意义(t=-9.894,P0.001)。2组术后1年与术后3 d的D值与融合节段椎体高度变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后3 d(t=0.801,P=0.426)与术后1年(t=0.437,P=0.663)的JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论限制型与半限制型钢板均可提供颈前路椎间融合术后颈椎的稳定性直至植骨材料(钛网)与相邻椎体骨性融合。钛网植骨和半限制型钢板共同使用时,更容易发生融合节段曲度的丢失。     

颈前路减压cage融合术与自体髂骨块植骨钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的中期疗效

目的:观察颈椎前路减压cage植骨融合术与颈椎前路减压自体髂骨块植骨融合钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的中期临床疗效。方法:2001年1月～2006年4月128例脊髓型颈椎病患者按照手术方式分为A、B两组,A组61例患者采用前路减压单纯PEEK cage植骨融合术治疗,其中病变节段与手术节段均为单节段22例,双节段39例;B组67例采用颈椎前路减压自体髂骨块植骨融合钛板内固定术,其中单节段27例,双节段40例。观察手术前后JOA评分、椎间高度和颈椎曲度情况。结果:A组手术时间为58.1±1.4min,术中出血量为42.4±2.0ml,B组分别为72.0±5.3min、82.7±3.9ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组23例(39.3%)出现一过性咽部不适,1例硬脊膜破裂,2例cage塌陷、移位;B组49例(73.1%)出现一过性咽部不适,1例硬脊膜破裂,5例髂骨供区痛,2例钉板松动。每组患者术后JOA评分、椎间高度和颈椎曲度均较术前明显改善(P<0.05),A、B组术后JOA评分改善率分别为(82.30±6.61)%和(83.80±4.42)%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访24～60个月,平均36个月,末次随访时A、B组椎间融合率分别为95.2%和96.3%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);末次随访时每组JOA评分、椎间高度和颈椎曲度与术后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前、术后和末次随访时JOA评分、椎间高度和颈椎曲度两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:颈椎前路减压cage植骨融合术与颈椎前路减压自体髂骨块植骨融合钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的中期疗效均较好,但前者手术方法简单、近期并发症少。     

前路椎体次全切钛网植骨钢板内固定治疗颈椎病的疗效观察

[目的]探讨前路椎体次全切减压钛网植骨钛板内固定治疗颈椎病的临床方法和疗效.[方法]2002年1月～2008年7月,作者采用颈前路椎体次全切除减压、钛网植骨融合、钛板内固定术治疗颈椎病69例.观察手术前后的症状、体征,使用JOA法进行神经功能评定,摄颈椎正侧位X线片,测量椎间高度.[结果]69例均得到随访,除2例术后出现短暂神经根症状加重外,其他患者术后临床症状均有不同程度的改善.术后3个月和24个月随访JOA评分都较术前明显提高,X线片显示全部病例术后颈椎生理曲度得到明显恢复,在术后24个月时均获得植骨融合,且椎间高度均有较好的恢复和维持.未发生伤口感染、钛板断裂、螺钉松动以及钛网下沉或移位等并发症.[结论]钛网植骨在重建颈椎稳定、维持椎间高度和生理曲度、提高植骨融合率等方面具有优势,为颈前路植骨提供了一种选择.     

颈前路带锁钛板在脊髓型颈椎病手术中的应用

目的评价脊髓型颈椎病前路减压后应用带锁钛板内固定的价值。方法对51例脊髓型颈椎病患者采用前路减压、取自体髂骨植骨和颈椎带锁钛板内固定治疗。结果随访43例,平均随访时间2a,术后3个月植骨块获得骨性融合,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持满意,感觉、肌力明显恢复,钛板及螺钉无松动及断裂现象。结论脊髓型颈椎病前路减压术后应用带锁钛板内固定能促使植骨块融合,有效地维持椎间高度和颈椎生理曲度,有较高的应用价值。     

钛质外科网和自体髂骨块在颈椎前路减压融合术中应用的对比性研究

目的:比较钛质外科网(简称“钛网”)与自体髂骨块在颈椎前路减压融合术中恢复、维持颈椎曲度及椎间高度上的差异。方法:对59例确诊为脊髓型颈椎病的患者行颈椎前路减压融合术,其中22例行钛网植骨加AO纯钛带锁钢板内固定,37例行自体髂骨块植入加AO纯钛带锁钢板内固定。分别摄术前、术后即刻、术后随访时的颈椎标准侧位X线片,以Cobb角测量融合节段的前凸(或后凸),以D值评价颈椎的前凸(或后凸),同时测量融合节段椎体前缘高度(HAB)、后缘高度(HPB)。对各参数不同时期间差值分别行组间配对t检验。结果:经9~18个月随访(平均10.8个月),所有病例均获骨性融合。术后3个月钛网组及自体髂骨块组融合节段后高(HPB)和前凸Cobb角相对于术后即刻变化有显著性差异(P<0.01);术后6个月钛网组及自体髂骨块组融合节段后高(HPB)和前凸Cobb角相对于术后3个月变化有显著性关(P<0.01)。但两组的D值无显著性差异。结论:在维持融合节段椎体后缘高度和前凸上钛网优于自体髂骨块,但在维持颈椎曲度上无显著性差异。     

钛网与自体髂骨应用于颈椎前路手术的研究

[目的]比较钛网与自体髂骨在脊髓型颈椎病前路椎体次全切手术中植骨融合、重建颈椎稳定性和经济支出的差异。[方法]回顾性研究2009年1月~2011年12月86例行前路减压融合术的脊髓型颈椎病患者资料,均为单节段或双节段患者。其中49例采用钛网植骨内固定,男31例,女18例;年龄39~71岁,平均49.8岁;另外37例采用自体髂骨植骨内固定,男23例,女14例;年龄36~64岁,平均51.3岁。[结果]两组患者颈部切口和髂骨组患者取骨区切口均I期愈合,两组患者均无术中并发症,术后无脑脊液漏以及伤口感染。随访时间28~39个月,平均33.6个月。髂骨组手术时间长于钛网组(P0.05),而住院费用低于钛网组(P0.05)。所有患者均于6~9个月获得骨性融合,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后JOA评分两组在各随访时间点差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月开始Cobb角相对于术后即刻的改变髂骨组较钛网组明显(P0.05);术后9个月之后的融合节段前缘高度(HAB)值相对于术后即刻改变两组间有差异(P0.05),髂骨组变化较大。[结论]颈前路椎体次全切除术治疗脊髓型颈椎病,无论采用钛网还是自体髂骨植骨均可获得较好的治疗效果,前者经济支出较高,但其在维持融合节段椎体高度以及颈椎曲度方面具有优势。     

Pitfalls of anterior cervical fusion using titanium mesh and local autograft

Cervical fusion cages have been developed to provide an anterior structural support without harvesting tricortical iliac bone. Limited numbers of investigations have focused on pitfalls of anterior cervical fusion using cage implants. The objective of this study is to report clinical results and implant-related complications in anterior cervical fusion using titanium mesh and anterior plating. Twenty-four cases with anterior cervical fusion using a titanium mesh with local autograft and anterior plating were reviewed. One-level fusion was performed in 7 cases, and 17 patients underwent two-level fusion with corpectomy. The mean follow-up period was 27 months. Radiographic assessment included sagittal alignment, fusion status, and complications related to cage implants. Iliac bone graft harvesting was obviated in all the patients, whereas 15 patients required concomitant use of ceramic bone substitute. Sagittal alignment of the operative level was lordotic in 19 cases (79%) and neutral in 5 cases (21%) at the final follow-up. No late kyphotic collapse was observed. Twenty-three cases (96%) achieved a solid fusion, whereas the time to fusion was averaged 6.2 months. Cage subsidence frequently occurred in 42% of upper vertebrae and 50% of lower vertebrae. The use of titanium mesh and local autograft for anterior cervical fusion obviated the need for harvesting iliac bone block and provided structural anterior column support. However, it required a longer period to achieve a solid fusion when compared with tricortical iliac autograft. Cage subsidence was frequently observed in the early postoperative period.     

两种前路减压融合术治疗颈椎间盘突出症的比较

目的对前路颈椎间盘切除减压的碳纤维椎间融合器(cage)植入术与自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症(CDH)进行临床疗效及影像学评估。方法需要手术治疗的单节段CDH患者60例,其中前路减压cage植入术31例,自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术29例。术前、术后及随访期间摄X线片,比较两组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、症状改善率、融合时间、融合率、融合节段椎体间高度的维持情况。结果cage植入术较自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术手术时间短,出血少(P<0.01)。两组融合节段椎体间高度较术前均明显改善(P<0.01)。两组间症状改善率、融合率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。cage植入术较自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术并发症少。结论cage植入术和自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术都是前路减压治疗单节段CDH的重要而有效的方法。而cage植入术在减小手术创伤的同时,可以获得同样的临床效果,是治疗单节段CDH理想的术式之一。     

颈椎前路不同融合方式维持椎间高度的对照研究

目的 比较颈椎前路自体植骨、环锯减压加椎间融合器（cage）以及自体植骨加钢板内固定对术后椎间高度的维持效果。方法 对1998年3月至2004年6月收治的117例接受颈椎前路融合术的颈椎病患者进行回顾性分析。其中男65例,女52例;年龄31-72岁,平均57岁。117例患者中1个椎间隙受压91例,2个椎间隙受压26例。行单纯自体三面皮质髂骨植骨31例（单纯植骨组）;环锯减压加cage自体植骨38例（cage融合组）;自体三面皮质髂骨加自锁钢板固定48例（钢板内固定组）。融合节段高度测量采用融合节段上下终板中部高度。脊髓功能采用JOA评分方法。统计学方法采用单因素方差分析。结果 所有患者均获得随访,随访时间13～59个月,平均23个月。至最后随访时,单纯植骨组椎间高度平均丢失1.94mm,明显高于cage融合组1．48mm和钢板内固定组1．25mm,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后1年,各组脊髓功能恢复均满意,差异无统计学意义。钢板内固定组有3例出现内固定失败,再手术后恢复满意。无其他严重并发症发生。结论颈椎前路融合术中,合理选用cage或钢板内固定可有效维持术后椎间高度。     

A prospective clinical comparison of rectangular titanium cages and iliac crest autografts in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

The complications of autogenous bone grafting cause spinal surgeons to seek alternative methods for cervical spinal fusion. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rectangular titanium cages as compared to the widely performed iliac crest autograft fusion. Thirty-six patients with cervical disc disease in whom an anterior cervical approach was indicated for discectomy were included in a prospective controlled study protocol with 1-year follow-up. The first 18 consecutive patients received iliac crest autograft, while the next 18 received rectangular titanium cages. According to Odom's criteria, 15 of 18 (83%) patients in both groups experienced good to excellent functional recovery. According to the patient satisfaction index, 17 of 18 (94%) in both groups were satisfied. There were no significant differences in neck or arm pain. Fusion was present after 1 year in 16 of 18 (89%) patients in the iliac crest autograft group and 15 of 18 (83%) in the rectangular titanium cage group. In the autograft group, one case of pseudarthrosis was present, and marked hip pain was observed in four patients. There were no implant-related complications in the cage group. The authors conclude that titanium cages in anterior cervical discectomy constitute a safe and efficient alternative to iliac crest bone autograft.     

颈椎前路椎体次全切除钛网植骨早期塌陷的探讨

目的探讨颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压钛网植骨钢板内固定患者钛网应用优缺点.方法57例脊髓型颈椎病患者,病变累及2个间隙49例,3个间隙5例,采用前路椎体次全切除减压钛网植骨并辅以4种不同带锁钢板内固定,其中Orion钢板25例,Zephir钢板11例,Coddman 10例,CSLP钢板11例.对其疗效及钛网融合情况进行评价.结果57例中51例获6～17月随访,植骨均在12周达到临床愈合,3例患者在术后6周发生钛网下沉,颈椎椎间高度降低,颈椎曲度减小,但术后病人主观感觉满意,3月后复查未见进一步下沉.结论钛网植骨比自体髂骨植骨有优越之处,但有发生下沉的可能.正确处理终板、合适的撑开高度、修剪面进行适当处理以及选择全锁定钢板,以降低下沉发生率.     

Anterior cervical allograft arthrodesis and instrumentation: Multilevel interbody grafting or strut graft reconstruction

This retrospective study evaluated a single surgeon's series of patients treated by multilevel cervical disc excision (two or three levels), allograft tricortical iliac crest arthrodesis, and anterior instrumentation. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare fusion success and clinical outcome between multilevel Smith-Robinson interbody grafting and tricortical iliac strut graft reconstruction, both supplemented with anterior instrumentation in the cervical spine. The incidence of nonunion for cervical discectomy and fusion varies widely depending on the number of disc levels involved, type of bone graft used, and whether the anterior grafting is supplemented with instrumentation. An alternative to multilevel interbody fusion is corpectomy and strut grafting, in which the incidence of nonunion has been reported to be 27% with autograft and 41% with allograft. Sixty-four consecutive patients who underwent allograft tricortical iliac crest reconstruction and anterior cervical plating were studied. The average follow-up was 39 months. There were 38 patients in the discectomy and interbody grafting group and 26 patients in the corpectomy and strut graft reconstruction group. Pseudoarthrosis occurred in 42% of the anterior cervical interbody fusion patients and 31% of the corpectomy patients. Nonunion in two-level interbody fusions occurred in 36% of the patients as compared to 10% for patients with one-level corpectomies; while 54% of patients with three-level interbody fusions and 44% of patients with two-level corpectomies were noted to have pseudoarthrosis. Higher percentages of nonunion were noted in multilevel interbody grafting than in corpectomy with strut grafting and when more vertebral levels were involved. These radiographic and clinical findings underscore the shortcomings of multilevel anterior cervical allograft reconstruction with plating. Corpectomy may be the preferred method when multiple disc levels are fused. In addition, anterior corpectomy affords decompression of significant osteophytes in a safer and quicker manner. In retrospective studies, there is a need for long-term follow-up before accurate statements can be made about the study population.     

脊髓型颈椎病前路减压内固定价值

目的：评价脊髓型颈椎病前路减压后应用内固定的价值。方法：对112例脊髓型颈椎病患者采用经前路减压、自体髂骨或钛质网笼植骨及AO颈椎带锁钢板内固定,获得随访104例,平均随访时间30个月,观察植骨融合率、融合节段间高度和颈椎生理曲度维持情况以及内植物并发症,并对神经功能恢复进行评价。 结果：94例单节段和两节段病变者术后3个月内获得牢固骨性融合,融合率为100％,10例三节段手术者融合率为80％,内植物并发症为2．9％（3／104）。全部病例术后椎间高度和生理曲度维持满意,JOA评分由术前平均10．3分提高到术后平均14．8分,平均改善率为67．2％。结论：脊髓型颈椎病前路手术后采用内固定可显著提高植骨融合率,并有效地维持椎间高度和颈椎生理曲度,有广泛的应用价值。     

颈椎前路椎体次全切减压全接触钛网植骨融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病对患者NDI评分的影响观察

目的观察颈椎前路椎体次全切减压全接触钛网植骨融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病对患者颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)评分的影响。方法选择我院2012年2月至2017年10月收治的脊髓型颈椎病患者56例,分对照组(28例)和观察组(28例),对照组进行颈椎前路髓核摘除加植骨内固定术,观察组进行颈椎前路椎体次全切减压全接触钛网植骨融合术。术后进行为期6个月的随访,比较两组患者手术时间、术中失血量、住院时间和椎间丢失高度,并统计患者术前和术后6个月NDI、日本骨科学会(JOA)评分,计算植骨融合率和术后改善率。结果观察组手术时间短于对照组(P0.05),术中失血量少于对照组(P0.05),住院时间与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);观察组椎间丢失高度与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);观察组术后JOA评分明显高于对照组(P0.05),NDI明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组植骨融合率96.43%与对照组的82.14%无显著差异(P0.05),术后改善率86.94±3.52%高于对照组的83.77±4.16%(P0.05)。结论颈椎前路椎体次全切减压全接触钛网植骨融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效较好,可明显降低患者NDI。