腹腔镜胃癌根治术应重视的若干问题

1994年日本Kitano等首次报道腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗早期胃癌，此后国内外应用腹腔镜手术治疗早期胃癌的报道日渐增多，多中心前瞻性随机临床对照试验表明：早期胃癌行腹腔镜手术的近期疗效优于传统开腹手术，远期疗效与开腹手术相当，因此早期胃癌行腹腔镜手术得到国内外学者的一致肯定，在日本已成为IA期胃癌的标准治疗方案之一；     

胃癌腹腔镜手术现状

腹腔镜胃癌手术自1994年日本Kitano等首次报道以来，由于其相对于传统的胃癌手术具有明显的微创优势，且能够治疗有淋巴结转移风险的胃癌患者，因而在全世界逐步得到了开展。据日本内镜外科协会调查结果显示，到2003年为止，日本共有7800例胃癌患者采取腹腔镜胃癌手术，其中主要为早期胃癌，腹腔镜早期胃癌手术经过10余年的发展，技术上已逐渐成熟，取得了与开腹手术相当的近远期疗效，已被新版的日本胃癌治疗规约接受为IA期胃癌的标准治疗方案之一。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术进展

腹腔镜胃癌根治术在Et本、韩国等国家已得到较为广泛的开展,成为早期胃癌的标准手术方式之一。随着腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术在技术上的不断成熟,腹腔镜技术在进展期胃癌中的应用已逐步得到更多学者的认可。已有临床研究表明,随着腹腔镜操作技术的不断熟练、学习曲线的缩短,腹腔镜胃癌根治术中、术后并发症的发生率已与开腹手术无明显差异,甚至低于开腹手术,其在操作技术上的可行性、安全性已逐步得到证实。近年来关于腹腔镜胃癌根治术的报道逐渐增多,腹腔镜胃癌根治术是当前胃癌外科治疗的热点问题。     

腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术中胃周血管的解剖概要

腹腔镜手术以其显著的微创优势已成为外科医生治疗早期胃癌的首选方式之一。随着腹腔镜手术经验的不断积累,腹腔镜远端胃癌D：根治术已逐步应用于治疗进展期胃癌。然而,该术式在技术层面的要求高,尤其是在进行D2淋巴结清扫时,对于准备开展该术式的外科医生而言．术中突发的出血状况往往是阻扰他们顺利进行手术的原因之一。因此,熟练掌握胃周血管的解剖对安全有效地实施腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术是必需的。     

腹腔镜胃癌手术的应用现状

早期胃癌的腹腔镜应用已取得国内外的共识,进展期胃癌尽管已经取得了较好的临床效果,仍尚待前瞻性多中心临床随机对照研究。随着医疗器械性能的改善,手术技术的成熟,手术经验的积累,相信胃癌的腹腔镜微创诊疗必将更好的服务于广大患者。现对腹腔镜下早期胃癌及进展期胃癌的应用、具体方法、理论认识等作一综述。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术淋巴结清扫技巧

正1994年,Kitano等~([1])首次报道了腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗早期胃癌。经过二十余年的发展,腹腔镜早期胃癌根治术已被新版的日本胃癌治疗规约接受为IA期胃癌的标准治疗方案之一。1997年,Goh等~([2])首次将腹腔镜技术用于治疗局部进展期远端胃癌,取得了良好的近期疗效,促使腹腔镜胃癌根治术的手术指征从早期胃癌扩大到较早期的进展期胃癌,在世界范围内得到较为广泛的开展~([3-6])。胃的解剖层面多,血供丰     

腹腔镜胃癌手术应注意的几个问题

胃癌腹腔镜手术治疗是近年研究的热点,1994年日本Kitano等[1]首次报道腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗早期胃癌,此后应用逐渐广泛,研究表明:早期胃癌行腹腔镜手术的近期疗效优于传统开腹手术,远期疗效与开腹手术相当,得到国内外学者的一致肯定,在日本已成为ⅠA期胃癌的标准治疗方案之一.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治手术与技巧

腹腔镜胃癌手术于1994年由日本学者Kitano等最先报道,其不仅可以做到对原发病灶的完全切除,还可以进行适当范围的淋巴结清扫,同时具有确切的微创优势,已发展成为早期胃癌的标准术式之一.近年来,随着腹腔镜胃癌手术技术的不断成熟、相关设备和器械的改进,腹腔镜胃癌根治术完全可以达到与开腹手术相当的淋巴结清扫范围和数量,其在技术上的安全性、可行性已得到证实,适应证也从早期胃癌逐渐扩大到部分进展期胃癌[1].     

腹腔镜胃癌淋巴结清扫的策略

1994年日本Kitano等首次报道了腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗早期胃癌，由于其相对于传统的胃癌根治术，具有明显的微创优势，因而在国内外逐步得到开展。目前，腹腔镜胃癌根治术用于早期胃癌治疗的临床报道较多。取得了与开腹手术相当的近远期疗效固，也使腹腔镜胃癌根治术的手术指征从早期胃癌扩大到较早期的进展期胃癌。1997年Goh等首次将腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术用于治疗进展期胃癌，由于该手术包括肿瘤根治切除、扩大淋巴结清扫和消化道重建三个技术环节，手术难度大，特别是腹腔镜下能否达到与开腹手术相当的淋巴结清扫范围和平均淋巴结清扫数量，这是腹腔镜胃癌根治手术开展伊始众多学者疑虑和关注的焦点。     

腹腔镜胃癌手术操作指南(2007版)

胃癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一。各单位胃癌根治术后5年生存率有所不同，多数在20％-30％，少数40％-50％。胃癌根治可选择传统开腹或腹腔镜根治术。腹腔镜胃癌根治术在日本、韩国等国家已得到较为广泛的开展，成为早期胃癌的标准手术方式之一。随着腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术在技术上的不断成熟，腹腔镜技术在进展期胃癌中的应用已逐步得到更多学者的认可。     

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Gastric Cancer: The Future Standard of Care

Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer was first reported by Kitano et al. in 1991. Laparoscopic wedge resection (LWR) and intragastric mucosal resection (IGMR) were quickly adapted for gastric cancer limited to the mucosal layer and having no risk of lymph node metastasis. Following improvements in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), the use of LWR and IGMR for these indications decreased, and patients with gastric cancer, including those with a risk of lymph node metastases, were more likely to be managed with laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) with lymph node dissection. Many retrospective comparative trials and randomized-controlled trials (RCT) have confirmed that LG is safe and feasible, and that short-term outcomes are better than those of open gastrectomy (OG) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). However, these trials did not include a satisfactory number of patients to establish clinical evidence. Thus, additional multicenter randomized-controlled trials are needed to delineate significantly quantifiable differences between LG and OG. As laparoscopic experience has accumulated, the indications for LG have been broadened to include older and overweight patients and those with advanced gastric cancer. Moreover, advanced techniques, such as laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy, laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy, laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG), and extended lymph node dissection (D2) have been widely performed.     

腹腔镜胃癌手术不应忽视肿瘤治疗的原则

自1994年Kitano报道首例腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除联合淋巴结清扫手术以来,近年在日本和韩国,腹腔镜手术已被广泛应用于淋巴结转移风险低的早期胃癌.腹腔镜胃癌手术的目的在于最大限度地减少手术创伤,提高患者生活质量,但要以保证手术的根治性为前提.随着腹腔镜手术经验的不断积累,目前腹腔镜胃切除术的指征已逐渐从早期胃癌扩大到进展期胃癌.但是由于缺乏长期疗效的循证医学证据支持,腹腔镜手术在进展期胃癌中的运用尚存争议.因此,为保证腹腔镜胃癌手术获得与传统开腹手术相似的临床疗效,必须严格遵循肿瘤治疗的基本原则,诸如合适的病例选择,充分的手术切缘,规范的D2淋巴结清扫及符合无瘤原则等.     

机器人与腹腔镜行胃癌手术近期疗效比较的Meta分析

目的:系统评价机器人与腹腔镜行胃癌手术后的近期疗效。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国学术期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库等,同时辅以其他检索,收集所有关于机器人与腹腔镜行胃癌手术后近期疗效比较的文献,检索时限均从建库至2013年12月。由2名评价员按纳入标准筛选文献、提取资料并进行文献质量评价,采用RevMan5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果:共有8篇研究符合纳入标准(2 276例患者)。Meta分析结果显示,机器人手术行胃癌切除所用时间明显长于腹腔镜手术组[MD=37.82,95%CI=(21.82,53.82)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);机器人手术行胃癌切除过程中的出血量明显少于腹腔镜手术组[MD=-53.79,95%CI=(-70.01,-37.57)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);肛门排气时间、术后住院时间机器人组均短于腹腔镜组,MD、95%CI分别为[-0.26,(-0.47,-0.06)]、[-0.66,(-1.20,-0.12)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者在淋巴结清扫数量、术后并发症方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:机器人系统辅助胃癌手术安全、可行,具有术中出血少、术后康复快等优点,可取得与腹腔镜手术相同的肿瘤根治效果。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术联合腹腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术治疗早期胃癌26例分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）联合腹腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术治疗早期胃癌的可行性和临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2013年8月期间在江南大学附属医院行ESD联合腹腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术治疗的26例早期胃癌患者的临床资料。对这些患者先行腹腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术,如冰冻病理学检查结果提示有淋巴结转移,则行腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术;如提示无淋巴结转移,则行ESD。结果 本组26例患者共检出SLN 95枚,（3.7±1.4）枚/例,（1～6枚/例）;有2例患者因SLN阳性而行腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术,24例患者行ESD。26例患者术后随访时间5～46个月,中位随访时间22个月。ESD术后无病生存率（DFS）为91.7% （22/24）,局部复发率为4.2% （1/24）;总体DFS为96.2% （25/26）。结论 ESD治疗早期胃癌是安全、可行的,联合腹腔镜胃癌前哨淋巴结活检术更符合肿瘤根治原则。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术对伴发慢性阻塞性肺病患者的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗伴发慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）胃癌患者的可行性。方法回顾性分析第三军医大学西南医院2010年1月至2013年10月实施胃癌根治术的340例伴发COPD胃癌患者的临床资料,其中78例行开腹手术（开腹组）,262例行腹腔镜手术（腹腔镜组．腹内压维持在8～10mmHg）,比较两组术后肺部并发症的发生情况以及与术后肺部并发症发生的相关因素。结果腹腔镜组的手术时间[（220．4±19．1）rain]明显长于开腹组[（194．2±31．5）min,P=0．000],而术中失血量[（131．2±14．7）m1]明显小于开腹组[（246．7±49．0）ml,P=0．000]。腹腔镜组和开腹组患者术后肺部并发症发生率分别为5,3％（14／262）和15．4％（12／78）,差异有统计学意义（P=0．003）。多因素分析结果显示,COPD严重程度是术后出现肺部并发症的独立影响因素（P=0．031,HR=2．456,95％CI：1．306～1．789）,而采用腹腔镜手术还是开腹手术不是其独立影响因素（P=0．126）。结论应用较低腹内压的腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗伴发轻、中度COPD的胃癌患者是安全可行的。     

Function-Preserving Gastrectomy for Early Gastric Cancer

The number of early gastric cancer (EGC) cases has been increasing because of improved diagnostic procedures. Applications of function-preserving gastric cancer surgery may therefore also be increasing because of its low incidence of lymph node metastasis, excellent survival rates, and the possibility of less-invasive procedures such as laparoscopic gastrectomy being used in combination. Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) with radical lymph node dissection is one such function-preserving procedure that has been applied for EGC, with the indications, limitations, and survival benefits of PPG already reported in several retrospective studies. Laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy has also been applied for EGC of the upper third of the stomach, although this procedure can be associated with the 2 major problems of reflux esophagitis and carcinoma arising in the gastric stump. In the patient with EGC in the upper third of the stomach, laparoscopy-assisted subtotal gastrectomy with a preserved very small stomach may provide a better quality of life for the patients and fewer postoperative complications. Finally, the laparoscopy endoscopy cooperative surgery procedure combines endoscopic submucosal dissection with laparoscopic gastric wall resection, which prevents excessive resection and deformation of the stomach after surgery and was recently applied for EGC cases without possibility of lymph node metastasis. Function-preserving laparoscopic gastrectomy is recommended for the treatment of EGC if the indication followed by accurate diagnosis is strictly confirmed. Preservation of remnant stomach sometimes causes severe postoperative dysfunctions such as delayed gastric retention in PPG, esophageal reflux in PG, and gastric stump carcinoma in the remnant stomach. Moreover, these techniques present technical difficulties to the surgeon. Although many retrospective studies showed the functional benefit or oncological safety of function-preserving gastrectomy, further prospective studies using large case series are necessary.     

Modern treatment of early gastric cancer: review of the Japanese experience

BACKGROUND: Recently, detections of early gastric cancer (EGC) have been increasing, and the treatment strategies for gastric cancer have been changing. To demonstrate recent clinical experience of EGC in Japan and to assess modern strategies for the treatment of EGC, we investigated the English-language literature of the past 10 years through computer searches. METHODS: This article intends to provide gastric surgeons with recent Japanese experience of the treatment for EGC. In a search for modern treatments of EGC, we selected 100 papers published in well-known medical journals, and focused on the following items of EGC: (1) prognostic factors, (2) endoscopic treatment, (3) surgical procedures, and (4) Japanese guidelines. RESULTS: The most important factor influencing the survival of patients with EGC is the status of lymph node metastasis. The incidence of lymph node metastasis is 1-3% for mucosal cancers and 11-20% for submucosal cancers. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a technique for the treatment of EGC, and the recent indication includes the tumors confined to the mucosa up to 3 cm in size or those invading the superficial submucosa. Surgical procedures include conventional Billroth I gastrectomy, limited resections, and laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic wedge resection using the lesion-lifting method and laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy provide less pain, faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. Guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer proposed by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association show that patients with mucosal cancer can be managed by EMR or distal gastrectomy, whereas patients with submucosal cancer are candidates for distal gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. CONCLUSION: Although the prognosis of patients with EGC depends on the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, most are successfully treated by modern endoscopic or surgical techniques. Laparoscopic surgery and limited resections will contribute to the better quality of life of patients with EGC.     

A multicenter study on oncologic outcome of laparoscopic gastrectomy for early cancer in Japan

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer is technically feasible, but it is not widely accepted because it has not been evaluated from the standpoint of oncologic outcome. We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study of a large series of patients in Japan to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy for early gastric cancer (EGC). METHODS: The study group comprised 1294 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy during the period April 1994 through December 2003 in 16 participating surgical units (Japanese Laparoscopic Surgery Study Group). The short- and long-term outcomes of these patients were examined. RESULTS: Distal gastrectomy was performed in 1185 patients (91.5%), proximal gastrectomy in 54 (4.2%), and total gastrectomy in 55 (4.3%); all were performed laparoscopically. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with these operations were 14.8% and 0%, respectively. Histologically, 1212 patients (93.7%) had stage IA disease, 75 (5.8%) had stage IB disease, and 7 (0.5%) had stage II disease (the UICC staging). Cancer recurred in only 6 (0.6%) of 1294 patients treated curatively (median follow-up, 36 months; range, 13-113 months). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 99.8% for stage IA disease, 98.7% for stage IB disease, and 85.7% for stage II disease. CONCLUSIONS: Although our findings may be considered preliminary, our data indicate that laparoscopic surgery for EGC yields good short- and long-term oncologic outcomes.     

腹腔镜下残胃癌切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下残胃癌切除术的安全性及可行性.方法 回顾性分析2009年4月至2012年2月期间兰州军区兰州总医院普外科收治的12例施行腹腔镜残胃癌手术切除患者的临床资料,分析手术方式、方法,评价其疗效.结果 12例残胃癌患者中,在腹腔镜下完成根治性残胃切除9例,姑息性残胃切除2例,中转开腹行姑息性残胃切除1例.术后均获得随访,随访时间为6～28个月,发生肝转移死亡2例,发生腹膜转移死亡2例,余8例患者仍生存.结论 腹腔镜下残胃癌手术切除技术上安全可行,近期疗效满意.     

腹腔镜胃切除术在胃癌治疗中应用的现状

如今腹腔镜技术已经广泛应用于各种临床疾病的诊断与治疗,以其微创的优势显著改善患者的预后.而在胃癌治疗中,常常根据肿瘤生长的位置以及侵袭情况选择不同的腹腔镜胃切除术.但是,腹腔镜胃切除术在胃癌手术治疗中并没有得到广泛的推广应用,原因主要在于存在的一些技术难题,不能很好地控制术后并发症和缺乏长期肿瘤学转归证据.随着一些新兴技术的出现和外科医师的经验积累,这些问题可能会得到一定程度的解决.本文就腹腔镜技术在胃癌手术治疗中的应用现状作一概述.