足趾移植再造拇手指顽固性动脉痉挛的处理体会

目的 介绍足趾移植再造拇、手指术中和术后发生顽固性动脉痉挛的处理方法。方法 对19例拇手指缺损的患者，应用游离第二足趾移植再造拇手指术，其中10例在足趾游离后血管断蒂前发生动脉顽固性痉挛，术中仍按常规处理方法进行血管断蒂，拇、手指再造术。9例发生在第二足趾移植再造拇、手指血管吻合通血后至术后83h出现动脉顽固性痉挛而行手术探查，术中将痉挛段动脉切除，取前臂浅静脉作移植。结果 术后按显微外科常规方法处理，19例再造拇、手指全部获得成活。结论 对拇、手指再造术中和术后出现的顽固性动脉痉挛，采用即时性断蒂或静脉移植桥接动脉的方法是可行、有效的。     

10例拇、手指再造术后血管危象分析

目的:探讨拇、手指再造术后发生血管危象的原因,治疗方法及预防.方法:对10例拇、手指再造术后发生血管危象的患者进行回顾性分析,讨论血管危象发生的可能原因及处理,并对此做好预防措施.手术探查取出血管栓塞并重新吻合6例,经镇痛止痛解挛等治疗后纠正2例,1例通过换药,拆除部分缝线,1例通过指端切口放血并用肝素棉球湿敷等处理解决回流障碍.结果:10例经相关处理后血管危象均顺利解除,指体全部成活,成活率100％.经6月-5牟随访,平均24个月,再造指体功能恢复良好,感觉恢复满意,2-PD 5-9mm.结论:拇、手指再造术后血管危象的预防和及时正确处理是提高拇、手指再造成活率的重要保证.     

拇指及手指再造手术血管危象164例临床分析

目的探讨拇、手指再造血管危象的诱因、处理方法与预防措施。方法复习164例拇、手指再造血管危象的病历，分别记录血管危象的类型、发生时间、诱发原因、处理方法与转归，并对结果进行统计、分析。结果本组血管危象发生率为18．4％。其中动脉栓塞85例，动脉痉挛52例，静脉栓塞6例，静脉痉挛14例，动静脉均栓塞7例，经处置后，缓解150例188指，坏死14例14指，处置成功率为93．1％(188／202)。结论拇、手指再造血管危象的及时、恰当处置对提高手术成功率至关重要。为了减少血管危象的发生，应采取适当的预防措施。     

拇手指再造的多组织移植术后血管危象探讨

目的通过回顾多个游离组织再造拇手指并修复足部供区的患者资料,探讨术后血管危象发生的原因及有效处理方法,提高移植组织成活率。方法 2012年2月—2015年10月,收治59例拇手指缺损患者。男46例,女13例;年龄18~42岁,平均30.6岁。采用不同形式的与?甲瓣同一血管蒂的复合组织瓣移植再造拇手指并修复皮肤缺损,同时用穿支皮瓣修复供区,共涉及197个游离组织。术后17例21个游离组织(10.7%)(再造指或皮瓣)发生血管危象,其中动脉危象8例9个游离组织(4.6%),静脉危象10例12个游离组织(6.1%)。首先均行保守治疗;7例8个游离组织因保守治疗无效,行术中探查发现4例5个游离组织吻合口栓塞,1例1个游离组织血管蒂扭曲,1例1个游离组织血肿压迫,1例1个游离组织吻合口栓塞合并血肿压迫,予以清理血肿、切除栓塞血管、调节血管张力、重新吻合或血管移植处理。结果动脉危象患者中,5例5个游离组织经保守治疗后症状缓解,全部成活;3例4个游离组织行手术探查者,其中1个发生部分坏死。静脉危象患者中,6例8个游离组织经保守治疗后1个发生坏死,1个发生部分坏死;4例4个游离组织行手术探查,其中1个部分坏死。4个发生坏死部位,2个行再次皮瓣修复,2个行植皮修复,均成活。结论多个游离组织移植再造拇手指术后血管危象情况复杂,一旦发现危象应及时处理,可获得较高成活率。     

足趾移植手指再造术血管危象的防治

目的 探讨术前评估、术后处理在足趾移植手指再造术血管危象防治中的作用.方法 回顾1995-2007年间,我院收治的203例236指再造手术的患者,提出了术前、术中、术后各个环节防治血管危象的必要性,分析血管危象发生的时间、性质以及不同的处理和转归,比较2004年后针对性术前处理(多普勒超声检测及低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗)对减少血管危象发生的影响.结果 足趾移植再造术后41指发生血管危象,其中19指经保守治疗后,危象缓解,再造指全部存活;手术探查22指,成活21指,失败1指.总成活率达99.6%.2004年后收治的123指再造术,经针对性术前处理后,术后血管危象发生率为12.2%,较之2004年以前的23.0%有明显的降低.结论 提高足趾移植拇、手指再造的成活率,关键在于如何减少血管危象的发生.严谨的手术设计,把握术前、术中、术后三个环节的处理是降低血管危象发生的重要因素,积极手术探查则可以有效地提高成活率.     

焦虑抑郁对再造手指患者发生血管危象的影响及干预

目的探讨焦虑、抑郁对再造手指患者发生血管危象的影响及干预。方法对108例（140指）行手指再造患者采用医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）进行调查，并依此分为阳性组（83例，108指）和阴性组（25例，32指），再用随机方法将阳性组分为A组（26例，32指）、B组（28例，37指）和C组（29例，39指）。阴性组和A组采用常规治疗护理；B组在此基础上加用复方冬眠合剂治疗5d；C组在常规治疗护理方法上进行心理疏导干预。观察阳性患者A、B、C3组出院时HAD阳性率和4组患者术后血管危象发生率。结果血管危象发生率阴性组与A组比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）：A组与B组及C组比较，均P〈0.05.差异有显著性意义；B组与C组比较，P〉0.05，差异无显著性意义；阴性组与B组及C组比较，均P〉0.05，差异无显著性意义；A、B、C3组出院时HAD阳性率，A组与B组比较，P〉0.05.差异无显著性意义：A组与C组、B组与C组比较，均P〈0.01，差异有显著性意义。结论焦虑抑郁情绪可明显增加再造手指血管危象的发生率；药物干预作用虽能降低再造手指血管危象发生率，但不能彻底消除患者的焦虑抑郁症状；有针对性地进行心理疏导干预能有效减轻惠者的焦虑抑郁症状，降低血管危象发生率。     

拇趾趾尖移植再造拇、手指指尖

目的分析利用拇趾趾尖移植再造拇、手指指尖的临床效果。方法2009年5月-2012年7月对18例18指指尖缺损患者,采用拇趾趾尖组织游离移植进行修复再造,常规吻合腓侧趾底动脉、趾底神经、趾背静脉。结果再造18例18指全部成活。1例术后早期发生血管危象,经手术探查后成活。术后全部病例均得到随访,随访时间为6个月-2年,再造手指外形接近正常手指,功能恢复良好。供区拇趾外形、功能无明显影响。结论拇趾趾尖移植再造拇、手指指尖,外形、功能好,供区损伤小,是指尖缺损的理想修复方法。     

手指中、末节缺损的显微外科再造

目的 报道手指中、末节缺损的显微外科修复方法。方法 本组采用吻合趾-指动、静脉和缝合神经的方法再造手指43例56指。结果 本组43例56指全部成活，其中有8例术后发生动脉危象，4例发生静脉危象，经积极处理或手术探查均成活。31例随访8个月～5年，患对再造指外形及功能满意。结论 拇、手指Ⅱ、Ⅲ度缺损时采用本术式具有不牺牲主要血管，创伤小、疗程短等优点，但需要术具有熟练的显微外科技术。     

指甲延长术在第二足趾移植再造拇手指中的应用

目的总结指甲延长术在第二足趾游离移植再造拇、手指中的临床经验。方法对6例行第二足趾移植再造拇指（5例）、中指（1例）的患者，进行指甲延长术。其中一期手术5例，二期手术1例。在距甲根皮缘约5．0．6．0mm处，去除一块矩形皮肤，勿损伤皮下血管网。其高度约2．0～3．0mm，宽度与趾甲相等，将“U”形皮瓣向近端轻柔推剥后缝合。结果术后1例足部供区发生浅表感染，经换药后愈合。6例再造拇、手指及甲部皮瓣全部存活。术后随访7个月～2年，平均13个月。再造拇、手指指甲生长良好，与健侧第二趾相比，指甲增加长度为2．0～3．0mm，外形较满意。结论对第二足趾游离移植再造拇、手指中应用指甲延长术，可改善再造指指甲的外形，术后指甲生长无畸形，是一种简单有效的手术方法。     

拇手指再造术的临床体会

目的探讨足趾组织游离移植拇手指再造手术的临床疗效。方法自2000年9月-2007年4月，针对各种类型的拇手指缺损或软组织缺损，采用不同形式的足趾组织游离移植进行拇手指再造手术共42例46指。结果再造手指坏死1例，其余41例45指全部成活。随访时间3个月～2年，按中华医学会手外科分会上肢部分功能评定试用标准进行评定：优15指，良20指，可8指，差2指。结论适宜的手术时机、娴熟的显微外科技术、血管变异与危象的正确处理和积极的康复训练，是足趾组织游离移植拇手指再造手术成功的关键。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.