医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾动脉出血

目的探讨急诊经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）治疗NN性肾动脉出血的疗效。方法对49例医源性肾动脉出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行栓塞。结果。肾动脉造影显示31例对比剂外溢,肾动静脉瘘7例,肾假性动脉瘤4例,假性动脉瘤破裂合并肾动静脉瘘5例,肾动脉一肾盏瘘2例。TAE后,所有患者出血完全停止,无严重并发症出现。术后随访12～16个月,均无再次出血。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肾出血安全、有效,具有较高临床价值。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾部分切除术后假性动脉瘤4例报告

目的：探讨应用超选择性肾动脉栓塞技术治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床经验。方法：回顺性分析2010年10月～2012年8月肾部分切除术后出现4例假性动脉瘤患者的临床资料：均出现肉眼血尿,经肾动脉造影检查确诊,并同期行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果：血尿于栓塞后消失,似性动脉瘤也完全消失。随访2个月～2年未见复发。结论：采用超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾部分切除术后假性动脉瘤安全有效。     

超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗经皮肾镜取石术术后肾出血

目的评价超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）术后肾出血的临床价值。方法对PCNL术后并发肾出血的35例患者行超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术,栓塞材料为0．018in微弹簧圈,部分病例加用少量明胶海绵颗粒。术后随访3-24个月。结果术中造影发现24例单纯肾段以下小动脉损伤,6例合并假性动脉瘤,5例合并动静脉瘘。全部35例患者均成功栓塞肾动脉出血分支,术后1-4天血尿症状消失,术中及术后无严重并发症发生。结论超选择性肾动脉分支栓塞术治疗PCNL术后肾出血安全、快速、有效,可成为其首选治疗方法。     

经皮肾镜取石术后大出血介入治疗的时机选择

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术后大出血的原因及介入栓塞治疗的时机。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年10月采用经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石1287例,术后出现持续性或间歇性血尿患者8例,外院PCNL术后出血转院5例。均为男性。年龄27～79岁,平均45.1岁。13例患者均行介入治疗。对介入治疗时机及原因进行分析。结果 13例患者中,肾动脉假性动脉瘤3例,肾动静脉瘘2例,肾动脉假性动脉瘤合并肾动静脉瘘者8例。13例患者栓塞15min后,复查肾动脉造影显示病变均完全栓塞。术后3d肉眼血尿均消失。13例患者栓塞前后肾功能无明显变化,无严重并发症发生。随访4～60个月,平均29个月,患者血肌酐、血红蛋白及红细胞压积均正常,无再发出血,1例患者49个月后右肾结石复发。结论经皮肾镜取石术后出血的主要原因为术中肾血管损伤致假性动脉瘤和(或)动静脉瘘。保守治疗无效者,及时行介入栓塞治疗,效果满意。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的临床研究

目的探讨超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的有效性及安全性。方法 29例经保守治疗无效的医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘患者经DSA检查,明确出血部位、特点后行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。监测栓塞后病情变化,评估栓塞效果,评价栓塞前后肾功能变化,记录并发症。结果 29例患者中23例单纯使用弹簧圈栓塞,6例应用弹簧圈+PVA颗粒进行栓塞,首次肾动脉栓塞技术成功率为100%(29/29),临床成功率为96.55%(28/29)。患者栓塞前后肌酐分别为(93.26±28.79)mmol/L和(91.51±27.68)mmol/L,差异无统计学意义(t=1.28,P=0.22)。无肾脓肿、肾功能衰竭等严重并发症出现。结论超选择介入栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘技术成功率高、临床有效,并且对肾功能无明显影响,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

肾动脉假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的探讨经皮肾动脉造影及栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床价值。方法 2012年1月~2014年2月15例泌尿系结石术后尿道出血,经皮肾动脉造影诊断为肾动脉假性动脉瘤,导管超选择进入载瘤动脉近端,使用弹簧圈和明胶海绵栓塞载瘤动脉。结果 15例经肾动脉造影均能清晰显示假性动脉瘤,其中位于叶间动脉11例,弓状动脉3例和小叶间动脉1例,经导管弹簧圈栓塞后尿道出血停止。1例介入栓塞术后2 d再次出现尿道出血,再次栓塞后出血停止。栓塞术后2例出现一过性肾绞痛;7例体温37.8~39.3℃,持续3~8 d。15例随访3~24个月(平均15个月),无肾功能不全和尿道出血发生。结论经皮肾动脉造影和经导管栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗微创经皮肾取石术后严重出血46例报告

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血的原因和总结超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗的经验。方法:对2004年3月～2010年1月微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血需行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗46例病例进行回顾性分析。结果:46例经肾动脉造影证实22例假性动脉瘤,8例小动脉损伤,8例动静脉瘘,4例假性动脉瘤并动静脉瘘,4例未见动脉病变。46例患者中,36例行一次栓塞术后出血停止,5例行两次栓塞术后出血停止,4例肾动脉造影时未见异常,予灌注止血药物后治愈,1例栓塞术后出血停止但第2天突然死亡。结论:微创经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血主要与手术导致的肾血管损伤有关,超选择性肾动脉栓塞疗效安全确切。     

肾动脉介入栓塞治疗肾动静脉瘘的临床观察

目的：提高肾动静脉瘘（AVF）的诊治效果。方法：应用肾动脉造影或数字减影血管造影（DSA）诊断肾动脉静脉瘘15例,并作超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞治疗。结果：15例均经肾动脉造影明确诊断。栓塞术后当天肉眼血尿.消失。结论：肾动脉造影是诊断肾动静脉瘘的最佳方法;超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞既保存了肾功能,又达到了止血目的。     

经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞治疗

目的 观察经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后肾出血的DSA影像学表现及超选择性动脉栓塞治疗的疗效.方法 收集PCNL术后肾出血经保守治疗无效患者12例,经选择性肾动脉造影检查,明确诊断后行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗,评价疗效. 结果 12例患者中,单纯假性动脉瘤8例,假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤伴对比剂外溢2例,选用明胶海绵、真丝线段、聚乙烯醇微粒和微弹簧圈等栓塞材料成功进行栓塞,随访6个月均未发现再出血.2例患者出现栓塞后综合征,1例血清肌酐略升高,给予对症处理后症状逐渐好转.结论 选择性肾动脉造影可明确诊断PCNL术后肾出血;栓塞治疗迅速、安全有效、并发症少、可最大限度保护肾功能,是PCNL术后肾出血保守治疗无效的首选治疗方法.     

Surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension in non-specific aorto-arteritis]

An injury to the renal arteries was found in 119 patients with non-specific aorto-arteritis and high arterial hypertension by means of angiography. 66 patients were operated upon (75 operations). The reconstruction of one renal artery was carried out upon 31 patients, 30 patients underwent the reconstruction of both renal arteries. 6 patients were subjected to the primary nephrectomy, and 6 others to the secondary one. The blood flow along the aorta and visceral arteries was restored in 31 cases in one-stage operation together with the reconstruction of the renal arteries. In recent years the postoperative mortality has constituted 4.3%. Excellent and good results have been obtained in 83.6% of cases.     

移植肾假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗四例报告

目的 总结移植肾假性动脉瘤的诊治体会.方法 首次接受肾移植者4例,其供肾动脉均为单支,肾动脉无损伤,也未行动脉修补成形术.供肾动脉均与受者的髂外动脉行端侧吻合.术中发现受者髂外动脉有粥样斑块或动脉分层者2例.术后4例均未出现移植肾周感染,亦未行移植肾穿刺活检或其他有创检查.依据临床表现、彩色多普勒超声检查、多层螺旋CT血管成像和数字减影血管造影诊断移植肾假性动脉瘤.结果 分别在术后1.5个月、2个月、5个月和7个月诊断移植肾假性动脉瘤,其临床表现缺乏特异性,3例经数字减影血管造影、1例经多层螺旋CT血管成像确诊.1例移植肾假性动脉瘤突发破裂,急诊切除假性动脉瘤和移植肾;1例因瘤体短期迅速增大,行带膜支架置入及栓塞术;2例行移植肾动脉瘤切除及动脉裂口修补术.结论 移植肾假性动脉瘤是肾移植术后的少见并发症,其临床表现缺乏特异性,多层螺旋CT血管成像和数字减影血管造影有助于本病的诊断.对于移植肾假性动脉瘤的治疗,可选择手术切除或介入栓塞术,关键在于是否保留移植肾,并需考虑移植肾血管重建方式.     

肾动静脉瘘的选择性血管造影与栓塞治疗(附20例报告)

目的 提高肾动静脉瘘介入诊断和治疗水平。方法 20例患者均有反复间歇性全程肉眼血尿，曾行超声、KUB、IVU、CT、泌尿系内镜检查，未能明确病因。行选择性肾动脉造影或(和)超选择性肾段动脉造影确诊为肾动静脉多瘘，采用明胶海绵加鱼肝油酸钠／无水乙醇、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒、TH胶、钢圈等对病变血管选择性栓塞。对肾动脉造影的征象和选择性栓塞治疗资料进行分析。结果 20例按影像特点分3类：(1)肾内畸形血管团及动静脉分流现象，共11例；(2)肾动静脉大分支之间高流量的分流而无畸形血管团，共4例；(3)肾动脉主干造影末显示畸形血管团和显著分流，超选择肾段动脉造影或应用气体造影剂则显示微小分流病变，共5例。20例均采用超选择性栓塞供血动脉治疗，栓塞当天肉眼血尿即消失，24～72h后镜下血尿阴转。术后72h内术侧腰部均出现酸痛，尚有发热、腹胀、恶心等症状。结论 选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉瘘主要的诊断和治疗方法。CO2造影有助于隐匿型肾动静脉瘘的诊断。     

Left renal infarction due to dissecting aneurysm of the renal arterial branch

Primary renal artery dissection is a rare condition that causes renal infarction and renovascular hypertension. We describe a case of a 48-year-old man who was admitted for left renal infarction due to a primary dissecting aneurysm of renal artery. He was diagnosed by a contrast enhanced abdominal CT scan and a renal angiography demonstrating a dissection at the branch of the left renal artery. He was treated with conservative medical management, including anticoagulation therapy. Forty-five primary renal artery dissections in 38 patients from previous reports were analyzed. Based on this analysis, many cases of primary renal artery dissection were male and had a high blood pressure. Primary renal artery dissection occurred at the right side (12 cases), left side (19), and bilaterally (7). The renal arterial branches were rarely involved in primary renal artery dissection. Assays of peripheral blood renin activity were performed in 15 patients, and all cases had a high value. Therefore, the present case is thought to be unique because he was a normotensive patient with normal plasma renin activity and the renal arterial branch was only dissected.     

副肾动脉出血二例并文献复习

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影（MDCTA）和后腹腔镜技术在副肾动脉疾病诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法2例非创伤性副肾动脉出血患者，分别经MDCTA和肾动脉造影确诊，采用后腹腔镜技术结扎副肾动脉治疗肾出血，结合文献对其病因和诊治方法进行探讨。结果2例采用后腹腔镜技术结扎副肾动脉治疗成功，术后血尿完全消失，随访20至28个月无复发。结论MDCTA对于副肾动脉的诊断具有较高价值，后腹腔镜技术是治疗副肾动脉出血的一种较好的方法。     

Transplant renal artery stenosis: potential role of ischemia/reperfusion injury and long-term outcome following angioplasty

PURPOSE: We assess long-term arterial pressure, renal function, and patient and graft survival in recipients of cadaveric kidney transplant with or without transplant renal artery stenosis. We also evaluate the risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed and analyzed baseline clinical, immunological and outcome data for 26 patients with transplant renal artery stenosis before and after angioplasty, and 72 without stenosis on angiography. We also analyzed graft and patient survival in 304 cases in which angiography was not performed. RESULTS: The incidence of transplant renal artery stenosis was 6.6% (26 of 402 patients). Acute rejection episodes (42 versus 22%, p <0.05) and delayed graft function (50 versus 32%, p <0.10) were more frequent, and mean cold ischemia time plus or minus standard error (29.2+/-1.7 versus 24.8+/-1.3 hours, p <0.01) was longer in patients with than without transplant renal artery stenosis. The technical success of angioplasty was 92.3%. Restenosis was documented in 6 of 26 patients (23.1%). Revascularization resulted in a decrease in arterial pressure and better renal function. The 8-year patient (100, 98.6 and 95.7%, respectively) and graft (88.1, 88.9 and 89.3%, respectively) actuarial survival rates were similar among patients with or without transplant renal artery stenosis, and those who did not undergo angiography. CONCLUSIONS: Transplant renal artery stenosis had no detectable influence on long-term arterial pressure control, renal function, and patient and graft survival rates, which were similar to those in patients without stenosis. Long cold ischemia time may have a role in the development of transplant renal artery stenosis through ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

Angioplasty and stenting of arterial stenosis affecting renal transplant function

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous angioplasty and stenting in cases of artery stenosis of the transplanted kidney or proximal iliac artery stenosis causing transplant dysfunction and/or increase of the arterial blood pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and June 2007, we evaluated 24 patients who had undergone renal transplantation and subsequently were diagnosed with refractory hypertension and transplant dysfunction for signs of possible renal transplant artery stenosis. Color Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography preceded the intrarterial angiographic investigation, with false-negative results in 18.2% and 13.6% of patients, respectively. In 2 of the 24 patients, angiography did not reveal arterial stenosis affecting the transplanted kidney. Two patients had severe ipsilateral iliac artery stenosis and the remaining 20 had transplant artery stenosis. Successful angioplasty and stenting were performed in these 22 patients. RESULTS: The method was technically feasible in 100%. The procedure-related morbidity was 0%. During the follow-up period (range: 3 to 104 months), two patients died with normal transplant function, two suffered transplant failure, and the remaining 18 still have normal transplant function and easily controlled hypertension. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting in cases of arterial stenosis affecting the renal transplant function are safe and effective procedures. Even more, the strong clinical suspicion must lead to angiographic investigation regardless of the results of other imaging approaches.     

Is incidental renal arteriography justified in a population of patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease?

Renal artery stenosis is a consequence of generalized atherosclerosis and many specialists perform routine selective renal angiography to detect and treat renal artery stenosis. The incidence of clinically important renal artery stenosis is not well defined in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to better delineate the incidence of and the risk factors associated with renal artery stenosis, renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy incidentally discovered during angiography for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing angiographic evaluation of symptomatic lower extremity peripheral arterial disease were studied retrospectively. Angiograms were reviewed for the presence of renal artery stenosis (defined as >or= 25% diameter reduction in either renal artery) and findings were then correlated to the clinical diagnosis of renovascular hypertension (> 50% renal artery stenosis and >or= 3-drug resistive hypertension) and ischemic nephropathy (defined as > 50% bilateral renal artery stenosis, 3-drug hypertension, and creatinine >or= 1.5). Angiographic findings were also correlated with risk factors to determine if a relationship correlated to the presence of and degree of renal artery stenosis. Data were analyzed using the Student's t test, Chi-square model, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The overall incidence of any degree of renal artery stenosis in this study population was 26% (52 patients). Only 24 (12%) patients had an incidental finding of >or= 50% stenosis in either renal artery. Six (3%) of these patients were found to have associated renovascular hypertension. Additionally, 9 (4.5%) patients had coexistent renal insufficiency and significant renal artery stenosis; five with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis. Only one patient with end-stage renal disease had poorly controlled 3-drug hypertension. Thus definitive ischemic nephropathy was present in only one (0.5%) patient. Statistically significant risk factors associated with the presence of renal artery stenosis include hypertension (P < .001), coronary disease (P = .024), female gender (P = .010), diabetes (P = .039), aorto-iliac disease (P = .031), multiple levels of peripheral arterial disease (P < .001), and age over 60 ( P < .001). While the incidence of renal artery stenosis in patients being evaluated for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease is similar to that reported in the cardiology literature, the incidence of renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy is exceedingly low (3% and 0.5%, respectively)-findings similar to data reported in the general hypertensive population. These data suggest that incidental selective renal angiography is not justified in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease.     

Spontaneous dissection of branch renal artery- is conservative management safe and effective?

PURPOSE: We analyzed the long-term results of conservative management for spontaneous branch renal artery dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the last 6 years 8 patients were treated for acute spontaneous branch renal artery dissection at our department. The diagnosis was established by angiography, which showed primary branch artery dissection in all cases. All patients were treated with antihypertensive and platelet anti-aggregate therapy. None of them underwent surgery. After treatment patients were evaluated for blood pressure and renal function and by abdominal computerized tomography angiography with 3-dimensional reconstruction. RESULTS: Median followup was 72.3 months. In 6 patients blood pressure was controlled with a single antihypertensive agent. In another patient 3 antihypertensive agents were required. The remaining patient continued to have labile hypertension because of poor compliance with treatment. Renal function was normal in 7 patients. Control computerized tomography angiography showed proximal arterial remodeling in 6 patients and persistent occlusion of primary branches in 2. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience conservative management of spontaneous branch renal artery dissection is safe and effective. Surgical treatment should be proposed at the acute stage only in patients with malignant hypertension or renal failure and at the chronic stage in those with refractory renovascular hypertension.     

Post-transplant renal artery stenosis: a cause of anuria. Report of 2 cases corrected by revascularization

We report 2 cases of severe hypertension and acute onset of anuria after renal transplantation in which angiography revealed renal artery stenosis. After renal artery reconstructive surgery renal function returned to normal and the hypertension improved. A high index of suspicion is needed to make the diagnosis. Only by heightened awareness of this important entity will patients with post-transplantation anuria secondary to renal artery stenosis be identified. Such patients may benefit from renal artery revascularization to reverse this type of renal failure.