变异型寰椎椎弓根的影像解剖及后路置钉策略

目的:探讨变异型寰椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉策略及其安全性.方法:2005年1月～2011年1月共收治上颈椎不稳且存在寰椎椎弓根变异者28例,男11例,女17例;年龄18～75岁.术前测量寰椎后弓表面、椎动脉沟底及椎弓根近侧块根部三个切面的内、外侧区域高度,将变异型寰椎椎弓根分为3型.Ⅰ型(寰椎后弓表面高度＜3.5mm,椎动脉沟底高度＞3.5mm)采取后弓下置钉,Ⅱ型(后弓表面高度及椎动脉沟底高度均＜3.5mm)采取椎弓根侧块交界点处置钉,Ⅲ型(后弓表面高度＞3.5mm,椎动脉沟底高度＜3.5mm)采取in-out-in的技术置钉.术后评价置钉准确性及并发症情况.结果:56个变异型寰椎椎弓根中Ⅰ型34个,Ⅱ型18个,Ⅲ型4个.寰椎近侧块面的椎弓根高度均＞5.0mm,内、外侧区域无显著性差异;椎动脉沟底的高度外侧区域显著高于内侧区域(t=13.07,P＜0.01),其中60％外侧区域高度＞3.5mm;后弓表面高度绝大多数＜3.0mm,且内、外侧区域无显著性差异.根据相应置钉策略,术中成功置钉54枚,成功率96.4％.术后CT显示理想和可接受置钉52枚占96.3％,不可接受置钉2枚占3.7％;术中与术后均未发生大出血以及椎动脉、神经根、脊髓损伤、寰椎后弓骨折等并发症,2例患者术后出现枕大神经刺激症状.结论:变异型寰椎椎弓根应根据不同分型采用相应的置钉策略,椎弓根外侧区域置钉更加安全可靠.     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术的改进研究

目的 探讨寰椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉方法. 方法 以电子游标卡尺测量48具干燥寰椎标本的相关解剖学数据;并依据寰椎椎弓根的形态对寰椎进行分类,提出了针对不同类型寰椎的各种椎弓根螺钉置钉方法. 结果 钉道处椎动脉沟底骨质厚度小于螺钉直径3.5mm的占16.7%(8/48),其中4.2%(2/48)厚度小于螺钉半径1.75mm.将寰椎分为普遍型(占83%)、轻度变异型(占13%)和重度变异型(占4%). 结论 对于寰椎后弓高度偏小的患者,可以部分经寰椎后弓或跨越寰椎后弓实现寰椎的椎弓根螺钉固定,进钉位置的确定应以术前三维CT重建和术中探查结合考虑.     

经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定的置钉研究

目的探讨经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性. 方法利用20具颈椎尸体标本,模拟经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定.在寰椎后弓后缘表面,经枢椎下关节突中心点纵垂线与寰椎后弓上缘下方3 mm水平线的交点作为进钉点,按内斜10度、上斜5度钻孔,经寰椎椎弓根置入直径3.5 mm的皮质骨螺钉.测量进钉点与寰椎椎弓根中线平面的距离、螺钉最大进钉深度、螺钉内斜角度和螺钉上斜角度等解剖指标,观察螺钉是否突破椎弓根和侧块骨皮质,以及椎动脉、硬膜、脊髓是否损伤等. 结果共放置40枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉,测得进钉点与寰椎椎弓根中线的平均距离为(2.20±0.42) mm,螺钉最大进钉深度平均(30.51±1.59) mm,螺钉内斜角度平均(9.70±0.67)度,上斜角(4.60±0.59)度.其中1枚螺钉因上斜角度过大穿破椎弓根上缘,8枚因后弓高度过小而突破椎弓根下缘,5枚进钉过深突破寰椎侧块前缘皮质,但均未对脊髓和椎动脉造成损伤. 结论经后路行寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定是安全可行的,但应注意进钉角度和深度.     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉置钉技巧探讨

[目的]探讨寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的置钉技巧。[方法]总结2000年10月～2008年9月应用寰椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎不稳患者66例,置钉132枚。术中在直视下依据手感行寰椎椎弓根螺钉置钉,复位固定。[结果]本组66例132枚螺钉均成功置入,复位固定满意。术中未发现脊髓、神经根、椎动脉等损伤。术后患者症状及神经脊髓功能均有不同程度恢复。96枚螺钉术后行CT检查,其中91枚位置良好(94.89%)。全部病例内固定无松动、断裂,植骨均融合。[结论]术前影像学测量,术中显露寰椎后弓、直视下依据手感置钉、X线确定进钉方向,是安全置钉的技巧。     

枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的 评价枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎脱位的临床可行性.方法 对5例枢椎椎弓根细小的寰枢椎脱位患者,在气管插管全身麻醉下施行了枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定术.枢椎椎板螺钉的进钉点位于棘突两侧椎板交界处,交叉置人对侧椎板内;寰椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉点位于枢椎侧块中线上,距寰椎后弓上缘最少3 mm,内斜10°,上斜5°.螺钉直径3.5 mm,枢椎椎板螺钉长26～32 mm,寰椎椎弓根螺钉长28～32 mm,结合自体髂骨植骨.结果 患者获得随访3～18个月,平均7.5个月.未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤,术后临床症状得到不同程度的改善,X线、CT复查螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,植骨3个月后均达到满意融合.结论 枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎脱位效果满意,是又一可供选择的寰枢椎后路固定术式.     

寰椎“椎弓根”三维CT重建测量及分型的临床意义

目的:研究通过三维CT重建测量正常状态下寰椎"椎弓根"形态及其相关解剖学数据,对其进行分类并探讨其临床意义。方法:选取150例正常成人志愿者,年龄18～52岁(平均32.3岁),排除相关上颈椎疾患,尤其局部骨性增生明显者。对其寰枢椎进行螺旋CT扫描,在CT三维多平面重建下,取经枢椎下关节突中点矢状线延长线与寰椎椎动脉沟底部下2mm处后弓的交点为A点,同时建立通过椎动脉沟底部下2mm处的寰椎横切面图,取寰椎后弓移行为侧块处椎动脉孔内壁与椎管外壁连线的中点为B点,AB连线的延长线与寰椎前弓的交点为C点,AC连线即为寰椎椎弓根钉道。取经AC连线建立寰椎椎弓根通道的矢状面切图。测量寰椎双侧椎弓根各主要解剖参数:寰椎椎弓根的上倾角,椎动脉沟底椎弓根厚度(H1),寰椎椎弓根最大厚度;根据H1数值的大小分型,探讨各分型与椎弓根钉选择的相符性。结果:钉道椎动脉沟底处骨质厚度为4.10±1.17mm。根据H1数值的大小,以直径4.00mm和3.50mm的螺钉为参照,分为四型:正常型:H1>4.00mm(92例,61.3%);相对狭窄型:3.500.05)。正常型和相对狭窄型建议采用"椎弓根"螺钉技术。狭窄型和无椎弓根型者采用侧块螺钉技术。结论:三维CT重建能够准确提供寰椎椎弓根的解剖学形态、解剖学参数,根据寰椎椎动脉沟处骨质的高度进行分类,可以较好的指导寰椎后路"椎弓根"及侧块螺钉固定技术的选择及螺钉直径的选择。     

枢椎椎弓峡部引导下寰椎椎弓根置钉的CT测量及其应用

目的:探讨在枢椎椎弓峡部引导下实施寰椎椎弓根螺钉置钉的可行性及安全性。方法:对48例成人寰枢椎行三维CT重建,取枢椎椎弓峡部内上缘与寰椎的横断面图像。测量椎管正中线至寰椎椎弓根内壁、外壁及枢椎椎弓峡部内壁、外壁的距离,分别为L1、D1、L2、D2;0°内倾角置钉时,以枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁为解剖标志,确立最内侧进钉点A和最外侧进钉点B,减去螺钉半径1.75mm,A、B点至枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁的距离分别为(L1-L2+1.75mm)、(D1-L2-1.75mm),寰椎后弓上置钉时螺钉允许的最大内倾角与最大外倾角大致相等时的点为最佳进钉点(M点),记录M点至枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁水平间距。自2004年3月～2009年3月对29例患者采用以枢椎椎弓峡部为标志实施后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定手术,其中陈旧性齿状突骨折24例,横韧带损伤并寰椎前脱位5例。观察手术过程中与寰椎椎弓根螺钉置钉相关的并发症,术后三维CT重建观察螺钉的位置。结果:0°内倾角置钉时,CT测量最内侧进钉点A、最外侧进钉点B、最佳进钉点M至枢椎椎弓根峡部内上壁的水平间距分别为4.22±0.54mm、8.66±0.73mm、5.79±0.63mm。临床共置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉58枚,术中枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁均得到良好显露,未出现椎动脉、静脉丛损伤出血及脊髓、C2神经根损伤等并发症。术后三维CT复查显示所有寰椎椎弓根螺钉均未误入椎管或椎动脉孔,测量寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点与枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁水平间距为5.45±0.82mm,与术前M点测量值相比较无显著性差异。结论:在纠正寰椎旋转移位后,以枢椎椎弓峡部内上壁作为解剖参照,寰椎椎弓根存在一定的置钉安全区间,利用该解剖标志行寰椎椎弓根置钉是安全可行的。     

寰椎椎弓根钉内固定通道的三维CT影像学研究

目的利用三维影像学探讨常人寰椎椎弓根钉内固定通道的解剖学基础。方法从本院PACS系统中随机选取60例头颈部CTA枕寰枢复合体无明确异常的影像学资料,进行回顾性三维CT成像。测量相关解剖学数据,以颈椎扩孔器横截面面积(3~5 mm2)为对照,归纳出3种椎弓根类型。结果 60例头颈部CTA三维图像显示寰椎及周围结构清楚,测量出寰椎椎动脉沟底部后弓外径高度男性(4.39±1.16)mm,女性(3.84±0.84)mm,小于常规螺钉直径(3.50 mm)占27.7%;在寰椎椎弓根通道分型中,Ⅰ型68侧,占56.67%,Ⅱ型25侧,占20.83%;Ⅲ型27侧,占22.50%;皮质骨面积比例随通道面积的减小而增大,在各型椎弓根通道都在80%以上。结论寰椎椎动脉沟底部后弓外径高度是制约寰椎椎弓根钉固定的重要因素,而寰椎椎弓根骨性通道的解剖结构特点则影响置钉技术的选择;设计出适应寰椎椎动脉沟底部后弓外径高度的螺钉是非常必要的。     

寰椎椎弓根形态分类与椎弓根螺钉植钉方法研究

目的探讨寰椎椎弓根形态分类及椎弓根螺钉固定的植钉方法。方法寰椎椎弓根形态分类研究：取成人干燥寰椎标本48个，行CT三维重建，建立经过椎动脉沟底部下2mm处横切面和椎弓根中外1／3矢状面的切面图：以螺钉直径3．50mm，半径1．75mm为标准，根据通过椎弓根中外1／3矢状面的椎动脉沟底部骨质厚度，将寰椎椎弓根解剖形态分为3型：普通型40个（83％），轻度变异型6个（13％），重度变异型2个（4％）。以通过寰椎椎弓根中外1／3矢状面与通过椎动脉沟底部下方约2mm处横断面的交线为进钉通道，以进钉通道在后弓后方骨皮质上的投影点为进钉点，采用电子游标卡尺在干燥寰椎骨标本上测量以下指标：进钉点与侧块后缘的距离（L1），进钉处寰椎椎弓根高度（L2），进钉点至侧块下关节面的垂直距离（L3），进钉处侧块高度（L4），进钉处侧块宽度（L5），进钉处寰椎椎弓根宽度（L6），钉道处椎动脉沟底椎弓根厚度（H1）。寰椎椎弓根螺钉植钉方法的研究：取12个新鲜成人冷冻寰椎标本，左右侧钉道处椎动脉沟底部骨质厚度分别打磨为：1．5mm和2．5mm，1．5mm和4．0mm，2．5mm和4．0mm，每种厚度4个标本；以通过寰椎椎弓根的中外1／3矢状面与通过椎动脉沟底部下约2mm处横断面的交线为进钉通道植钉。结果左侧L1（5．79±1．24）mm，L2（4．55±1．29）mm，L3（5．12±1．06）mm，L4（12．43±1．01）mm，L5（12．66±1.37）mm，L6（7．86±0．77）mm，H1（4．11±1．25）mm；右侧0L1（5．81±1．26）mm，L2（4．49±1．22）mm，L3（5．15±1．05）mm，L4（12．49±0．98）mm，L5（12．65±1．38）mm，L6（7．84±0．78）mm，H1（4．13±1．29）mm；两侧比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。模拟植钉后所有标本无螺钉向上突破椎动脉沟底骨质。结论对于寰椎后弓高度偏小的患者，可部分经寰椎后弓或跨越寰椎后弓实现寰椎的椎弓根螺钉固定，进钉位置应以术前三维CT重建和术中探查结合考虑。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳疗效分析

目的探讨经寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-06—2018-12采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗的32例寰枢椎不稳,术中稳定寰枢椎复合体,在寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板间植骨。结果32例均获得随访,随访时间6~24个月。术中、术后均未发现椎动脉、脊髓、神经根损伤,颈部疼痛、僵硬及神经功能均明显改善。术前JOA评分为(7.7±0.8)分,术后3个月改善为(14.6±0.7)分,术后1年为(15.3±0.8)分;术后3个月JOA评分改善率为(76.3±5.4)%,术后1年JOA评分改善率为(83.5±7.3)%。本组寰椎、枢椎各置入64枚椎弓根钉,术后复查寰椎60枚椎弓根钉位置良好、枢椎64枚椎弓根钉位置良好,寰椎4枚椎弓根钉穿入椎动脉孔内侧约1 mm,考虑与内倾角度不足,但按置钉标准位置仍属于良好。27例行后路植骨者均骨性融合,5例因枢椎骨折脱位行C1~3固定且未植骨者术后6个月骨折愈合后拆除内固定物。结论寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳能显著增强寰枢椎稳定性,且复位满意、固定节段短、植骨融合率高,可取得满意疗效。     

寰椎后弓螺钉在寰枢椎后路固定融合手术中的应用

<正>目前对于治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的手术方法有多种,常用术式为后路钉棒系统固定融合术,其中寰椎安全顺利置钉为手术成败的关键,若术中寰椎置钉不成功或不顺利,可能导致手术时间增加,手术风险加大,临床需要一种安全、可靠、操作相对简单的手术补救措施。我科2013年12月~2015年1月收治的寰枢椎不稳患者均行寰枢椎后路固定融合手术,其中4例因术中置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉     

后方入路治疗胫骨平台后髁冠状位骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨后方入路治疗胫骨平台后髁冠状位骨折的临床疗效,分析该类骨折形态、手术入路的选择以及对Schatzker分型的再认识。方法回顾分析2003年6月-2009年6月23例采用后方入路治疗胫骨平台后髁冠状位骨折患者的临床资料。男15例,女8例;年龄32～56岁,平均38岁。均为闭合性骨折。致伤原因:高处坠落伤5例,交通事故伤15例,运动损伤3例。骨折按Moore分型:Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅳ型4例。常规行膝关节正侧位X线片、CT扫描及三维重建。患者受伤至手术时间为3～14d,平均6d。结果骨折获解剖复位17例,一般复位6例。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。23例均获随访,随访时间12～36个月,平均24个月。骨折于术后6～9个月达临床愈合,平均7.6个月。无神经、血管损伤、内固定失效、关节僵硬、创伤性骨关节炎、畸形愈合等并发症发生。末次随访时根据Rasmussen评分系统评定膝关节功能,获优14例,良7例,可2例,优良率为91.3%。结论胫骨平台后髁冠状位骨折少见,有其独特的形态特点,Schatzker分型不能完全涵盖该类骨折。采用后方入路可在直视下复位关节面,固定牢靠,术后可早期行功能锻炼,并发症少,是较好的手术治疗方案。     

Fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach

Objective  Stable internal screw fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach. Indications  Complete, unstable sacroiliac dislocations with incompetence of anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. Sacroiliac fracture dislocations. Displaced vertical sacral fractures. Contraindications  Damage to posterior soft tissues. Acceptable closed reduction of sacrum or sacroiliac joint. Ipsilateral acetabular fractures treated through an anterior approach. Inadequate intraoperative fluoroscopic visualization of posterior pelvis. Surgical Technique  Vertical paramedian incision overlying the sacroiliac joint. Release of origin of gluteus maximus. Inspection and reduction of sacroiliac joint. Stabilization with iliosacral screws under image intensification. Secure repair of gluteal fascia. Results  107 patients with unstable pelvic ring fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of which 83 had an open reduction of posterior ring injuries. Accuracy of reduction: more than 95% of patients had residual displacement of less than 10 mm. Two patients had a deep wound infection postoperatively. Two-thirds of the patients were able to resume their previous occupation. Pain was either absent or occurred only with strenuous activities. 63% had a normal gait.     

Open posterior stabilization for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability

Open posterior capsular shift is used for posterior glenohumeral instability that has failed nonoperative treatment. Few series have fully evaluated the outcome after open posterior stabilization. The purpose of this series was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome after open posterior stabilization of the shoulder. Preoperative and intraoperative factors were analyzed with regard to their impact on results. Forty-eight consecutive shoulders were identified that had undergone primary open shoulder stabilization by use of open posterior capsular shift. Of the shoulders, 4 were lost to follow-up, resulting in a study group of 44 shoulders in 41 patients. Shoulders were evaluated at a range of 1.8 to 22.5 years after surgery by use of the L'Insalata shoulder form, Short Form-36 (SF-36), and a subjective shoulder rating in 44 shoulders. Thirty-nine shoulders were evaluated by physical examination, and thirty-seven underwent radiographic examination. A recurrence of posterior instability occurred in 8 shoulders (19%). Of the patients, 84% were satisfied with the current status of their shoulder. The mean L'Insalata score was 81.25+/-17.8 points, the mean SF-36 physical component score was 50.81+/-7.87, and the mean mental component score was 53.82+/-7.55. Significantly poorer satisfaction and outcome scores were seen in shoulders found to have a chondral defect at the time of stabilization and in patients aged greater than 37 years at the time of surgery. No progressive radiographic signs of glenohumeral arthritis were seen up to 22 years after surgery. Open posterior shoulder stabilization is a reliable procedure for treating significant posterior instability without causing arthritic changes. Patients found to have chondral damage within the shoulder and older patients were found to have less success after stabilization.     

髋臼后柱骨折与后柱伴后壁骨折的诊断和治疗

目的探讨髋臼后柱骨折、后柱伴后壁骨折的诊断和治疗方法。方法15例A2型髋臼骨折均采用手术治疗。手术入路：Kocher-Langenbeck入路6例，改良Kocher-Langenbeck入路9例。结果15例中达到解剖复位13例，复位欠佳2例。获得随访11例，随访时间1～4年，平均2年。关节功能按改良d-Aubigne和Postel功能评定标准，优良10例，可1例。术后异位骨化Brookel Ⅰ度1例、Ⅱ度2例。原发坐骨神经损伤2例，1例在1年后恢复，另1例未恢复。结论只有把患髋前后位片、闭孔斜位片、髂骨斜位片、CT平扫图像、SSD重建图像、MPR图像和VRT重建图像结合起来，才能做出髋臼后柱骨折或后柱伴后壁骨折的诊断。绝大多数髋臼后柱骨折和后柱伴后壁骨折需行玎放复位内固定，复位后柱骨折的最好方法是联合使用Schanz螺钉与Farabeuf钳，术中根据具体情况选择1块或2块后柱重建钢板固定。     

膝后内侧入路治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

2003年1月～2007年12月,我科应用膝后内侧入路对21例后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者行手术治疗,疗效满意。     

后侧入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的 探讨后侧入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的近期疗效.方法 对2008年6月至2010年6月采用后侧入路内固定治疗且随访资料完整的11例胫骨平台后侧骨折患者进行回顾性分析.男7例,女4例;年龄33～60岁,平均47.8岁.AO/OTA分型:41-B2.2.4型2例,41-B3.1.2型3例,41-B3.3.2型3例,41-B3.1.2型+41-B3.3.2型2例,41-C3.3型1例.5例后外侧骨折采用膝关节Carlson后外侧入路;3例后内侧骨折采用Carlson后内侧入路;3例累及胫骨平台前、后侧及胫骨髁间嵴骨折者采用Carlson后内和(或)后外入路,辅以前侧入路行钢板螺钉内固定.关节面塌陷者采用自体髂骨植骨.结果 随访3个月至2年,平均1.6年.全部病例均获得影像学上的骨性愈合,愈合时间12～16周.Rasmussen放射学评分15～18分,平均16.7分.骨折愈合后美国特种外科医院(the Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS)膝关节评分75～96分,平均86.2分.后外侧入路5例膝关节活动范围平均0°-135°,后内侧入路3例0°-130°,混合入路3例-10°-125°.结论 胫骨平台骨折表现为以后侧为主时,应选择后外或后内侧手术入路,于直视下进行复位及固定,便于操作,术后近期疗效满意.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of operative treatments for the complex posterior tibial plateau fractures via posterior approach. Methods Eleven cases with complex posterior tibial plateau fracture from June 2008 through June 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 7 males and 4females, with age from 33 years to 60 years (average, 47.8 years). According to AO classification, there were 41-B2.2.4 type in 2 cases, 41-B3.1.2 type in 3, 41-B3.3.2 type in 3, 41-B3.1.2 type combined 41-B3.3.2 type in 2, 41-C3.3 type in 1. Carlson posterior lateral approach were used in 5 cases, posterior medial approach were used in 3 cases, and posterior medial and/or lateral approach combined with anterior approach were used in 3 cases. All fractures were fixed with plates. Autogenous ilium grafts were used if necessary.Results All cases were followed up. The average follow-up time was 1.6 years (range, 3-24 months). At the final follow-up visit, bone union was obtained in all cases. The mean Rasmussen score was 16.7 (range, 15-18), and the mean HSS was 86.2 (range, 75-96). The postoperative knee range of motion were 0°-135°, 0°-130° and -10°-125° in 5 cases with posterior lateral plateau fractures, 3 cases with posterior medial plateau fractures and 3 cases with anterior and posterior plateau and intercondylar fractures respectively. There was no vascular and nerve injuries. Loosing or breaking of hardware's was not found. Conclusion The Carlson posterior lateral and/or medial approach is preferred for the complex posterior plateau fractures, with the advantages of direct reduction and stabilization.     

Operative techniques of anastomotic posterior urethroplasty for traumatic posterior urethral strictures

Objective： To elucidate the details of operative technique of anastomotic posterior urethroplasty for traumatic posterior urethral strictures in attempt to offer a successful result. Methods： We reviewed the clinical data of 106 patients who had undergone anastomotic repair for posterior urethral strictures following traumatic pelvic fracture between 1979 and 2004. Patients＇ age ranged from 8 to 53 years （mean 27 years ）. Surgical repair was performed via perinea in 72 patients, modified transperineal repair in 5 and perineoabdominal repair in 29. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 23 years （ mean 8 years ）. Results： Among the 77 patients treated by perineal approaches, 69 （95.8 % ） were successfully repaired and 27 out of the 29 patients （93. 1% ） who were repaired by perineoabdominal protocols were successful. The successful results have sustained as long as 23 years in some cases.Urinary incontinence did not happen in any patients while impotence occurred as a result of the anastomotic surgery. Conclusions： Three important skills or principles will ensure a successful outcome, namely complete excision of scar tissues, a completely normal mucnsa ready for anastomosis at both ends of the urethra, and a tension-free anastomosis. When the urethral stricture is below 2. 5 cm long, restoration of urethral continuity can be accomplished by a perineal procedure. If the stricture is over 2. 5 cm long, a modified perineal or transpubic perineoabdominal procedure should be used. In the presence of a competent bladder neck, anastomotic surgery does not result in urinary incontinence. Impotence is usually related to the original trauma and rarely （5.7 % ） to urethroplasty.