高度致敏受者肾移植的临床处理

目的 总结高度致敏受者肾移植的临床处理经验.方法 26例群体反应性抗体(PRA)峰值≥50%的高致敏患者行同种异体肾移植术.男8例,女18例.平均年龄(47.6±7.4)岁.首次接受移植者15例,二次移植者10例,三次移植者1例.亲属供肾1例,尸体供肾25例.术前要求交叉配型阴性.术后采用抗CDzs单克隆抗体诱导,他克莫司加吗替麦考酚酯加激素三联维持治疗.结果 18例移植后1周内血肌酐(SCr)降至正常.2例分别于术后第2、3天出现加速性排斥反应,经过血浆置换3次及抗CD3单克隆抗体5 mg/d治疗5 d后,1例3周后移植肾功能逐渐恢复正常,另1例排斥反应未能逆转,最终摘除移植肾.发生急性排斥反应6例,2例经激素冲击治疗后逆转,4例为耐激素排斥反应,经抗CD3单克隆抗体5 mg/d治疗5 d和血浆置换治疗3次后,排斥反应逆转.1年移植肾存活率96%(25/26).结论 高度致敏受者肾移植不仅需要HLA配型良好,并且要求供者HLA抗原避开受者所有预存的抗HLA抗体;术后采用抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导,他克莫司加吗替麦考酚酯加激素三联维持治疗,能有效预防和治疗急性排斥反应.     

亲属活体肾移植受者预存抗HLA抗体的处理及临床疗效观察

目的 探讨亲属活体肾移植受者预存抗HLA抗体的处理及效果.方法 移植前预存抗HLA抗体者15例,其中2例为供者特异性抗体(DSA),13例为非供者特异性抗体(NDSA).预存DSA者,术前2周开始每2～3 d行血浆置换1次,共行4～5次,每次血浆置换后静脉输注小剂量免疫球蛋白,移植当天给予利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2.术前10 d起给予他克莫司(Tac,0.1mg· kg-1·d-1)+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF,0.5 g/d).术后静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)0.2～0.4 g·kg-1·d-1,用2～3 d.预存NDSA者,术前第3天行血浆置换治疗1次,部分病例在血浆置换治疗后每天IVIG 0.6 g/kg.15例受者均采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)+甲泼尼龙进行诱导治疗,免疫抑制维持治疗采用Tac+ MMF+泼尼松.结果 预存DSA者,在去抗体减敏治疗后,群体反应性抗体(PRA)和淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验(CDC)转为阴性;预存NDSA者,其CDC始终阴性,去抗体减敏治疗后仅有部分患者的PRA有所降低.2例预存DSA的受者分别于术后第14天和1个月时出现急性和交界性体液性排斥反应,抗体反弹,予以血浆置换+大剂量IVIG(1～2 g/kg)后,均能有效控制和逆转.现分别随访1年和10个月,肾功能维持良好.13例预存NDSA的受者,1例发生加速性排斥反应,予ATG治疗后逆转;1例发生急性体液性排斥反应,经大剂量IVIG治疗后逆转;1例发生急性细胞性排斥反应伴慢性化改变,甲泼尼龙冲击治疗的效果不佳,移植肾丧失功能.结论 对于预存DSA的患者,采用血浆置换+IVIG+利妥昔单抗进行去抗体减敏治疗,在其PRA和CDC转阴后再行移植,安全性和短期疗效良好.     

肾移植术后早期抗体介导的急性排斥反应三例

目的 探讨肾移植术后早期抗体介导的排斥反应(AMR)诊断和治疗.方法 2011年1月至2012年8月间确诊的肾移植术后早期急性AMR病例3例.移植前受者均有HLA致敏史,其中2例群体反应性抗体(PRA)曾为阳性,但移植前已转为阴性,另1例移植前PRA-Ⅱ类抗体为强阳性.3例术前补体依赖的细胞毒性实验均为阴性.移植后1周内均出现了抗HLA抗体水平的迅速升高伴急性移植肾功能衰竭.急性AMR确诊后采用反复多次血浆置换及静脉注射丙种球蛋白(或联用硼替佐米)治疗.结果 3例移植肾穿刺病理结果均符合急性AMR的诊断标准.1例因确诊时移植肾已破裂出血而切除移植肾；1例经4次血浆置换及丙种球蛋白治疗后抗体水平显著下降且病理损伤明显好转,于术后50 d移植肾功能完全恢复正常；1例经5次血浆置换及丙种球蛋白联合硼替佐米治疗后无明显好转,于术后24 d切除移植肾.结论 HLA预致敏患者即使PRA移植前已转阴都属于肾移植术后早期急性AMR的危险人群,当出现移植肾早期原发性无功能或移植肾功能急剧下降时,及时检测HLA抗体水平和移植肾穿刺活检对确诊急性AMR十分重要.血浆置换及丙种球蛋白(或联合硼替佐米)治疗是目前首选的方法,预后与干预早晚及病理损伤程度密切相关.     

肾移植前对致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析

目的 总结和探讨肾移植前致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析.方法 选择2008年至2011年接受肾移植的致敏受者43例,根据术前群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平分为轻度致敏组和高度致敏组,术前经血浆置换、输注静脉用免疫球蛋白(IVIG)的干预治疗,经过HLA配型,联合应用抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)诱导治疗,应用他克莫司(Tac)、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)和泼尼松的免疫抑制方案,术后定期检测PRA水平.所有受者随访12～36个月,观察受者/移植肾存活率,急性排斥反应的发生率,移植肾功能和PRA水平的变化,以及进行移植肾穿刺活检.结果 经干预治疗后,轻度致敏组中14例PRA完全转阴,高度致敏组中5例PRA完全转阴,其余受者PRA水平均较干预治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05).术后两组受者均出现PRA水平的爬升.轻度致敏组和高度致敏组的人存活率分别为95.6％和90％,移植肾存活率分别为82.6％和70％.轻度致敏组有3例活检证实发生急性细胞性排斥反应,高度致敏组有5例活检证实发生急性排斥反应,急性细胞性排斥反应均经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3～5 d后逆转.两组共10例受者出现血肌酐缓慢爬升,经移植肾穿刺活检发现慢性移植肾肾病的表现.结论 血浆置换和输注IVIG的干预治疗,良好的HLA配型,ATG诱导治疗,以及应用Tac+ MMF+泼尼松的免疫抑制方案是致敏受者肾移植成功的前提.     

静脉注射用免疫球蛋白对降低高致敏肾移植受者群体反应性抗体的作用

目的 观察并分析静脉注射用免疫球蛋白(IVIG)在高致敏受者肾移植中的应用效果.方法 回顾性分析18例群体反应性抗体(PRA)阳性的高致敏肾移植受者的临床资料,所有受者均应用IVIG进行治疗.观察治疗后受者的抗体水平、术后排斥反应发生率,并结合文献资料对IVIG的应用进行综合评价.结果 应用IVIG前,18例受者中有2例PRA水平为100%,4例＞70%、8例＞50%、4例＞30%,应用IVIG后所有受者PRA水平明显下降,其中2例受者转为全阴性,15例受者抗HLA-Ⅰ类和抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体＜30%,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),应用IVIG后肾移植效果良好,受者术后急性排斥反应发生率为38.5%,未出现移植肾的丢失.结论 应用IVIG能有效降低高致敏肾移植受者的PRA水平,联合应用生物抗体和免疫抑制剂可以使更多高致敏受者获得肾移植机会,并且术后应用IVIG具有抗排斥反应作用.     

HLA配型对群体反应性抗体阳性的肾移植受者人/肾存活率的影响

目的探讨HLA交叉反应组（CREGs）配型对群体反应性抗体（PRA）阳性肾移植受者人／肾存活率的影响。方法应用美国莱姆德公司LAT1240、LM720R、SSP2LB试剂，准确检测112例PRA阳性肾移植受者体内PRA的水平及其抗体的特异性，评估其致敏状态，应用CREGs配型标准选择最匹配的供者。结果112例受者中，HLA-Ⅰ类抗体阳性43例，Ⅱ类抗体阳性39例，Ⅰ、Ⅱ类抗体均为阳性30例；HLA配型0～5个位点错配数分别为6、39、38、21、7、1例，术后移植肾发生加速性排斥反应2例、急性排斥反应18例、慢性排斥反应5例、移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）4例，因排斥反应导致移植肾切除1例，死亡13例（其中移植肾带功能死亡5例）。目前人存活99例，肾存活96例，5年、3年和1年肾存活率分别为86．21％、86．96％和91．96％。结论运用CREGs配型原则，能使供、受者间的HLA相配率显著提高，可减少PRA对肾移植的不良影响，提高PRA阳性受者的人／肾存活率。     

蛋白A免疫吸附联合利妥昔单抗在PRA阳性肾移植受者中的应用七例报告

目的 探讨术前群体反应性抗体(PRA)阳性的肾移植受者应用蛋白A免疫吸附联合利妥昔单抗(RTX)治疗的效果及安全性.方法 7例中,行二次肾移植者5例,有多次妊娠史者2例.7例均行亲属活体供肾移植,供者均为男性.供、受者ABO血型相同,补体依赖细胞毒试验阴性,HLA抗原错配数2～5个.术前单纯PRAⅠ类抗体增高者2例,单纯PRAⅡ类抗体增高者2例,PRA Ⅰ、Ⅱ类抗体均增高者3例;IgG平均为13.4 g/L,IgA平均为1.78 g/L,IgM平均为1.47 g/L.术前行免疫吸附2～10次,平均为5次.当患者PRA或免疫球蛋白水平降至正常值及以下时进行移植,并于手术当天单次静脉输注RTX 600 mg,同时给予抗淋巴细胞球蛋白或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白.术后采用他克莫司(或环孢素A)、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松预防排斥反应.监测患者血肌酐及内生肌酐清除率(Ccr);临床上考虑患者发生排斥反应时,行移植肾穿刺活检;分别于术前及术后1周测定患者外周血中CD19+和CD20+细胞百分比(仅检测3例).结果 免疫吸附及RTX治疗期间,患者均未出现不良反应.行免疫吸附后,7例患者的PRA Ⅰ、Ⅱ类抗体均有所下降,IgG、IgA和IgM的平均值也有所下降.术后患者移植肾功能恢复良好,未发生移植肾功能恢复延迟,其中3例分别在术后8、10和14 d出现急性排斥反应,治疗后均逆转.术前患者外周血中CD19+细胞分别为1.98%、4.64%和4.45%,CD20+细胞分别为15.15%、2.01%和1.15%;术后1周时,其外周血中CD19+细胞分别为0.39%、0.98%和0.11%,CD20+细胞分别为0.34%、0.15%和0.01%.术后1例发生肺部巨细胞病毒感染,治疗后好转,1例因肺部烟曲霉感染而死亡,死亡时肾功能正常.结论 对于术前PRA阳性者应用蛋白A免疫吸附及RTX治疗有一定效果,经处理后患者可接受肾移植.     

活体肾移植前对致敏患者的处理经验及疗效分析

目的 总结活体肾移植前对致敏患者的处理经验,并对移植效果进行分析.方法 回顾性分析609例活体肾移植受者的临床资料.根据移植前群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平将受者分为高致敏组(41例,PRA≥30％),低致敏组(102例,PRA为0～30％)和非致敏组(466例,PRA为0).所有受者经HLA抗体检测和淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验(CDC)确认没有针对供者的HLA抗体后进行肾移植.高致敏组给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导治疗,低致敏组给予抗白细胞介素2受体单抗诱导治疗.随访1年以上,观察各组术后移植肾功能、急性排斥反应发生率、受者和移植肾存活率及并发症发生率.结果 高致敏组、低致敏组和非致敏组受者术后移植肾恢复正常的时间和1年时肾小球滤过率均无明显差异;3组均未发生超急性排斥反应,急性排斥反应发生率分别为9.76％(4/41)、8.82％(9/102)和8.15％(38/466),术后1年移植肾存活率分别为97.6％(40/41)、97.1％(99/102)和98.1％(457/466),受者存活率分别为97.6％(40/41)、98.0％(100/102)和98.9％(461/466),3组间上述指标的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).高致敏组的感染发生率为31.7％(13/41),明显高于低致敏组的26.5％(27/102)和非致敏组的21.6％ (101/466) (P＜0.05).结论 致敏受者肾移植前经HLA抗体检测和CDC配型,避开受者体内供者特异性抗体针对的供肾,并给予免疫诱导治疗,可以获得与非致敏受者相似的良好效果.     

动态监测供者特异性抗体与非供者特异性抗体判断移植肾预后的临床意义

目的 动态监测肾移植前后供者HLA特异性抗体(DSA)及非供者HLA特异性抗体(NDSA)的变化,观察其对移植肾预后的影响.方法 采用免疫荧光液相芯片(Luminex)技术检测8例肾移植患者术前HLA基因分型、术前和术后的特异性HLA抗体改变.结果 术前HLA抗体阴性者4例,术后1例并发肺部感染死亡,另3例半年内HLA抗体阴性,肾功能良好.2例移植前后检测HLA抗体阳性,术后半年抗体滴度明显逐渐增高,分离出DR11(DSA);DR12、DQ7、DQ8(NDSA).1例术前存在A11(DSA),A34(NDSA)抗体,术后1个月始NDSA增多,且其分值呈上升趋势.1例术前存在DR.15(DSA)抗体,术后1周发生急性排斥反应行移植肾切除.结论 肾移植前受者存在DSA会导致移植肾急性排斥,特别是存在HLA-Ⅱ类抗体.在随访期间HLA抗体滴度和类型持续升高者,应鉴定其DSA与NDSA类型,尽早采用有效的治疗方法 减少移植肾功能减退及排斥反应的发生和发展.     

致敏患者经双滤过法血浆分离方案预处理后行肾移植的临床效果分析

目的 分析致敏患者经双滤过法血浆分离(DFPP)方案预处理,并联合使用抗CD25单抗诱导治疗后行肾移植的临床效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2000年11至2012年1月45例致敏受者在肾移植前经DFPP方案预处理,并联合使用抗CD25单抗诱导治疗后接受肾移植的临床资料.所有受者预处理前的群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平均大于20％,为(56.5±19.9)％,预处理后PRA水平降至(18.9±19.1)％.受者与供者的HLA抗原错配数为(2.1±0.7)个,术前2次供、受者淋巴细胞毒交叉配型试验均为阴性.所有受者术后至少随访1年,观察术后1年受者和移植肾存活率,以及排斥反应和肺部感染的发生情况.结果 随访期间,无受者死亡,有2例受者发生移植肾功能丧失,术后1年受者存活率为100％(45/45),移植肾存活率为95.6％ (43/45).术中肾血管开放后1例发生超急性排斥反应,发生率为2.2％,受者在切除移植肾后恢复血液透析;术后发生急性排斥反应12例,发生率为26.7％(12/45),经甲泼尼龙和(或)ATG冲击治疗后,11例完全逆转,1例出现移植肾功能丧失而恢复血液透析.术后肺部感染发生率为8.9％(4/45),经抗感染治疗后均好转,未发生重症肺部感染.结论 肾移植前采用DFPP 预处理,并联合使用抗CD25单抗诱导治疗安全有效,能使致敏受者获得良好的肾移植效果.     

血浆置换联合利妥昔单抗治疗肾移植术后抗体介导的排斥反应1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨血浆置换联合利妥昔单抗治疗肾移植术后抗体介导排斥反应(antibodymediated rejection,AMR)的疗效。方法回顾分析1例发生AMR的肾移植受者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果 1例女性患者,肾移植术后7年,分娩后移植肾失功,1年后行二次肾移植术。术后予他克莫司(FK506)+麦考酚吗乙酯(MMF)+泼尼松三联免疫抑制治疗,肾功能正常。术后5 d患者出现突发尿少,移植肾区胀痛,群体反应性抗体(PRA)Ⅰ类分子升高至14.29%,供体特异性抗体(donor-specific antibody,DSA)阳性,血清肌酐(Scr)升高达606μmol/L,予血浆置换1次(血浆2 000 ml),置换后给予单剂利妥昔单抗500 mg静脉滴注,治疗18 d后复查PRA及DSA阴性,尿量增加,肾功能恢复正常。患者随访至2011年6月,查PRA及DSA一直维持阴性,肾功能良好。结论血浆置换联合利妥昔单抗用于治疗肾移植术后AMR有一定疗效。     

Successful Renal Transplantation across Simultaneous ABO Incompatible and Positive Crossmatch Barriers

ABO incompatibility and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization remain the two largest barriers to optimal utilization of kidneys from live donors. Here we describe the first successful transplantation of patients who were both ABO incompatible and crossmatch positive with their only available donor. A preconditioning regimen of plasmapheresis (PP) and low-dose CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMVIg) was delivered every other day until donor-specific antibody (DSA) titers were reduced to a safe level and isoagglutinin titers were < or =16. Each patient received quadruple sequential immunosuppression, splenectomy and three protocol post-transplant PP/CMVIg treatments. There was no hyperacute rejection. Two of the three patients had a persistent positive cytotoxic crossmatch on the day of transplant and eliminated their DSA subsequently. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in one patient was reversed by reinitiating PP/CMVIg and anti-CD20. The patients are more than 9 months post-transplant with excellent graft function. Preconditioning with PP/CMVIg results in a durable suppression of DSA and permits accommodation of the allograft to a discordant blood type. The ability to cross these two barriers simultaneously is clinically important as sensitized patients have often exhausted their blood type compatible living donors during previous transplants.     

Clinical course and pathologic findings of successful second ABO-incompatible renal transplantation in a patient with donor-specific anti-HLA antibody

Abstract:  Donor-specific anti-HLA antibody and anti-blood group antibody could cause antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Here, we report a successful second ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) renal transplantation in a patient with donor-specific anti-HLA antibody and its pathologic findings. A 50-yr-old woman underwent second ABO-I (A1 to O) renal transplantation. She had received the first renal graft from her mother following splenectomy in July 2003; however, graft function was lost 50 d after transplantation because of AMR. The patient received the second renal graft in November 2005, from her husband whose blood type was also A1. The recipient had donor-specific anti-HLA antibody because flow panel reactive antibody and flow cytometry crossmatch were strongly positive prior to the plasmapheresis (PP) therapy. Pre-transplant intensive immunosuppression, PP, and low dose (100 mg/m²) anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) administration were performed as desensitization therapy. The recipient clinically developed acute rejection, and allograft biopsy specimen at day 6 post-transplant revealed AMR type II according to the Banff 2003 classification. However, the graft function was rescued by PP/low dose (100 mg/kg) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, and the biopsy specimen at day 43 post-transplant showed border-line change without AMR. Rituximab and PP/low-dose IVIG therapy might improve the clinical course and pathologic findings in this AMR-related high-risk transplantation.     

Efficacy of Induction Therapy with ATG and Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Patients with Low‐Level Donor‐Specific HLA‐Antibodies

Low‐level donor‐specific HLA‐antibodies (HLA‐DSA) (i.e. detectable by single‐antigen flow beads, but negative by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch) represent a risk factor for early allograft rejection. The short‐term efficacy of an induction regimen consisting of polyclonal anti‐T‐lymphocyte globulin (ATG) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IvIg) in patients with low‐level HLA‐DSA is unknown. In this study, we compared 67 patients with low‐level HLA‐DSA not having received ATG/IvIg induction (historic control) with 37 patients, who received ATG/IvIg induction. The two groups were equal regarding retransplants, HLA‐matches, number and class of HLA‐DSA. The overall incidence of clinical/subclinical antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) was lower in the ATG/IvIg than in the historic control group (38% vs. 55%; p = 0.03). This was driven by a significantly lower rate of clinical AMR (11% vs. 46%; p = 0.0002). Clinical T‐cell‐mediated rejection (TCR) was significantly lower in the ATG/IvIg than in the historic control group (0% vs. 50%; p < 0.0001). Within the first year, allograft loss due to AMR occurred in 7.5% in the historic control and in 0% in the ATG/IvIg group. We conclude that in patients with low‐level HLA‐DSA, ATG/IvIg induction significantly reduces TCR and the severity of AMR, but the high rate of subclinical AMR suggests an insufficient control of the humoral immune response.     

高度致敏肾移植患者的围术期处理

目的 探讨高度致敏肾移植患者的围手术期处理.方法 对22例高度致敏肾移植患者术前组织配型及预处理,术后抗排异方案以及肾功恢复情况进行研究.结果 17例患者术前经血浆置换3～8次后群体反应性抗体(PRA)降至30%以下,5例患者术前PRA仍大于50%.术后发生超急性排斥反应(HAR)1例(9.9%),抗排异反应未能逆转,予以切除移植肾;急性排斥反应(AR)8例(36.3%),经甲强龙+ATG(ALG)冲击治疗后6例肾功恢复正常,2例转为肾功能延迟恢复(DGF);术后DGF5例(22.7%),予以血液透析+低剂量抗排异药物维持,肾功均恢复正常.结论 避开相应抗体进行良好的组织配型,是高度致敏患者肾移植成功的关键;术前行血浆置换降低高度致敏患者PRA,使用ATG或ALG可降低手术风险,提高排斥反应逆转率.     

Posttransplant De Novo Donor‐Specific HLA Antibodies Identify Pediatric Kidney Recipients at Risk for Late Antibody‐Mediated Rejection

The emerging role of humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of chronic allograft damage has prompted research aimed at assessing the role of anti‐HLA antibody (Ab) monitoring as a tool to predict allograft outcome. Data on the natural history of allografts in children developing de novo Ab after transplantation are limited. Utilizing sera collected pretransplant, and serially posttransplant, we retrospectively evaluated 82 consecutive primary pediatric kidney recipients, without pretransplant donor‐specific antibodies (DSA), for de novo Ab occurrence, and compared results with clinical–pathologic data. At 4.3‐year follow up, 19 patients (23%) developed de novo DSA whereas 24 had de novo non‐DSA (NDSA, 29%). DSA appeared at a median time of 24 months after transplantation and were mostly directed to HLA‐DQ antigens. Among the 82 patients, eight developed late/chronic active C4d+ antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), and four C4d‐negative AMR. Late AMR correlated with DSA (p < 0.01), whose development preceded AMR by 1‐year median time. Patients with DSA had a median serum creatinine of 1.44 mg/dL at follow up, significantly higher than NDSA and Ab‐negative patients (p < 0.005). In our pediatric cohort, DSA identify patients at risk of renal dysfunction, AMR and graft loss; treatment started at Ab emergence might prevent AMR occurrence and/or progression to graft failure.     

肾移植后急性排斥反应发生相关术前因素分析

目的探讨影响肾移植术后发生急性排斥反应的相关术前因素,为预防移植肾急性排斥反应的发生提供临床依据。方法回顾性分析2002年1月～2008年12月在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心首次接受同种异体尸体肾移植受者1316例资料,记录基线资料及术后急性排斥反应发生情况;按群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平10%和≥10%将受者分为PRA阴性组和致敏组;以2005年10月1日为界分为回顾性HLA配型组和前瞻性HLA配型组。统计分析各基线资料对术后急性排斥反应发生的影响以及不同组间急性排斥反应发生率的差异。结果手术时受者年龄、术前PRA水平、热缺血时间、HLA错配数对术后急性排斥反应的发生有显著影响。致敏组术后6个月内急性排斥反应发生率(58.8%比17.9%,P0.001)以及6个月内组织病理学检查证实急性排斥反应发生率(29.4%比11.9%,P=0.028)均显著高于PRA阴性组。采用前瞻性HLA配型后受者HLA错配数减少,且术后6个月内急性排斥反应发生率也降低(20.9%比15.5%,P=0.012)。结论术前检测受者的PRA水平从而准确评估其致敏状态,尽可能选择良好的HLA配型谱可减少移植肾术后急性排斥反应的发生。     

Novel insights into pretransplant allosensitization in heart transplant recipients in the contemporary era of immunosuppression and rejection surveillance

Solid‐phase assays (SPA) have facilitated detection and definition of antibodies to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related antigen A (MICA). However, clinical consequences of pretransplant SPA results in heart transplantation have been studied insufficiently in the current era of immunosuppression and rejection surveillance. Pretransplant sera, panel‐reactive antibodies (PRA), pretransplant crossmatch, and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed in 264 adult heart transplant recipients. The specificity of HLA and MICA antibodies and C1q‐binding activity of donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) were defined using SPA. Pretransplant HLA antibodies were detected in 57 (22%) individuals, in 28 individuals (11%); these antibodies were DSA after transplant. Preformed DSA and elevated peak PRA were independent predictors of pathologic AMR, which occurred in 19 individuals (7%). The increasing number of DSA and the cumulative mean fluorescence intensity of DSA were associated with AMR. C1q‐binding assay was a suboptimal predictor of AMR in our cohort. Pretransplant allosensitization and MICA antibodies were related neither to impaired graft survival nor to other adverse clinical events during a median follow‐up of 39 months. Identification of preformed DSA by SPA, in addition to PRA monitoring, may predict AMR in the contemporary era of heart transplantation.     

在移植肾功能稳定的受者中主动撤除环孢素A的临床研究

目的 研究在移植肾功能稳定的受者中主动撤除环孢素A(CSA)对急性排斥反应发生率及肾功能的影响.方法 选择35例肾功能稳定的肾移植受者,其中尸体肾移植23例,亲属活体肾移植12例.除2例为再次肾移植外,其余均为初次肾移植.分别在肾移植术后6个月～6年时停用CsA,平均为术后(13.3±9.1)个月.撤除CsA后免疫抑制方案为:霉酚酸酯(MMF)+西罗莫司(SRL)+泼尼松(Pred).撤除CsA前有9例做了移植肾穿刺活检,8例测定了抗HLA抗体.结果 对35例受者随访6个月～4.5年,平均14.8个月.撤除CsA前、后血肌酐平均值分别为(88.1±15.5)μmol/L和(92.3±23.7)/μmol/L(P0.05).撤除CsA后,有2例经活检证实发生急性排斥反应,治疗后均逆转;CsA所致的毒副作用,如牙龈增生、糖耐量异常和多毛症等明显改善.9例移植肾活检中,有3例肾功能正常的受者已出现轻度慢性移植肾肾病表现.抗HLA抗体检测中,7例阴性者在撤除CsA前、后肾功能无明显变化.1例抗HLA抗体呈强阳性者在撤除CsA后进展为慢性移植肾肾病,恢复血液透析.结论 对移植肾功能稳定的受者在移植6个月后撤除CsA,转换为"霉酚酸酯+西罗莫司+泼尼松"的免疫抑制方案是安全的,不增加急性排斥反应风险;撤除CsA有利于消除一些与其相关的毒副作用;对抗HLA抗体呈强阳性者.撤除CsA后很难改变肾功能的进展.     

肾移植术后监测受者抗HLA抗体的临床意义

目的 监测肾移植受者术后抗HLA抗体水平,探讨新生的抗HLA抗体对移植肾功能的影响.方法 共有384例肾移植受者术后进行了抗HLA抗体的监测,监测时间3～96个月,所有受者术前的抗HLA抗体水平均为阴性.使用莱姆德抗原板,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测抗HLA抗体,抗HLA抗体水平＞10%为阳性.对术后抗HLA抗体阳性者与阴性者间移植肾功能进行比较,观察新生抗HLA抗体对移植肾功能的影响.结果 术后抗HLA抗体阴性者318例(82.8%);阳性者66例(17.2%),其中抗HLA Ⅰ类抗体阳性者3例,抗HLAⅡ类抗体阳性者61例,抗HLA Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类抗体均为阳性者2例.HLA-DR位点0个抗原错配者92例受者中有7例新生抗HLA抗体,1～2个抗原错配者292例中有59例新生抗HLA抗体,二者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后抗HLA抗体阴性者中移植肾功能良好者占87.4%(278/318),抗HLA抗体阳性者中移植肾功能良好者占65.2%(43/66),二者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HLADR位点的抗原错配与肾移植后抗HLA抗体的产生密切相关,而新生抗HLA抗体会造成移植肾功能下降,从而降低移植存活率,肾移植术后监测抗HLA抗体有一定的临床意义.

Abstract：

Objective To detect de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation, and to investigate their influence on graft function. Methods 384 kidney recipients,who were negative for anti-HLA antibody before transplantation, were monitored for anti-HLA antibodies over a period of 3-96 months, and a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-HLA antibodies. HLA antibody ＞10 % was defined as positive levels. Results Among 384 recipients tested, 318 recipients (82. 8 %) were negative for anti-HLA antibody after transplantation; 66 recipients (17. 2 %) developed de novo HLA antibodies, 3 recipients with HLA class Ⅰ, 61 with HLA class Ⅱ, 2 with both HLA class Ⅰ and Ⅱ. According to amino acid residue matching, 7 cases developed de novo antibodies among 92 recipients with 0 HLA-DR mismatches,compared with 59 cases among 292 recipients with 1-2 mismatches, which showed significant difference between two groups (P＜0. 01 ). 87. 4 % (278/318) recipients negative for HLA antibodies after transplantation achieved good graft function, in comparison with 65. 2 % (43/66) recipients positive for HLA antibodies (P＜0. 05). Conclusion De novo production of HLA antibodies posttransplantation may be closely associated with HLA-DR mismatch. De novo HLA antibodies posttransplantation might damage graft function and reduce graft survival rate. The detection of de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation has clinical significance for assessing renal allograft function.