脊柱后结构在胸腰段脊髓神经损伤及爆裂骨折分类中的作用

目的观察脊柱后结构在脊髓神经组织损伤中的作用,为脊髓神经损伤程度评估和预测脊髓神经功能恢复的可能性及进一步完善分类提供依据。方法实验采用高速准静态轴向加载法复制脊椎爆裂型骨折模型,检测椎管内压力变化及脊柱后结构损伤程度。对127例胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并截瘫患者的脊髓神经损伤程度及脊髓神经功能恢复情况与后结构损伤的相关性进行回顾性研究。结果实验证实后柱有损伤者椎管内压力变化峰值较小,无损伤者峰值较大。55例后结构损伤患者中伴脊髓神经损伤38例(69.09%),其中24例(63.16%)神经功能得到恢复,而72例无后结构损伤者有52例(72.22%)合并脊髓神经损伤,其中20例(38.46%)有神经功能改善。两组之间差异有显著性,提示无后结构损伤患者脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度更重。结论无后结构损伤时脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度明显高于有后结构损伤者,脊柱后结构的完整与否对脊髓神经损伤程度起着重要作用,可作为伤情评估、功能恢复预测和完善Denis分类的有效尺度。     

A dynamic investigation of the burst fracture process using a combined experimental and finite element approach

Spinal burst fractures account for about 15% of spinal injuries and, because of their predominance in the younger population, there are large associated social and healthcare costs. Although several experimental studies have investigated the burst fracture process, little work has been undertaken using computational methods. The aim of this study was to develop a finite element model of the fracture process and, in combination with experimental data, gain a better understanding of the fracture event and mechanism of injury. Experimental tests were undertaken to simulate the burst fracture process in a bovine spine model. After impact, each specimen was dissected and the severity of fracture assessed. Two of the specimens tested at the highest impact rate were also dynamically filmed during the impact. A finite element model, based on CT data of an experimental specimen, was constructed and appropriate high strain rate material properties assigned to each component. Dynamic validation was undertaken by comparison with high-speed video data of an experimental impact. The model was used to determine the mechanism of fracture and the postfracture impact of the bony fragment onto the spinal cord. The dissection of the experimental specimens showed burst fractures of increasing severity with increasing impact energy. The finite element model demonstrated that a high tensile strain region was generated in the posterior of the vertebral body due to the interaction of the articular processes. The region of highest strain corresponded well with the experimental specimens. A second simulation was used to analyse the fragment projection into the spinal canal following fracture. The results showed that the posterior longitudinal ligament became stretched and at higher energies the spinal cord and the dura mater were compressed by the fragment. These structures deformed to a maximum level before forcing the fragment back towards the vertebral body. The final position of the fragment did not therefore represent the maximum dynamic canal occlusion.     

脊柱压缩性、爆裂性骨折的X线平片及CT的诊断价值

目的探讨X线平片、CT检查对脊柱压缩性缩性、爆裂性骨折的诊断价值。方法收集我院2005年2月-2008年11月间136例胸腰椎压缩性、爆裂性骨折病例,观察分析X线平片及CT上的脊柱骨性结构、椎管损伤情况。结果X线平片上136例患者127例显示胸腰椎压缩性、爆裂骨折,其中14例椎管内见明确小骨片（10％）;9例未见明确骨折征象。CT上全部病例可见椎体粉碎骨折。40例前柱骨折;22例椎体中柱骨折;25例后柱骨折;脊柱前、中两柱同时骨折23例：前、中、后三柱同时骨折26例。结论CT检查更能显示脊柱压缩性、爆裂性骨折中骨折碎片、脊椎前,中,后柱损伤的详情,临床上要重视X线平片及cT检查的互补作用。     

A dynamic study of thoracolumbar burst fractures

BACKGROUND: The degree of canal stenosis following a thoracolumbar burst fracture is sometimes used as an indication for decompressive surgery. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the final resting positions of the bone fragments seen on computed tomography imaging are not representative of the dynamic canal occlusion and associated neurological damage that occurs during the fracture event. METHODS: A drop-weight method was used to create burst fractures in bovine spinal segments devoid of a spinal cord. During impact, dynamic measurements were made with use of transducers to measure pressure in a synthetic spinal cord material, and a high-speed video camera filmed the inside of the spinal canal. A corresponding finite element model was created to determine the effect of the spinal cord on the dynamics of the bone fragment. RESULTS: The high-speed video clearly showed the fragments of bone being projected from the vertebral body into the spinal canal before being recoiled, by the action of the posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc attachments, to their final resting position. The pressure measurements in the synthetic spinal cord showed a peak in canal pressure during impact. There was poor concordance between the extent of postimpact occlusion of the canal as seen on the computed tomography images and the maximum amount of occlusion that occurred at the moment of impact. The finite element model showed that the presence of the cord would reduce the maximum dynamic level of canal occlusion at high fragment velocities. The cord would also provide an additional mechanism by which the fragment would be recoiled back toward the vertebral body. CONCLUSIONS: A burst fracture is a dynamic event, with the maximum canal occlusion and maximum cord compression occurring at the moment of impact. These transient occurrences are poorly related to the final level of occlusion as demonstrated on computed tomography scans.     

椎体爆裂骨折环形减压术后椎管再塑形

目的 通过观察环形减压后椎管的形态学变化,探讨椎管塑形的方式及完成塑形的时间.方法 2003年1月至2006年6月,采用椎管环形减压、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折76例,其中53例获得随访.骨折部位:T11 1例,T12 15例,L1 18例,L2 15例,L3 3例,L4 1例.脊髓损伤程度按ASIA标准评定:A级27例,B级7例,C级6例,D级2例,E级11例.术前及不同随访时间行X线和CT检查,测量伤椎平面的椎管最小矢状径及伤椎相邻的上下椎管矢状径平均值.计算伤椎椎管狭窄率,同时测量塑形后的伤椎椎管矢状径并与理论值进行配对t检验,比较塑形后椎管欠状径的恢复程度. 结果 53例患者术后获平均24.2个月(12～60个月)随访.15例脊髓不完全损伤患者,ASIA分级分别提高1～3级,27例脊髓完全损伤患者中,8例部分神经根功能有所恢复,术后CT复查显示伤段椎管减压充分、脊髓受压完伞解除.术后12个月椎管形态均表现不同程度的再塑形现象.术后24个月同一层面CT示再塑形的椎管管径与伤椎正常椎管矢状径理论值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 胸腰椎爆裂骨折环形减压后不规则的椎管出现了明显的再塑形现象,冉塑形过程发生于伤后12个月左右,且这一过程不受神经系统损伤程度的影响,即骨折平面和伤后ASIA分级不影响椎管的再塑形过程.塑形后的椎管接近正常形态,椎管矢状径在正常范围内.     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤

目的探讨无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的特征和机制.方法对33例无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤病例进行回顾性研究,分析其神经学、X线和MRI检查结果.结果颈髓完全性损伤者8例,不完全性损伤者25例;21例患者有颈椎变性改变(椎间盘间隙狭窄伴有骨赘形成者15例,后纵韧带骨化者6例),3例C5颈椎管Pavlov率小于0.8;30例可见颈髓受压,25例表现为椎旁软组织损伤.结论无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的重要诱因为颈椎变性改变和发育性颈椎管狭窄,致病原因主要为颈髓受压;MRI检查有利于查明脊髓损伤的部位和机制.     

角度Dick系统治疗爆裂型脊椎骨折

目的：总结角度Dick系统在治疗爆裂型脊椎骨折中对恢复椎体高度和椎管容积的作用。方法：采用角度Dick系统治疗胸腰椎爆型型骨折27例,通过术前、术后X线平片和CT扫描片观察、测量、对比椎体前后高度和椎管容积的恢复情况,结果：恢复椎体高度和椎间隙宽度达90％以上,椎管前后径增大最小0．4cm,最大1．0cm,随访10－16个月,神经症状改善有效率100％,不全瘫者全部恢复,完全瘫者部分恢复。结论：角度Dick钉在后路手术中可解决脊椎曲度和脊髓前方受压问题,损伤小、康复效果好。     

后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的：探讨后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月收治的16例严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折（椎管侵占率>50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块）合并脊髓损伤的患者,其中男10例,女6例;年龄19~57岁。高处坠落伤8例,车祸伤6例,其他伤2例。骨折部位：T₁₁ 4例,T₁₂ 5例,L₁ 5例,L₂ 2例。所有患者采用后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定的手术方式,通过测量伤椎前缘丢失高度、伤椎邻近节段Cobb角、椎管侵占率评价影像学效果,并通过Frankel脊髓损伤评级和视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）评价临床疗效。结果：16例均获得完整随访,随访时间11~28（15.9±5.4）个月。手术时间（234±41）min,术中出血量（431±93）ml。伤椎前缘高度丢失术前（52.25±10.10）%,术后3 d（8.93±3.61）%,末次随访（9.25±2.88）%;术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d无明显变化（P>0.05）。伤椎邻近节段Cobb角术前（28.19±10.89）°,术后3 d（5.31±5.14）°,末次随访（6.81±4.59）°;椎管侵占率术前（67.68±12.45）%,术后3 d（7.69±4.46）%,末次随访（4.75±1.63）%,术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d也有一定程度恢复（P<0.05）。末次随访时12例脊髓神经功能获得改善,4例未获得改善,未出现神经功能恶化者;VSA评分由术前的（7.8±0.9）分改善至末次随访的（1.8±0.7）分。结论：对于椎管侵占率> 50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块的严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤时,后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定具有复位精确、减压彻底、固定牢固等特点。     

Experimental spinal cord injury: Lumbar vertebra resection to shorten the gap between spinal cord stumps

Summary Experimental spinal cord transection injuries followed by spinal cord destruction and gentle resection of the destructed cord tissue necessarily lead to a gap between both of the cord stumps. For any attempts to reconstruct the cord or to bridge this gap by transplantation it may be useful to narrow or close the gap. This can be done by vertebral resection.The technique of upper lumbar vertebra resection in cats and rabbits with and without spinal cord lesion is presented. The spine is shortened by approximately 20 mm by spondylectomy. This length exceeds the 10–14 mm long gap in the spinal cord which is created by a spinal cord crush injury using haemostatic forceps and the subsequent destruction zone resection which is performed seven days later. The upper lumbar vertebra is resected by the posterior approach and the spinal cord is sufficiently exposed to perform spinal cord reconstruction experiments.     

钛网椎管成形在脊柱融合术中的应用

目的　介绍一种治疗椎体爆裂性骨折椎板减压后脊柱融合的方法。方法　椎体爆裂性骨折病人 3 4例 ,均有不同程度的脊柱不稳及硬膜囊或神经根压迫。在进行后路椎板减压、经椎弓根内固定后 ,采用钛网椎管成形脊柱后路融合重建脊柱的稳定性。结果　全部病例经 1 2～ 1 8个月随访 ,内固定物无断裂 ,钛网在位 ,椎管成形良好 ,硬膜囊及神经根无压迫。 3 1例神经功能有不同程度的恢复。结论　钛网椎管成形脊柱融合术治疗椎体爆裂性骨折效果良好。此方法操作简单 ,安全 ,能够在恢复椎管形状、免除硬膜囊及神经根压迫的同时 ,进行植骨融合 ,增加脊柱的稳定性 ,易于推广应用。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者顶椎区脊髓位置变化及其临床意义

目的:分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者顶椎区脊髓偏移和旋转情况,并探讨其临床意义.方法:在28例AIS患者横断面MRI图像上测量顶椎区脊髓中心到椎管前、后内壁及凹、凸侧内壁的距离和脊髓、椎体的旋转角度,将脊髓旋转与椎体旋转的关系按Maruta分型分为O型、U型和R型,并分析脊髓在椎管内的位置及脊髓位置与Cobb角、脊髓旋转角度、椎体旋转角度之间的相关性.结果:顶椎区脊髓中心距脊柱凹侧、凸侧椎管内壁距离分别为7.13±1.89mm、13.68±2.93mm,距凹侧距离明显小于距凸侧距离(t=-9.56,P<0.01);距椎管内壁前、后缘距离分别为7.50±1.63mm、6.99±1.61mm,两者比较无显著性差异(t=1.22.p=0.23).椎体旋转角度为17,53°±6.70°,脊髓旋转角度为16.46°±9.16°,O型8例,U型13例,R型7例.脊髓旋转角度与椎体旋转角度、Cobb角及脊髓中心到凸凹侧椎管内壁的差值之间均呈正相关(分别为r=0.45,P=0.01;r=0.43,P=0.02;r:0.64,P<0.01),与脊髓中心列椎管内壁前后缘的差值之间无显著相关性(r=0.28,P=0.15).结论:AIS患者顶椎区脊髓向凹侧偏移,椎体与脊髓都存在旋转,脊髓的旋转方向因人而异.在行后路脊柱矫形椎弓根螺钉置入时,应特别注意凹侧脊髓及神经根,避免损伤.     

Gunshot injury of the spinal cord

108 pigs were shot at the level of lumbar 1 to investigate the changes of spinal cord in relation to the speed of shooting and the trajectory through which the bullet passed. The cord lesions of the specimens could be divided, according to its severity, into 4 grades: (1) transection in 41; (2) complete destruction in 43; both lesion 1&2 resulted in permanent paraplegia; (3) incomplete destruction in 13, those resulted in incomplete paraplegia eventually recovered; (4) mild damage, that was concussion in 11, resumed perfectly. Through a transducer sealed into the spinal canal, the intracanal pressure was recorded: (1) Shooting through spinal canal with a pressure over 5 kg caused cord transection. (2) shooting through canal wall with a pressure of 2.5 to 5; 0 kg caused complete cord destruction. (3) shooting nearby the outer margin of vertebra with a pressure less than 1.0 kg caused mild cord damage. It was found that the speed of bullet, the trajectory with relation to cord and the grade of cord lesion are in agreement with each other. The mutual effects among them would make one think it reasonable to classify cord injury as follows: 1. Injury from bullet through spinal canal or vertebral body usually causes cord transaction; 2. Injury from bullet through canal wall at high speed would make a chance of complete destruction in 94%; at low speed, a chance of either complete or incomplete lesion in 50% each. 3. Injury nearby vertebra, high speed bullet would cause a chance of complete cord lesion in 86%; low speed one would make a chance of incomplete lesion in 1/3 and mild lesion in 2/3.     

胸腰椎脊髓损伤侧前方减压的适应证与术式选择

胸腰椎骨折脱位并截瘫主要系椎管前方的椎体骨拆块、椎体后上角与椎间盘突出及大于２０°的脊柱后弓成角所致，是侧前方减压的适应证。经后正中入路椎弓根侧前方减压的优点是手术创伤较小，可同时探查脊髓与安置后方内固定；缺点是不能直视脊髓前方，对侧减压可能不彻底或需对侧辅助减压。适于Ｔ１０以上的胸椎与Ｌ２以下腰椎，亦适于胸腰段，特别是已行椎板切除者。     

小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断

总结小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断经验。回顾分析 59例小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤 ,全部病例均常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,2 5例摄断层 ,2 8例摄屈 /伸侧位片。 2 1例行CT扫描 ,2 6例行MRI检查。上颈椎损伤 4 6例 ,其中寰椎椎弓骨折 9例 ,枢椎骨折 7例 ,齿状突骨折 2 1例 ,寰椎椎弓骨折合并齿状突骨折 1例 ,寰椎横韧带断裂 8例 ;下颈椎损伤 1 1例 ,其中椎体骨折 3例 ,脱位 2例 ,骨折脱位 6例 ;多节段间隔性颈椎损伤 2例 ,无X线异常的脊髓损伤 (SCIWORA) 3例。认为影像学检查对于小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的诊断具有重要价值 ,对怀疑有颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的小儿患者应常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,小儿颈椎SCIWORA应常规行颈椎MRI检查     

经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-08—2017-08采用经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗的19例胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤,比较术前与术后6个月胸椎管前后径比值、横断面积比值、JOA评分以及ASIA脊髓损伤等级。结果 19例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间1~4年,平均2.2年。术后出现脑脊液漏1例,切口愈合不良1例,对症治疗后均治愈。术后6个月胸椎管前后径比值、横断面积比值、JOA评分较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月ASIA脊髓损伤等级:D级1例,E级18例。结论经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤在保留了脊椎后柱结构完整性同时,可以对胸椎管前方能充分减压,去除脊髓前方的压迫,获得满意临床疗效。     

椎板成形术治疗椎管内疾病的研究进展

外科手术是治疗椎管内疾病的首选方法 ,手术方式有单纯椎板切除术和椎板成形术等。理想的椎管内手术既要充分显露椎管、完整切除占位并解除脊髓压迫,还要维持脊柱生物力学稳定性。由于临床医师对椎管内疾病手术过程中脊柱稳定性的保护与重建存在不同认识,手术方式的选择及如何保持脊柱生物力学的稳定性成为该领域研究的热点。为减少椎板切除对脊柱稳定性的影响,许多学者进行了积极的探索。椎板成形术可通过增加或重建椎管体积对脊髓进行直接减压并允许脊髓向背侧迁移离开椎间盘和椎体从而完成间接减压,既能做到术中充分显露和减压,又可防止脊柱术后失稳,除病变广泛、严重骨质破坏或合并骨质疏松外,是目前理论上单纯椎管内病变最理想的术式。     

Vertebral burst fractures: an experimental, morphologic, and radiographic study.

Spinal burst fractures are produced by rapid compressive loading, and may result in spinal cord injury from bone fragments forced from the vertebral body into the spinal canal. This fracture is one of the most difficult injuries of the spine to successfully treat, in part because the biomechanics of reduction and the exact mechanism by which the distraction forces are transmitted to the intracanal fragments of the burst fracture have not been adequately investigated. The authors developed a reproducible technique for creating these fractures in vitro. The fractures produced were identical to those observed in clinical practice, and were used for investigating the mechanics of this fracture and its reduction. This work describes the pathologic anatomy of the burst fracture both on the gross structure and also on microtome sections of the vertebrae, and examines the biomechanics of fracture reduction. The margins of the vertebral bone fragment, which was forced posteriorly into the spinal canal during fracture, were noted to extend far laterally beyond the pedicles. The authors also found extensive damage not only to the disc above the injured level, but also to that below, explaining the clinical observation that disc degeneration frequently occurs at both levels. Examination of anatomic data provided by microtome section supported the hypothesis that the fibers that actually reduce the intracanal fragment originate in the anulus of the superior vertebra in the midportion of the endplate and insert into the lateral margins of the intracanal fragment. Investigations using magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that these obliquely directed fibers account for the indirect reduction of the fragment. The authors' studies demonstrate that the posterior longitudinal ligament provides only a minor contribution in the reduction of the fracture in comparison to the attachments of the posterior portion of the anulus fibrosus. The forces required to reduce this fragment were studied. Distraction was found to be the predominant force required for indirect posterior reduction. This was confirmed by a series of tests using devices that provided segmental fixation. The application of uniform distraction forces was most effective in the posterior reduction of the intracanal fragment.     

后路椎板切除椎管减压钉棒系统内固定术治疗脊柱转移瘤硬膜外脊髓压迫症疗效分析

目的探讨后路椎板切除椎管减压钉棒系统内固定术治疗脊柱转移瘤硬膜外脊髓压迫症的应用价值。方法对64例脊柱转移瘤硬膜外脊髓压迫症患者采用后路椎板切除椎管减压钉棒系统内固定术治疗。比较治疗前后患者的疼痛评分、生活质量及身体一般状况评分。结果治疗后患者的疼痛评分、生活质量评分及身体一般状况评分均较治疗前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用后路椎板切除椎管减压钉棒系统内固定术治疗脊柱转移瘤硬膜外脊髓压迫症,疗效确切,可显著缓解患者疼痛感,改善其身体一般状况,提高生活质量。     

Burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine

A burst fracture may be defined as an unstable compression fracture of the posterior wall of the vertebral body that allows fragments to be retropulsed into the spinal canal. Computerized axial tomography evaluation of these injuries often reveals posterior element fracture heretofore not stressed in the literature. In surgical treatment for these injuries four important considerations must be met; (1) the coronal and sagittal alignment of the spine; (2) patency of the neural canal; (3) the two-column concept of spinal stability; and (4) bony vertebral body reconstitution. An algorithm for treatment may be developed with the aid of these principles. Distraction and the creation of spinal lordosis are necessary for reduction.