全脊椎截骨术后残留后凸畸形的处理策略

近年来,一期后路全脊椎截骨术被应用于矫正严重的先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形,此技术具有单一人路和矫正率高的优点.然而,部分截骨矫形术后残留不同程度的后凸畸形仍不可避免.Shimode报告7例2年以上随访结果,术前脊柱后凸平均105.4°,术后后凸平均48.9°,后凸平均矫正率为52.9%.海涌报告26例,术前后凸平均106°,术后后凸平均52.3°,后凸平均矫正率为51.6%.国内外文献均显示严重先天性脊柱侧后凸患者在行后路全脊椎截骨术后仍有可能残留较大的后凸畸形.     

切除椎弓根的楔形截骨术治疗脊柱后凸或侧后凸临床效果观察

[目的]探讨单纯后路切除顶椎椎弓根的楔形截骨技术治疗脊柱后凸或者脊柱侧后凸的临床疗效及其注意事项.[方法]对17例脊柱后凸或侧后凸患者予以后路切除顶椎椎弓根的楔形截骨,畸形严重患者在椎体间置入融合器,术中唤醒试验观察脊髓功能.术后观察患者的外形,拍摄X线片并进行测量,评估脊柱的矫形效果.[结果]10例青少年脊柱侧后凸患者,术前脊柱侧凸主弯冠状面Cobb角平均为75°(62°～95°),术后矫正率为60%(48%～73%),后凸平均Cobb角为83°(74°～92°),术后矫正率为51%(41%～69%),手术前冠状面失衡约21 mm,术后为9 mm.胸腰段后凸7例,术前为45°(32°～75°),术后为5°(0～17°),术后矫正率为89%(74%～100%).无切口感染及假关节发生病例.[结论]采用单纯后路切除顶椎椎弓根的楔形截骨技术治疗脊柱后凸或者脊柱侧后凸临床效果较好,但术前术中应准确评估脊髓功能,注意截骨限度.     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的评价后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法 2007年8月至2009年12月,采用后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形病例21例,男7例,女14例;年龄7～32岁,平均16.3岁;胸段19例,腰段2例;伴发脊髓纵裂7例,脊髓空洞1例,不全瘫3例。所有病例均行后路一期全脊椎截骨、矫形植骨融合固定术。测量术前、术后及随访时站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,记录冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏移;记录术中出血量、手术时间及围手术期并发症。结果所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访时间16～38个月,平均22.4个月。本组病例手术时间平均为694.5min,术中出血量平均2429ml,冠状面Cobb角由82.9°矫正到36.0°,平均矫形率56.6%,矢状Cobb角由82.5°矫正到39.8°,平均矫形率51.8%,顶椎偏移由27.1mm矫正到11.1mm,矫正率59.0%。1例术后神经诱发电位示右胫后神经SEP降低,2周后恢复,无其他神经系统并发症,椎体间植骨病例随访时均获得融合,无内固定松动、断裂等并发症。结论后路全脊椎截骨椎体切除可直接去除致畸原因,在冠状面和矢状面上均可获得良好的矫形,并可获360°减压,是目前治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形较为有效的方法。     

后路矫形固定融合治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的疗效分析

[目的]回顾性分析15例先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形经后路矫形植骨固定矫正术的治疗效果。[方法]2002年7月～2008年8月,先天性脊柱侧后凸患者15例,男8例,女7例;平均年龄11.6岁。术前拍摄站立位的脊柱正侧位X线片及左右Bending位X线片、CT及全脊柱MRI;其中,先天性半椎体11例,Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症3例,神经纤维瘤病1例。侧凸Cobb’s角平均78°(35°～156°),后凸平均25°(15°～38°)。对于先天性半椎体引起脊柱侧后凸畸形的患者9例行后路经椎弓根半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉(美国,史赛克)固定术,2例行后路长节段矫形卢氏环内固定融合术;对于Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症的3例及神经纤维瘤病1例患者行后路长节段矫形代偿弯固定融合术。[结果]平均手术时间5.5h(3.5～7.5h);平均术中出血850ml(300～2100ml);平均随访43个月(10～82个月),术后侧凸平均28°(11°～38°),矫正率64%;术后后凸平均16°(7°～33°),矫正率36%,均骨性融合;1例神经纤维瘤病患者术中发生大出血,经大量输血后,病情平稳。长期随访发现内固定断裂3例,曲轴现象2例,但无其他术后并发症发生。[结论]先天性脊柱侧后突畸形是复杂的骨骼神经肌肉系统疾病,应针对不同的病因采用个体化治疗方案;其中,半椎体切除短节段椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合对先天性半椎体畸形是有效、安全的方法。     

成人脊柱后凸畸形后路全脊椎截骨矫形手术1200例报告

[目的]总结成人脊柱后凸畸形后路全脊椎截骨矫形手术方式。[方法]通过后方入路经双侧椎弓根、椎体行楔形截骨,直到椎体前缘皮质下,并行椎弓根钉棒系统内固定。[结果]共手术矫正后凸及侧后凸畸形1 200例,其中男938例,女262例;发病时间5.6～28年,平均11.6年;年龄15～52岁,后凸畸形时间2.5～26年,平均7.3年。后凸病因:强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形720例;脊柱压缩性骨折246例;脊柱结核132例;先天性脊柱后凸畸形59例;休门氏病后凸43例。最高截骨平面T9水平,单病例最多截骨达4处,平均截骨2处,一处椎体截骨时间平均30 min,出血约100 ml,术中脊髓和神经根保护安全。[结论]成人脊柱后凸畸形后路全脊椎截骨矫形手术截骨规范充分、手术时间短、术中出血少、脊髓和神经根保护安全、截骨创面对合紧密、利于截骨创面愈合。适用于各种原因导致的脊柱后凸畸形截骨矫正手术,显著降低术中和术后并发症。     

后路松解胸椎间隙联合楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸

目的 评价经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内固定矫正术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果.方法 2004年3月至2007年6月,对14例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸患者行手术治疗.男6例,女8例;年龄15-31岁,平均22.1岁.其巾特发性7例,先天性6例,神经纤维瘤病l例.术前侧凸Cobb角81°～139°,平均111.2°;后凸57°～165°,平均85.8°.所有患者均行一期经后路胸膜外松解椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨,经椎弓根螺钉内固定矫止及植骨融合术.结果 平均松解椎间隙5.1个,椎体截骨平均2.3个,手术时问7.2～14.1 h,平均9.2 h.术中出血量1500～6100 ml,平均3970 ml.无神经损伤,2例术中胸膜破裂,1例术后并发肠系膜上动脉综合征.所有患者经过7～31个月随访,平均12.7个月,术后侧凸Cobb角15°～71°,平均31.3°,矫正率71.9%;后凸22°～48°,平均34.9°,矫正率59.3%.结论 经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙节省了前路经胸的于术时间,创伤小,对心肺干扰小,降低了风险,改善了脊柱柔韧性.顶椎区凸侧三柱楔形截骨,依靠凹侧保留的椎间纤维环、黄韧带及肋椎关节作为稳定铰链,手术较伞脊椎切除术简便、安全.对重度僵硬性弧形脊柱侧后凸用单一的截骨术难以达到三维矫正,后路椎间隙松解联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内崮定矫正能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正.     

重度僵硬后凸型脊柱侧凸畸形的手术治疗

目的探讨应用脊柱后路截骨矫形治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的治疗效果及临床应用价值。方法 2007年5月至2008年6月采用经后凸顶椎椎弓根Ⅴ形截骨,凸侧采用悬臂梁压棒技术治疗16例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者,男12例,女4例,年龄14～22岁,平均17.4岁。先天性脊柱侧后凸11例,特发性脊柱侧后凸5例。截骨部位均位于胸椎。结果平均手术时间（226±32）min,术中出血量（1360±265） ml,平均随访28个月（24～36月）,术前主弯侧凸Cobb角83°±11.7°（75°～106°）,后凸角91°±13.2°（82°～102°）,术前C7铅垂线距骶中线距离（1.45±0.26）cm;术后侧凸Cobb角矫正至27.4°±11°（矫正率67%）;后凸Cobb角25.5°±9.5°（矫正率72%）。C7铅垂线距骶中线距离（0.48±0.13） cm。无神经系统并发症发生。结论经后凸顶椎椎弓根V形截骨,凸侧采用悬臂梁压棒技术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形是一种安全、可靠的方法,矫形效果满意。     

一期后路全脊椎切除术治疗重度僵硬性胸腰椎畸形的并发症分析

目的 分析一期后路全脊椎切除、椎弓根螺钉固定矫治重度胸腰椎畸形的并发症.方法 2000年2月至2009年2月通过一期后路全脊椎切除治疗重度胸腰椎畸形患者54例,男性23例,女性31例;年龄16～58岁,平均28.3岁.侧凸畸形9例,冠状面主弯Cobb角平均91.7°;侧后凸畸形22例,冠状面主弯Cobb角平均101.5°,后凸角平均69.4°;角状后凸畸形21例,后凸角平均72.2°;圆弧状后凸2例,后凸角平均93.6°.采用主弯区顶椎全脊椎切除、全节段椎弓根螺钉内固定和360°植骨融合术.对临床结果进行评估,统计并分析并发症发生情况.结果 平均切除椎体1.4个,手术时间平均470 min,术中出血量平均4180 ml.随访时间12～66个月,平均26个月.末次随访侧凸畸形平均矫正61.4°(67%);侧后凸畸形中侧凸平均矫正59.7°(56%),后凸平均矫正42.3°(59%);角状后凸平均矫正48.5°(71%);圆弧状后凸平均矫正62.7°(67%).共有17例患者出现21例次并发症(38.9%),其中早期神经系统并发症5例次(9.3%),包括1例完全性脊髓损伤.非神经系统并发症早期11例次(20.4%),后期5例次(9.3%).结论 一期后路全脊椎切除治疗胸腰椎脊柱畸形可以取得较为满意的畸形矫正结果,但其潜在的严重并发症不可忽视.     

后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的探讨经后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形疗效。方法对26例僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者进行后路截骨、椎弓根内固定矫形。8例行后路Ponte截骨,13例行椎弓根截骨术(PSO)联合Ponte截骨,5例行全椎体切除术(VCR)。比较患者术前、术后和末次随访时Cobb角的变化及C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离的变化。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月。侧凸Cobb角:术前30°~135°(90.7°±30.6°),术后12°~30°(18°±5.6°),矫正率为82.5%,末次随访13°~32°(20°±5.8°),丢失4.3%;后凸Cobb角:术前20°~60°(40.6°±18.5°),术后10°~26°(16.8°±6.2°),矫正率为85%,末次随访13°~30°(20.5°±7.0°),丢失3.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离:术前3.8~6.5(5.1±1.3)cm,术后0.3~1.3(0.7±0.3)cm,末次随访0.4~1.7(0.8±0.3)cm。所有患者未发生神经损伤等并发症,仅1例患者术后3个月出现内固定松动,经延长固定节段后骨性融合。结论术前充分的评估,选择合适的后路截骨方式,联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧弯,能有效矫正畸形和恢复脊柱冠、矢状面平衡。     

全脊椎截骨或切除术矫治脊柱侧后凸畸形的相关问题探讨

脊柱侧后凸畸形手术矫治的方法有很多,如经脊柱三柱的全脊椎截骨、后路经关节突-椎间隙截骨(脊柱缩短技术)、经椎弓根椎体截骨(蛋壳技术)、经椎弓根半椎体全切及全脊椎切除术等,这些技术既可用于单纯的后凸畸形,也可用于侧后凸畸形。目前已成为国内矫治顶椎位于中胸段、胸腰段和上腰段严重侧后凸畸形的重要手段,但这些术式的定义较混乱,手术不够规范,适应证不明确,疗效评估不统一,特别是对并发症的报道更少。本期邀请了对矫治严重脊柱侧后凸畸形有经验的专家就全脊椎截骨或全脊椎切除术的适应证选择、并发症的预防及截骨术后残留后凸畸形的处理策略等作一讨论,供同道参考。     

双侧肋骨截骨结合后路矫形固定治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸

目的探讨双侧肋骨截骨结合后路广泛松解椎弓根钉矫形治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。方法自2005年6月~2010年3月采用后路广泛松解结合双侧肋骨截骨(凹侧肋骨截骨抬高,凸侧肋骨切除胸廓成型术)矫治重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸18例。结果每例凹侧肋骨抬高数为3～6根,平均4.5根,凸侧肋骨切除数为3～5根,平均3.5根,肋骨切除长度为5～6 cm。术后主弯Cobb角冠状面为45.3°(38～87°),矫正率平均为54.1%;"剃刀背"畸形7～16°,平均11.2°,双侧背部高度差3.3 cm(1.8～4.3 cm),术后1年肺活量1.3～4.5 L,平均2.5 L,第1秒用力呼气容积FEV1.0 0.8～3.8 L,平均2.0 L。2例出现胸腔积液,2枚胸椎弓根钉误入椎管,未累及硬脊膜。结论后路广泛松解和一期双侧肋骨截骨术可显著改善侧凸的柔韧性,提高矫形效果,对肺功能无不良影响。     

Irradiation induced kyphosis.

Eighty-one patients with Wilms tumor treated by irradiation and chemotherapy were studied. Despite the fact that multiple portals for irradiation were used, each crossing the midline, the amount of irradiation delivered to different parts of the vertebral body varied and it was this variation in delivered dose which produced axial skeletal deformities in 70% of the patients. Of the 57 patients with these deformities 32 had scoliosis, 22 kyphoscoliosis and 3 patients pure kyphosis; 12 patients had a kyphotic deformity of over 25 degrees, 7 patients requiring surgical correction. A high incidence of pseudarthrosis following posterior fusion has led to the preference of a 2-stage procedure, anterior interbody fusion followed by a posterior fusion with Harrington rods after 2 weeks of correction in halo femoral traction.     

经后路全椎体切除矫正僵硬性脊柱后凸或侧后凸的初期临床报道

目的探讨经后路全椎体切除技术治疗僵硬性脊柱后凸或侧后凸畸形的手术技术并评估其临床效果。方法回顾性分析2004年10月-2006年7月，采用单纯后路全椎体切除技术治疗的12例僵硬的脊柱后凸或侧后凸患者。术前后凸Cobb角平均68°；合并侧凸者平均76°。以加压-撑开-开放-闭合矫形力获得矫形。结果后凸及侧凸矫正率分别为77．6％和66．7％，均获得满意的躯干平衡。随访时间为6-12个月，无内固定松动或断裂发生。结论在脊髓可耐受的范围内，全椎体切除术为脊柱全方位的矫形提供机会，可作为常规手术技术的补充手段。     

Harrington-Luque and Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. A postoperative comparison using segmental radiologic analysis

This article reports a comparison of the Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) operation with the Harrington-Luque (HL) procedure for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Thirty-nine patients were studied preoperatively and postoperatively using segmental radiologic measurements including Cobb angle, end-vertebra angles (EVAs), surgical flexibility index, vertebral rotation, displacement and tilt, convex and concave rib-vertebra angles (RVAs), and kyphosis and lordosis. Cotrel-Dubousset is not significantly different from HL with respect to Cobb angle (%), surgical flexibility index, apical vertebral displacement, apical vertebral rotation, apical rib-vertebra angles, kyphosis, and lordosis. It is significantly better than the HL with respect to the correction of vertebral displacement at T10-11; lower EVA of the thoracic curve; vertebral rotation mainly above the apex; convex RVAs above the apex; and concave RVAs at T10. The surgical correction of vertebral tilt above and below the apex of the thoracic curve is significantly related to the correction of convex and concave RVAs. The view that persistent deformity of ribs is a factor needing surgical correction in some patients with adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis having posterior instrumentation and fusion needs further evaluation.     

后路一期半椎体切除治疗胸腰椎多发半椎体脊柱畸形

目的：观察后路一期半椎体切除、内固定植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎多发半椎体脊柱畸形的临床效果。方法2005年6月至2012年12月南华大学附属第一医院收治9例胸腰椎多发半椎体畸形患儿,其中3例胸腰椎有3个半椎体畸形、6例有2个半椎体畸形,共计21个半椎体;完全分节型14个、不完全分节型7个。均行后路一期半椎体切除、内固定植骨融合术,术前、术后和定期随访时拍摄站立位脊柱正侧位片,测量冠状面侧凸Cobb角及矢状面后凸Cobb角。结果全部患者获随访7～52个月（平均24.8个月）。手术时间210～450 min （平均326 min）,术中出血量1200～3800 mL（平均1950 mL）。冠状面侧凸Cobb角由术前的（47±10）°矫正至术后的（14±4）°,矢状面后凸Cobb角由术前的（28±4）°矫正至术后的（11±4）°,手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。末次随访时冠状面和矢状面矫形丢失不明显。1例术中出现硬脊膜撕裂致术后脑脊液漏,延长伤口引流时间后痊愈;1例术后出现神经根性分布一侧下肢麻木、胀痛,随访3个月症状消失。术后6个月随访9例患者均获得植骨融合,无一例发生感染、内固定失败及假关节形成。结论对于胸腰椎多发半椎体脊柱畸形,后路一期半椎体切除、内固定植骨融合术可取得良好的临床效果。     

The surgical management of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of surgery for congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of different types of spine surgery in the management of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis are much less common than congenital scoliosis but potentially more serious, because these curves can progress rapidly and Type I deformities can lead to spinal cord compression and paraplegia. No one operative procedure can be applied to all types and sizes of deformity. The method of surgical treatment depends on the age of the patient, the type and size of the deformity, and the presence or absence of spinal cord compression causing a neurologic deficit. METHODS: Sixty-five patients with a congenital kyphosis (n = 14) or kyphoscoliosis (n = 51) were treated by five different methods of spine arthrodesis: prophylactic posterior arthrodesis before age of 5 years (n = 11), posterior arthrodesis after age 5 years without instrumentation (n = 26) and with instrumentation (n = 12), combined anterior and posterior arthrodesis without instrumentation (n = 7) and with instrumentation (n = 9). Six patients had preoperative lower limb spastic paraparesis caused by spinal cord compression. The mean age at surgery was 9 years 6 months (range, 11 months to 25 years), and all 65 patients were observed for a minimum of 2 years (mean 6 years 6 months, range 2 to 18 years). Fifty-seven patients reached skeletal maturity. RESULTS: A posterior arthrodesis performed before the age of 5 years resulted in a gradual reduction of the kyphosis by a mean 15 degrees in 9 of the 11 patients, followed up for a mean of 11 years, whose initial kyphosis was less than 55 degrees. Patients treated after the age of 5 years by a posterior arthrodesis followed by cast application had poor correction and a high incidence of pseudarthrosis. This was not significantly improved by the addition of posterior instrumentation. For curves greater than 60 degrees, the most successful results were achieved by an anterior spinal release and arthrodesis with strut graft correction followed by posterior arthrodesis with instrumentation (if possible). CONCLUSION: All patients with a Type I or Type III congenital kyphosis or kyphoscoliosis should be treated by a posterior arthrodesis before the age of 5 years and before the kyphosis exceeds 50 degrees. A kyphosis that does not reduce to less than 50 degrees as measured on the lateral spine radiograph made with the patient supine requires an anterior release and arthrodesis with strut grafting followed by posterior arthrodesis with instrumentation (if possible).