Magerl联合Brooks融合术治疗严重的寰枢椎不稳

目的介绍后路内固定治疗严重寰、枢椎不稳的手术方式。方法12例寰、枢椎不稳患者中单纯II型陈旧性齿状突骨折6例,寰、枢椎前脱位5例(其中习惯性脱位2例,伴齿状突骨折2例,伴横韧带断裂1例),寰、枢椎旋转脱位伴横韧带断裂1例。采用后路C1,2经关节螺钉联合Brooks融合术治疗。结果12例寰、枢椎不稳患者中11例共放置经关节螺钉22枚,1例陈旧性齿状突骨折患者因C2单侧椎板上缘劈裂仅行Brooks融合术。本组患者术中无椎动脉、硬脊膜破裂和脊髓损伤等并发症,随访3~32个月,植骨全部融合。结论Magerl联合Brooks融合术是治疗严重寰、枢椎不稳的有效方法,可提供有效的固定和提高植骨融合率。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位

目的探讨颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床效果。方法对25例寰枢椎不稳或脱位患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗。结果所有患者术中无椎动脉及脊髓损伤发生,术后枕颈部不适症状均不同程度消失,受损脊髓神经功能改善明显。25例均获随访,时间12~36(18±6)个月。末次随访时,无螺钉断裂、松动或移位,颈椎复位满意,无寰枢椎再移位,失稳现象发生,全部获得骨性融合;颈椎屈曲功能良好,旋转功能轻度受限。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合术是治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的有效方法。     

上颈椎后路螺钉内固定术的手术并发症分析

目的总结分析上颈椎后路内固定术的相关并发症,并探讨其防治策略。方法自2005-01—2011-12对96例患者行上颈椎后路内固定术,包括颈椎病17例,颈椎外伤62例,颈椎肿瘤14例,颈椎结核3例。其中寰枢椎椎弓根钉系统内固定术36例,后路寰枢椎侧块螺钉系统内固定术33例,后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定术8例,枕颈钢板螺钉系统内固定术19例。结果 96例中共12例次出现相关手术并发症,并发症的例次发生率为12.50%。其中脊髓及神经根损伤各1例次,椎动脉损伤1例次,颈部疼痛1例次,颈部活动受限1例次,硬脊膜损伤1例次,硬膜外血肿1例次,术后切口感染1例次,螺钉松动1例次,螺钉位置不当1例次,螺钉移位1例次,假关节形成1例次,邻近节段退变2例次。结论上颈椎后路手术可发生多种手术并发症,熟悉上颈椎临床解剖,术前充分的影像学检查,合理选择手术方案及内固定器械,术中仔细操作,术后正确的护理等可明显减少手术并发症的发生。     

经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉术中复位固定融合术治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位

目的:总结应用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉术中提拉复位固定植骨融合术治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的疗效。方法:2007年1月~2010年1月收治21例陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位患者,男13例,女8例;年龄13~68岁,平均38.5岁。患者均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛和活动受限,均伴有神经功能障碍,ASIA分级:B级2例,C级13例,D级6例;JOA评分4～14分,平均8.3分。根据Anderson和D′Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型骨折17例(81%),Ⅲ型骨折4例(19%)。MRI检查示18例患者有不同程度的脊髓受压,7例脊髓受压节段髓内出现T2加权像高信号改变。均为寰椎前脱位,术前均进行颅骨牵引术,15例(71.4%)可部分复位,6例(28.6%)不可复位。术前寰齿间距(atlanto-dens interval,ADI)9～15mm,平均12.3mm。均采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉术中提拉复位固定和植骨融合术,随访观察患者临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学检查寰枢椎复位和植骨融合情况。结果:患者均顺利完成手术,术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。共置入84枚寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉,术后X线片及三维CT检查3枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角偏小,螺钉部分穿破椎动脉孔内侧壁,椎动脉造影未见椎动脉损伤;1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角过大,螺钉部分穿破椎管内侧壁,未出现新的神经损伤症状;其余螺钉位置满意。术后颈椎CT及MRI显示寰枢椎序列重建满意,齿状突区域脑脊液线清晰,脊髓无压迫,ADI为2～4mm,平均2.8mm。患者均获随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均20个月,术后6个月随访时3例患者的ASIA分级无改变,其余患者的神经功能明显改善,ASIA分级:C级3例,D级10例,E级8例;JOA评分为10～17分,平均14.6分,平均改善率为81.2%。1例患者植骨块有部分吸收,其余患者均在术后6个月获得骨性融合,融合率为95.2%;随访期间未发现螺钉松动、移位、断裂和寰枢椎再移位、失稳现象。结论:应用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉术中提拉复位技术治疗陈旧性齿突骨折并寰枢椎脱位可获得良好的临床效果。     

上颈椎骨折脱位的外科治疗

目的探讨上颈椎骨折脱位的诊断及治疗方法。方法2005年1月—屯009年9月收治16例创伤性上颈椎骨折脱位患者。其中齿状突骨折7例,寰枢椎脱位5例,Hangman骨折2例,Jefferson骨折2例。9例伴有神经功能障碍者脊髓神经功能按ASIA分级：B级3例,c级4例,D级2例。除7例采用颈椎牵引及支具固定外,齿状突中空螺钉固定术2例,Apofix寰枢椎后路固定＋植骨融合2例,枕颈融合术1例,寰枢椎后路经椎弓根螺钉固定术4例。所有患者术后均行头颈胸支具外固定3个月。结果16例患者术后获6—36个月随访。所有病例未出现脊髓损伤、椎动脉破裂等并发症。经6个月以上随访骨折或植骨获愈合,未见内置物断裂或感染等并发症发生。1例患者枕颈融合术后2年因呼吸道感染并发症死亡。9例神经功能障碍患者中均有不同程度改善。上颈椎不稳均获得有效治疗。结论上颈椎外伤性失稳的诊断和治疗方式选择取决于骨折类型和移位状况。AndersonI、Ⅲ型齿状突骨折和LevineI、Ⅱ型Hangman骨折经保守治疗可获得满意的临床疗效。齿横韧带损伤合并寰枢关节脱位及不稳定的Jefferson骨折和Hangman骨折应手术治疗。寰枢椎后路组合固定技术是治疗上颈椎外伤性失稳的有效方法,具有固定可靠、短节段固定、三维固定、融合率高、可早期功能锻炼的优点。     

经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患

目的探讨经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患的可行性、方法、疗效和适应证。方法2004年10月～2006年1月,采用后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗17例上颈椎疾患患者。男13例,女4例;年龄19～52岁。寰枢椎脱位14例,其中先天性齿状突不连3例,陈旧齿状突骨折4例,新鲜齿状突骨折（C型）2例,寰椎横韧带断裂3例,寰椎骨折2例;枢椎肿瘤2例;C2、3巨大神经鞘膜瘤1例。术前JOA评分8.3±3.0分。结果17例手术时间2.1～3.4h,平均2.7h;出血量300～750ml,平均490ml。术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉前端穿透侧块内上皮质约3mm,但未影响寰枕关节活动,余位置满意。患者全部获3～18个月定期随访。螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形及松动,3～6个月后患者均获植骨融合。术后3个月JOA评分14.6±2.2分,恢复率73%～91%,平均82%。结论经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎疾患具有可行性,若术中操作得当,其疗效较好,适应证较广。     

后路多轴螺钉-棒系统治疗上颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨后路多轴螺钉-棒系统经椎弓根内固定治疗寰枢椎骨折的疗效。方法11例上颈椎骨折患者接受C1后弓与C2椎弓根多轴螺钉-棒系统固定融合术。术前均行X线片、CT三维重建和MRI检查。结果所有螺钉位置良好,骨折与脱位复位固定满意,无椎动脉、脊髓损伤等并发症。11例均获随访,时间3～21（13±2.1）个月,X线片显示寰枢关节无复位丢失,全部患者获得坚固融合。结论后路多轴螺钉-棒系统治疗C1-2骨折脱位疗效满意。     

枢椎骨折术后积液并发囊肿形成个案分析

随着交通、建筑等事业的蓬勃发展,脊柱骨折或合并脊髓损伤已成为骨科领域中的常见疾病。上颈椎损伤的发病率也在逐年提高,上颈椎损伤即寰枢椎及其附属结构因创伤或其他外力所导致的骨折、关节脱位、韧带撕裂,如寰枢关节脱位以及寰、枢椎的骨折。其中寰枢椎骨折伴脱位是一种较为严重的上颈椎损伤,严重威胁到患者的生命安全。临床上治疗上颈椎损伤的方法主要是手术治疗,如后路椎弓根螺钉固定术、后路经关节螺钉内固定术、植骨融合术等。虽然颈椎后路手术具有可操作性强,安全性好,固定牢靠,并发症少,并保留了寰枕关节功能等优点,但是国内有关上颈椎骨折行颈后路手术术后并发症的相关报道较为罕见。内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院骨科2018年收治1例枢椎齿突、椎体、左侧侧块、横突骨折伴寰枢椎旋转脱位患者,行枕颈后路切开、C 1~3植骨融合、椎弓根侧块钉棒系统内固定术,术后积液合并囊肿,就其积液和囊肿形成的原因现报道如下。     

寰椎侧块枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗上颈椎骨折相关并发症原因分析及预防

[目的]探讨寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗上颈椎骨折相关并发症的原因,并提出对策及预防措施。[方法]回顾性分析自2007年1月²012年12月本科行寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗上颈椎骨折并或随访168例,其中男115例,女53例,年龄192012年12月本科行寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗上颈椎骨折并或随访168例,其中男115例,女53例,年龄19⁶9岁。患病种类包括Jefferson骨折69例,Hangman骨折47例,枢椎齿突骨折52例,对10例手术发生的并发症进行总结分析。[结果]术中、术后并发症共10例,男6例,女4例,内固定位置欠佳2例,椎动脉出血1例,椎动脉栓塞1例,枕大神经痛2例,单纯脑脊液漏2例,脑脊液漏合并椎管内感染、化脓性脑膜炎1例,切口浅表感染1例。内固定位置欠佳者及时行翻修手术,调整内固定螺钉位置,预后良好;椎动脉出血者术中使用骨蜡封闭止血,并拧入椎弓根螺钉压迫止血,术后患者无明显不适主诉;椎动脉栓塞1例:合并小脑梗死,对症治疗后遗留部分功能障碍;枕大神经痛2例:给予激素、脱水、营养神经等对症治疗,术后2个月复查时疼痛明显减轻;单纯脑脊液漏2例:切口紧密缝合,拔除引流管后切口处加压包扎,持续抗生素预防感染,切口愈合良好;脑脊液漏合并椎管内感染、化脓性脑膜炎1例:给予敏感抗生素积极控制感染,预后良好;切口浅表感染1例:经清创缝合术并联合敏感抗生素治疗后痊愈。[结论]寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术是治疗上颈椎损伤的重要技术,对出现的相应的并发症采用正确、有效的应对措施均可取得良好效果。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.