辅助性Trocar的置入时机对肥胖患者后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术影响的研究

目的探讨肥胖局限性肾癌患者后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术中,辅助性Trocar的不同置入时机对手术效果的影响。方法回顾性分析2004年3月至2010年12月完成了T1N0M0～T2N0M0的61例肥胖患者后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,根据辅助性5mmTrocar置入的时机不同分为两组;常规组（23例）和辅助组（38例）,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、中转开放例数、术后并发症以及术后住院时间。结果常规组和辅助组的手术时间分别为（197.4±13.2）min和（153.1±23.5）min,术中出血量分别为（95.8±23.3）ml和（57.6±29.7）ml,差异有统计学意义。两组的中转开放例数、术后并发症和住院时间差异无统计学意义。结论肥胖不再是后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术的禁忌证,术中尽早地根据肿瘤的不同位置置入辅助性Trocar,可以加快手术速度、减少术中出血量并且可避免中转开放。     

单孔后腹腔镜下肾切除术九例报告

目的 探讨经腹膜后入路单孔腹腔镜下肾切除术的方法.方法 2009年4-10月行单孔后腹腔镜下肾切除术9例.男6例,女3例.年龄(50.9±14.1)岁.无功能积水肾5例、无功能萎缩肾1例、T_1肾癌3例.左侧5例、右侧4例.气管内插管麻醉,侧卧位,切开法进入腹膜后间隙,置入自制多通道套管.经套管置入30°标准腹腔镜及操作器械行肾切除手术.结果 9例均在单孔后腹腔镜下顺利完成手术.手术时间(121.1±42.3)min,出血量(95.6±60.9)ml.术中无腹膜破裂、大出血、周围脏器损伤,术后无继发出血、切口感染、肠梗阻等并发症.术后4～6 d出院.结论 应用自制多通道套管行单孔后腹腔镜下肾切除手术安全可行、创伤小、切口美观.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌的可行性及安全性.方法 肾癌患者65例.男45例,女20例.平均年龄52岁.临床分期均为T_1N_0M_0.肿瘤直径1.8～4.0 cm,单发.行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术.术中用bulldog血管夹阻断肾动脉,距肿瘤边缘0.5～1.0 cm处完整切除肿瘤.结果 中转开放手术3例,改为根治性肾切除术1例.手术时间平均120(70～210)min,肾动脉阻断时间平均32(21～55)min,术中出血量平均60(20～200)ml,平均住院10.5(7～15)d.术后发生肾周血肿1例,尿瘘1例,保守治疗后痊愈.62例患者随访3～56个月,未见肿瘤复发.残肾功能良好.结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是治疗直径≤4 cm、局限性单发肾癌的有效方法.     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除26例报告

目的 评价后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的临床应用价值.方法 应用后腹腔镜行肾部分切除术26例,其中T1期肾癌22例,错构瘤3例,重复肾伴结石1例.结果 手术均获成功.手术时间90～150min,平均（120±10）min 出血量50～400mL,平均（90±25）mL 输血1例,无严重手术并发症.肾肿瘤患者20例切缘阴性,有2例肾肿瘤部分切患者术后病检报告示肿瘤侵犯肾周脂肪囊,再次行手术肾脏根治性切除.肾恶性肿瘤22例,术后随访3～24个月,经胸片、B超检查未见肿瘤复发或远处转移.结论 后腹腔镜下行肾部分切除术可行,创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快.     

经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术29例报告

目的总结经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的安全性和可行性。方法2011年10月～2012年10月,采用自制通道行后腹腔单孔腹腔镜根治性肾切除术29例,肿瘤最大径3～6．8cm,平均4．3cm。健侧卧位,在腋后线第12肋下向前做5～6cm切口,从自制单孔多通道置入常规腹腔镜操作器械进行后腹腔镜根治性切除,由操作通道切口取出标本。结果手术均成功完成,无中转标准腹腔镜或开放手术。手术时间70～120min,平均90min。术中出血量20～100ml,平均50m1。术后病理：肾透明细胞癌27例,肾乳头状腺癌1例,肾嫌色细胞癌1例。29例随访3～12个月,平均7个月,无肿瘤复发。结论经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全、可行。     

腹腔镜下与开放性根治性肾切除术的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 比较腹腔镜下与开放性根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌的疗效.方法 2006年1月至2009年7月T1～T2肾癌患者62例,随机分为2组,每组31例.分别行腹腔镜下及开放性根治性肾切除术,比较2组住院时间、手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、并发症、术后局部复发率、远处转移率及死亡率.取第一类误差α=0.05,第二类误差β=0.10,2种术式术后住院时间均值相差2 d,差异有统计学意义.结果 2组患者术后住院时间分别为(5.4±1.3)及(8.1±2.2)d,中位切口长度分别为8及15 cm,中位术中出血量分别为100及200 ml,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组手术时间、术后并发症发生率、淋巴结清扫数、局部复发率、远处转移率、死亡率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术较开放性根治性肾切除术手术创伤小、住院时间短.     

不同术式治疗多囊性肾癌的比较研究

目的 比较3种手术方式治疗多囊性肾癌(MCRCC)的安全性和有效性,探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)对多囊性肾癌的最佳适用范围.方法 回顾性分析2006～2008年收治的28例多囊性肾癌患者的临床病理资料.根据术式的不同,将此28例患者分为保留肾单位术组(12例),根治性肾切除术组(13例),手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术组(3例).收集整理3组患者的手术时间、术中估计失血量、输血情况、术后引流管留置时间、镇痛泵留置时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症情况及术后随访资料并行统计学分析.结果 28例MCRCC患者平均年龄51.9岁,男女比例3:1,肿瘤平均最大直径5.1 cm,T1N0M0者23例,T2N0M0者5例,2例为双肾癌,1例合并甲状腺癌.保留肾单位手术组患者在术中失血量、术后住院天数上多于根治性肾切除术组患者(P<0.05),而在手术时间、输血率、术后引流管留置时间、镇痛泵应用时间方面两组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05).手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术在术中估计失血量、术后引流管留置时间、镇痛泵应用时间、术后住院天数方面在数值上似优于其它两种术式,因例数较少,未纳入统计学分析.三组患者均未发生围手术期严重并发症.术后获得长期随访者21例,术后1月内首次随访的血肌酐和尿素氮水平均正常.平均随访时间18.1个月.21人均健在.结论 保留肾单位手术治疗5 cm以下的多囊性肾癌安全有效,近期效果与根治性肾切除术相似,但对位于肾脏中极或凸向肾盂的多囊性肾癌应慎用.手助腹腔镜手术的安全性和微创性为治疗MCRCC提供了又一选择.     

后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术168例

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术的手术方法及临床效果. 方法对168例肾癌患者实施后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性.肾切除术.肿瘤位于左肾87例,右肾81例.肿瘤直径2.0～6.9 cm,平均4.7 cm.T1.N0M0 92例,T10N0M0.76例.常规制备后腹腔间隙.按顺序分别进入4个相对无血管解部层面进行分离.第一分离层面位于腰肌前间隙,此层面可以在手术初期快速找到肾蒂;第__二分离层面位于Gerota筋膜前叶与融合筋膜之间;第三分离层面位于肾上腺与肾上极之间或膈肌与肾上腺间隙;第四分离层面位丁Gerota筋膜的锥尖部. 结果 168例手术均成功完成,平均手术时间(138±46)min,平均术中出血量(90±30)ml.恢复饮食和下床活动时间分别为1.3 d和1.2 d.术后平均住院日5.8 d.14例发生腹膜破口,未影响手术进行.18例术后有不同程度肩痈,2 d后自行消失.123例随访6～18个月,平均8个月,均无瘤生存. 结论 后腹腔镜下解削性根治性肾切除术具有解剖层次清楚、术中出血少、术野清晰、疗效确切、并发症少、恢复快等优点,为需要根治性肾切除术的患者提供了更好的选择.     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术32例临床体会

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾分析2010-09—2015-10间行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的32例患者的临床资料。结果患者均成功完成手术,手术时间75~190 min,平均105 min,出血量30~400 m L,平均75 m L。术后病理均是肾细胞癌,术后随访3~36个月,未见肿瘤复发转移。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术是治疗肾癌的一种安全有效微创的手术方法。     

泌尿外科——肾脏、输尿管

肾淋巴管肌瘸病一例报告;腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤现状（述评）;后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌的疗效观察;后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术40例报告;非甾体类抗炎药NS398诱导肾癌细胞凋亡的作用及其机制     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.