肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

肾盏憩室及其并发症的外科处理

目的 探讨肾盏憩室合并结石、感染的诊治特点及方法.方法肾盏憩室患者29例.男11例,女18例.平均年龄26(18～61)岁.其中单纯性肾盏憩室3例,合并感染14例(其中3例外院以肾囊肿行去顶减压术后漏尿转入),合并结石12例.行开放手术治疗10例,憩室去顶,并缝合憩室开口;行腹腔镜下手术8例,憩室处理同开放手术,2例合并结石者同时行取石术;行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)11例,取出结石并扩张憩室盏颈,留置肾造瘘管,其中1例中转开放.结果开放及腹腔镜下手术均取得成功,腹腔镜术后1例漏尿予患侧放置双J管1个月后治愈;1例行PCNL术失败中转开放.取石术后1周复查KUB平片无结石残留.29例平均随访14(6～24)个月,患者症状明显改善,无再发感染及结石.结论肾盏憩室常合并结石及感染,采用腹腔镜及PCNL等手术治疗安全可行,疗效确切.术前确诊、术前准备及术中证实是确保手术成功的重要环节.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment for complications of renal caliceal diverticulum with calculi or infection. Methods A retrospective investigation was performed on 29 cases with renal caliceal diverticulum. The 29 cases included 11 males and 18 females aged 18 to 61 years. Among the study group, 3 cases were simple renal caliceal diverticulum, 12 cases were diagnosed as diverticular calculi and 14 cases presented recurrent urinary tract infections including 3 cases with urinary fistula after unroofing and decompression as renal simple cyst from another hospital. Ten cases underwent an open operation that unroofed and decompressed the cyst, and sutured the diverticular neck. Eight cases underwent laparoscopic operation similar to the open operation, including lithotomy in caliceal diverticulum in 2 cases. Eleven cases diagnosed with caliceal diverticular calculi were taken one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy including dilating the diverticular neck, remaining the nephrostomy catheter and Double-J ureteral stents, and 1 case was transferred to open operation.Results The open and laparoscopic operations were performed successfully. One case was cured by Double-J ureteral stenting after postoperative urinary leakage. One case was transferred to open operation for the failure of percutaneous puncturation. X-ray examination revealed that there were no remaining stones after the operation. All the patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months without calculi and infection recurrence. Conclusions Stones and infection are common that complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, laparoscopy and other operations were effective and feasible treatment options for cases with complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Exact diagnosis was very important for treatment of renal caliceal diverticulum before operation.     

折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的 探讨折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石中的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾分析108例行PCNL肾结石患者临床资料.术中应用折叠式结石拦截器56例,未应用52例.2组患者性别、年龄、结石大小比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).比较2组在结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数和并发症等差异. 结果 2组结石清除率分别为94.6%(53/56)和82.7%(43/52),手术时间分别为112、142 min,出血量为205、245 ml,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组住院时间分别为2.8、3.0 d,并发症发生率分别为16.1%(9/56)和15.4%(8/52),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论折叠式结石拦截器使用简单、方便、安全,PCNL术中能有效阻止结石碎片下滑进入输尿管,提高结石清除率、缩短手术时间、减少手术出血量、不增加手术并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolitholomy with a PercSys accordion stone management device in the treatment of renal calculi. Methods The data of 108 patients with renal calculi who underwent PCNL were retrospectively analyzed. Outcomes of 56 patients who underwent PCNL with the PercSys accordion device (group A) were compared with the outcomes of 52 patients who underwent PCNL without the accordion device (group B). Clinical data including stone-free rate, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay and complications were compared. Results The stone-free rates of group A and group B were 94. 6% and 82.7%, operative time was 112 min and 142 min, the mean blood loss was 205 ml and 245 ml, respectively. The differences between the 2 groups were significant(P＜0. 05). The length of hospital stay was 2.8 d and 3.0 d, the complication rates were 16.1 % and 15.4%. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for these 2 aspects(P＞0. 05). Conclusions The PercSys accordion device can be easily inserted and deployed during PCNL. It successfully prevents antegrade stone fragment migration, increases the stone-free rate and reduces the operative time and blood loss.     

局麻下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1363例报告

目的 探讨局麻下经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的可行性及安全性.方法 局麻B超引导下行PCNL 1363例,其中复杂性肾结石475例,肾盂结石520例,输尿管上段结石368例.采用1%～2%盐酸利多卡因10～20 ml自穿刺点皮肤开始沿穿刺方向行浸润麻醉,深达肾筋膜区域.术中采用"0～10"疼痛强度量表评估疼痛程度.结果 1363例均一次穿刺成功并行一期PCNL,其中5通道2例,4通道4例,3通道9例,2通道25例,单通道碎石1323例.肾盂结石取净500例(96.2%),输尿管上段结石均取净(100.0%),复杂性肾结石取净428例(90.1%).疼痛评分0～3分者818例(60.0%),4～6分者409例(30.0%),7～9分者136例(10.0%).10%疼痛评分≥7分者局部予1%～2%盐酸利多卡因5～10 ml或盐酸哌替啶50～75 mg肌肉注射后缓解,无一例因疼痛难以忍受而变动体位或停止手术者,术中未发生肝、脾、胸腔、肠管损伤等严重并发症.结论 局麻B超引导下行PCNL术简单安全有效,值得临床推广运用.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating upper urinary calculi under local anesthesia.Methods One thousand three hundred and sixty-three patients who suffered with upper urinary calculi were treated with PCNL, the puncture and tracts were created using local anesthesia and guided through ultrasound.Of the 1363 patients, 475 patients had complicated renal caluli, 520 patients had kidney pelvic calculi and 368 had upper uretere calculi.Results All of the patients successfully received PCNL under the local anesthesia.Of the 1363 patients five tracts were used in two patients, four tracts were used in four patients, three tracts were used in nine patients, double tracts were used in 25 patents and one tract was used in the remaining patients.The stone-free rate was 96.0% in the kidney pelvic calculi patients, 100.0% in the upper uretere calculi patients, and 90.1% in the complicated renal caluli patients.90.0% patients were find well throught the operation, 10.0% patients find a little pain and solved by another more 5 - 10 ml lidocaine local injection or 50 - 75 mg pethidine hydrochloride intramuscular injection.No case stop operation because of pain or position changed.All without any severe complications such as damaged of liver, spleen, thorax and intestine.Conclusion The PCNL handled under local anesthesia was simple safe and effective, deserved clinical popularizing use.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗幼儿肾结石

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗幼儿肾结石的手术技巧. 方法 12例肾结石患儿行MPCNL.男8例,女4例.平均年龄32(18～53)个月.12例均经KUB、IVU、B超和CT检查确诊.结石直径平均1.3(1.0～1.8)cm.单纯肾盂结石7例,合并多发性肾盏结石5例.无合并肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄者.均实施全麻,B超引导下穿刺目标肾盏,成功建立12～16 F皮肾通道并用气压弹道碎石机碎石. 结果 12例平均手术时间74 min.均Ⅰ期完成碎石,Ⅰ期结石清除率67%(8/12).1例残留结石直径>6 mm者行二次MPCNL后结石完全清除,总结石清除率75%(9/12).3例残留结石直径2～4 mm,其中1例术后2周行ESWL.术后平均住院时间14(10～42)d.随访1～7个月,结石清除率100%. 结论 MPCNL具有出血少、结石清除率高、住院时间短等优点,可作为治疗幼儿肾结石安全、有效的方法.     

体外冲击波碎石、逆行输尿管镜或微创经皮输尿管镜碎石治输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 总结输尿管上段结石的有效治疗方法. 方法回顾性分析体外冲击波碎石(ESwL)、逆行输尿管镜(URL)或微创经皮输尿管镜碎石(MPCNL)治疗397例输尿管上段结石患者的临床效果,统计学比较3种治疗方法的成功率及结石清除率.结果 397例患者中,ESWL治疗83例,结石横径0.8～1.5 cm,平均1.23 cm;改行URL或开放手术治疗13例(15.7%);单纯ESWL治疗术后1个月结石清除率为65.7%(46/70).URL治疗213例,结石横径0.7～1.8 cm,平均1.21cm;改行开放手术18例(8.5%);单纯URL治疗术后1个月结石清除率为88.2%(172/195).MPCNL治疗101例,结石横径0.9～2.5 cm,平均1.50 cm;改行开放手术治疗3例(3.0%);单纯MPCNL治疗术后1个月结石清除率为96.9%(95/98).结石横径≤1 cm者.ESWL治疗结石清除率低于URL和MPCNL治疗组(P=0.041),URL组与MPCNL组结石清除率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.680);结石横径＞1 cm者,ESWL治疗结石清除率低于URL组和MPCNL组(P＜0.001),URL组结石清除率低于MPCNL组(P=0.005).结论 横径≤1 cm的输尿管上段结石首选ESWL治疗,＞1 cm的结石应选用URL或MPCNL治疗,MPCNL治疗的结石清除率更高.     

经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤的初步经验

目的 评价经皮肾镜技术在上尿路肿瘤中的应用效果.方法 2006年6月至2010年6月经皮肾镜治疗上尿路肿瘤患者8例(10侧).男6例(7侧),女2例(3侧).年龄52～72岁,平均61岁.孤立肾4例,慢性肾功能不全2例,双侧肾盂肿瘤2例.高级别肿瘤4侧,低级别肿瘤6侧.肿瘤直径0.5～3.5 cm,平均2.6 cm.患者均接受经皮肾镜激光或电刀肿瘤切除术,术中留置输尿管支架管,术后经肾造瘘管灌注化疗药物.结果 8例手术均获成功,手术时间45～95 min,平均73 min;术中出血量20～300 ml,平均50 ml,术后SCr水平较术前下降或无明显变化.随访10～36个月,采用CT、MRI及输尿管镜检观察肿瘤复发情况.1例死于肿瘤转移,2例肿瘤局部复发.余5例未见肿瘤复发.结论 经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤安全可行,手术效果良好,对不宜行肾输尿管切除术的上尿路肿瘤患者来说是一种良好的选择.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application of percutaneous nephroscopy in the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma, particularly renal pelvic carcinoma. Methods From June 2006 to June 2010, eight cases (with 10 sides) of renal pelvic carcinoma received percutaneous nephroscopy tumor resection. There were six males (with 7 sides) and two females (with 3 sides) in the study group. There were six cases with solitary kidney and two cases with bilateral renal pelvic tumors. There were four cases with high-grade tumors and six cases with low-grade tumors. The age of patients ranged from 52 to 72 yrs (average 61.2 yrs). Tumor sizes ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm (average 2.6 cm). Patients were treated with laser or electrocautery through percutaneous nephroscopy. A ureteral stent was placed in the patients after the procedure. Chemotherapy was administered postoperatively through the nephrostomy tube. Results All the operations were successfully completed uneventfully. The operative time was 45-95 min (average 73 min), estimated blood loss was 20-300 ml (average 50 ml). No remarkable differences were found in serum creatinine levels before and after operation. After 10 to 36 mon. follow-up by CT, MRI, and ureteroscopy, one patient died of tumor metastasis and two patients had local tumor recurrence. The remaining patients had no local recurrence. Conclusions Percutaneous nephroscopy in treating renal pelvic tumor is safe and feasible. This is a better choice for the renal pelvic carcinoma patients who are unsuitable for ureteronephrectomy.     

经后中组肾盏径路行微创经皮肾取石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的：评价经后中组肾盏径路行微创经皮肾取石(MPCNL)术处理复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法：从2002年6月-2004年7月采用经后中组肾盏径路行MPCNL处理复杂性肾结石患者152例。结果：术后结石清除率为86．18％(131／152例，包括一期多次取石)。一期结石完全清除率达65．28％。仅15例(9．87％)接受辅助的ESWL治疗，6例(3．95％)需要重建另一通道再行MPCNL治疗。结论：经后中组肾盏径路行MPCNL治疗复杂性肾结石安全高效，有很高的结石清除率；残留结石可联合ESWL来提高疗效。     

双侧肾输尿管结石同期或分期经皮肾镜取石术的选择

目的 探讨双侧肾输尿管结石同期或分期经皮肾镜取石术的选择.方法 2008年1-12月收治双侧肾输尿管结石患者60例.其中双侧肾结石30例、一侧肾结石合并对侧输尿管结石12例、双侧输尿管结石8例、双侧肾结石并一侧输尿管上段结石10例.结石直径1.0～6.5 cm,平均2.0 cm.根据手术时间、血红蛋白及血压变化、血气分析结果 和患者耐受程度等判定是否同期行双侧手术.根据手术完成情况分为同期组51例和分期组9例,分期组二期手术在3～6周后进行.比较2组患者一般情况、结石特征及手术情况.结果 手术分期原因:首侧手术时间＞3 h 4例,血红蛋白＜100 g/L或下降＞30 g/L 3例,收缩压＜90 mm Hg或下降＞30 mm Hg 2例,动脉血pH值＜7.35或动脉氧饱和度＜95% 2例,患者不耐受3例.同期组首侧结石负荷、总结石负荷分别为(480.4±375.3)mm2及(858.8±426.0)mm2,分期组分别为(1271.7±928.1)mm2及(1667.0±811.2)mm2,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同期组首侧平均手术时间、总手术时间分别为(119.3±25.1)min及(212.7±25.5)min,分期组分别为(153.7±42.4)min及(254.8±44.9)min,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组患者性别、年龄、体质指数、术前血红蛋白、总血红蛋白降低值、手术开始侧别、结石数量、第二侧结石负荷等差异均无统计性意义(P＞0.05).2组总结石清除率分别为87.3%与88.9%,并发症发生率分别为17.6%与16.7%,2组差异均无统计性意义(P＞0.05).同期组术后出现发热(体温＞38.5 ℃)4例、迟发出血4例、肾盂穿孔1例;分期组术后发热1例、迟发出血1例、尿外渗1例.结论 首侧手术时间过长、术中出血及患者不耐受是双侧结石经皮肾镜取石分期手术的主要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the of the decision process to perform staged or synchronous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in the treatment of bilateral upper urinary tract calculi. Methods Patients with an indication for bilateral PCNL were enrolled in the study from Jan. 2008 to Dec. 2008. The decision to perform staged or synchronous bilateral PCNL was based on the initial side operative time, the changes of hemoglobin level and systolic arterial pressure, the results of blood gas analysis and the patient′s tolerance at the end of initial side operation. The patients were divided into two groups, patients who underwent synchronous bilateral PCNL were in group one. Patients where the PCNL procedure was stopped after the initial side and subsequently underwent staged bilateral PCNL three to six weeks later were placed in group two. The success and complication rates of two groups were compared and analyzed. Results Of 60 planned simultaneous bilateral PCNLs, nine were stopped after the initial side, due to prolonged operative time in four cases, a hemoglobin level ＜100 g/L or the decrease of more than 30 g/L in three cases, a systolic arterial pressure lower than 90 mm Hg or the decrease more than 30 mm Hg in two cases, an arterial blood pH lower than 7.35 or the arterial oxygen saturation lower than 95% in two cases or the patients were intolerant to the surgery in three cases. Between the two groups, the differences of patient gender, age, BMI, preoperative hemoglobin level, the total hemoglobin decrease, the side initiated operation, stone number and second side stone burden were insignificant. However, there were significant differences in the first operative side stone burden, total stone burden, the first operative side operative time and total operative time. The stone-clearance rate was 87.3% in group one and 88.9% in group two. There was no difference in complication rate of two groups. Conclusions Prolonged operative time, large blood loss during the first operation side and patient intolerance are the main causes of staged bilateral PCNL.     

肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤浸润的病理研究

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗肾癌时肿瘤周围正常肾组织安全有效的切除范围.方法2005年10月至2008年10月肾癌标本131例,其中行肾癌根治术103例,行NSS 28例.先行大体病理检查,然后分别在肿瘤假包膜外侧和距离肿瘤边缘3、5、10、15 mm各层面取材,每个层面取4块组织,HE组织染色.观察有无肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤的浸润范围等病理指标,分别测量病变到肿瘤边缘的距离,并统计肿瘤大小与以上指标的相关性.结果 131例肾癌标本中,肿瘤直径＜4.0 cm者61例,均未发现肿瘤周围浸润和卫星灶.肿瘤直径4～7 cm者46例,发现肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶3例(6.5%),其中G3透明细胞癌1例,分别在距离肿瘤10、15 mm处发现卫星灶;集合管癌1例和G3透明细胞癌伴肉瘤样癌1例距离肿瘤周围15 mm均可见肿瘤浸润生长,集合管癌患者同时伴有远处转移和肾静脉瘤栓.肿瘤直径＞7 cm者24例,有肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶4例(16.7%),其中1例G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围3 mm处发现卫星灶,另3例G2、G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围15 mm范围发现肿瘤浸润生长;有肾静脉瘤栓4例(16.7%);远处转移2例(8.3%).肿瘤直径与肿瘤周围浸润生长和卫星灶之间呈显著相关性(P＜0.05).结论直径＜4 cm的肾癌,行距离肿瘤周围正常肾组织切除宽度小的NSS,甚至简单的肿瘤剜除术安全有效;对部分仔细选择的4～7 cm肾癌,只要技术可行能够完整切除肿瘤,采用NSS治疗合理可行;而对于＞7 cm的肾癌,不建议行NSS.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the safe and effective width of a healthy parenchymal surgical margin in nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma. Methods From October, 2005to October, 2008, 131 renal carcinoma specimens (103 cases performed by radical nephrectomy and 28 cases by NSS) were studied. The tissue materials were taken at the site of pseudo-capsule, 3, 5, 10,15 mm laterally from the tumor edge respectively and HE staining. Specimens were examined grossly and microscopically for multifocal tumors, infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule and other pathological features. The correlation between the renal tumor size and the pathological features were analyzed statistically. Results There were 131 specimens of renal carcinoma. In 61 cases with tumor diameter ＜4 cm, no case (0.0%) had multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule. In 46 cases with tumor diameter 4-7 cm, multifocal tumors were found in 3 cases (6.5%), and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 2 cases. Among the 46 cases there was 1 collecting duct cancer accompanied with distant metastasis and renal vein tumor embolus. In 24 cases with tumor diameter ＞7cm, multifocal tumors were found in 4 cases (16. 7%) and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 3 cases. Four cases (16.7%) had renal vein tumor embolus. Two cases (8.3%) had distant metastasis. The renal tumor size was apparently associated with multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule (P＜0. 05). Conclusions Mini-margin NSS, even simple enucleoresection, is a safe and effective approach for treating localized renal tumor of ＜4 cm. For carefully selected patients with tumor 4-7 cm, NSS is reasonable and feasible. But for the patient with tumor ＞7 cm,NSS is not recommended.     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗孤立肾多发性结石

目的探讨超声引导微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（MPCNL）治疗孤立肾多发性结石的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析采用超声引导MPCNL治疗21例孤立肾多发性结石的临床资料。先天性孤立肾1例,对侧肾切除术后9例,对侧肾无功能11例。17例采用单通道,4例采用多通道。于术前及术后检查血肌酐水平。结果本组手术时间40～150min,平均86min。术后2例发热,无需输血病例。11例血肌酐一过性轻微升高,术后1d,血肌酐由术前（129.3±57.5）μmol/L升高至（138.5±59.9）μmol/L,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。本组无中转开放手术,无严重并发症。手术取净率为81.0%（17/21）,术后3个月结石排净率为85.7%（18/21）,血肌酐降至（125.4±51.2）μmol/L（P〉0.05）。随访3～60个月,所有患者血肌酐水平均稳定或下降。结论 MPCNL治疗孤立肾多发性结石安全、有效,具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、结石清除率高等优点,长期随访显示MPCNL术后患者肾功能改善或稳定。     

微创经皮肾通道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术与开放手术治疗鹿角形肾结石疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾穿刺（mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术和开放性手术治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效,探讨鹿角形肾结石的最佳治疗方法。方法108例鹿角形肾结石患者按照治疗方法分为两组：MPCNL组60例,开放手术组48例;术后随访并评价1个月结石清除率。结果MPCNL组无一例中转开放手术,手术后血红蛋白下降（11.75±3.79）g/L,输血率为21.67%,术后住院时间平均（5.32±1.63）d,治疗费用平均（9.02±1.40）×10^3元,均明显低于开放手术组的（18.10±4.66）g/L、41.67%、（13.10±1.64）d及（11.92±1.58）×10^3元（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;术后1个月结石清除率为85.00%（51/60）,显著高于开放手术组68.75%（33/48）。结论MPCNL具有结石清除率高、出血少、恢复快、治疗费用低的优点,对于较大、开放手术后复发或残留的鹿角形肾结石患者尤为适宜,可作为鹿角形肾结石的首选治疗方法。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾铸型结石的疗效观察

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）治疗孤立肾铸型结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析2007年4月-2008年12月应用MPCNL治疗34例孤立肾铸型结石患者的临床资料：34例患者结石平均表面积（2314±179）mm^2,肾积脓5例。4例先行穿刺造瘘术,5～7天后行二期经皮肾镜取石术,其余患者均行一期取石术。其中单通道取石18例,双通道取石15例,三通道取石1例。结果：3例一期取石时残余小结石,结合ESWL清除小残石,结石总清除率为91．2％（31／34）。1例出现感染性休克,1例术后大出血行介入栓塞治疗,无死亡患者。术后随访4～18个月,19例肾功能不全患者中,11例肾功能恢复正常,6例肾功能有不同程度改善,2例发展为尿毒症期行血液透析,其中1例为术后大出血行介入栓塞的患者。结论：微创多通道MPCNL治疗孤立肾铸型结石安全可行,效果确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点,可作为孤立肾铸型结石的首选治疗方法。     

B超引导微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗孤立肾肾结石

目的 探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年12月～2010年1月在B超引导下行MPCNL治疗孤立肾肾结石27例患者的临床资料.其中21例I期穿刺碎石取石,并发肾积脓的4例和肾功能衰竭的2例患者先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流,在感染控制和肾功能好转后行Ⅱ期MPC...     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗先天性异常肾合并结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗先天性异常肾合并结石的疗效。方法2000年1月～2007年11月,采用MPCNL治疗异常肾合并结石41例,其中马蹄肾12例,重复肾19例,旋转肾10例。单发上盏结石4例,中盏6例,下盏7例,肾盂结石3例,重复肾上肾结石4例,多发结石12例,鹿角形结石5例。结石最大直径1.0～4.0 cm,平均2.5 cm。13例合并输尿管中上段结石同时取石。结果41例均一次穿刺成功。手术时间45～210 min,平均95 min。术中出血30～150 ml,平均80 ml。一期结石清除率85.4%（35/41）,2例马蹄肾和1例重复肾患者经二次取石取净,2例重复肾和1例旋转肾患者术后配合体外冲击波碎石治疗。1例旋转肾MPCNL术后发生较严重出血（800 ml）,经高选择性动脉栓塞后治愈,其余未见严重并发症发生。41例随访5～12个月,平均6个月,无结石复发。结论MPCNL治疗先天性异常肾合并结石安全、可靠。但仍需强调个体化的原则,根据不同异常肾的类型,结石大小、位置等情况进行操作。     

输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的三种微创手术疗效分析

目的比较经尿道输尿管镜碎石取石术（URL）、微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术（MPCNL）和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石（RLU）三种微创手术处理输尿管上段嵌顿性结石疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2017年12月在我院治疗的输尿管上段嵌顿性结石69例,其中URL组23例,MPCNL组26例,RLU组20例。 结果三组患者年龄、结石位置、结石大小、肾积水比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。三组手术时间、术后住院日分别为URL组（34±11）min、（3.2±2.5）d,MPCNL组（59±12）min、（5.5±2.2）d,RLU组（122±25）min、（8.3±2.1）d,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;三组手术成功率、1个月净石率分别为,URL组82.6%（19/23）、78.3%（18/23）,MPCNL组100%（26/26）、100%（26/26）,RLU组95%（19/20）、100%（20/20）,URL与其余两组对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论MPCNL具有手术时间短、成功率高、净石率高特点,治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石效果确切,若合并肾结石可作为首选治疗;URL不推荐作为输尿管上段结石首先治疗;RLU可作为输尿管上段嵌顿结石可选择性治疗。     

斜卧位微创经皮肾镜治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨斜卧位微创经皮肾镜碎石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗上尿路结石的可行性。方法 2009年8月-2010年10月,采用斜卧45°体位行MPCNL治疗上尿路结石57例,包括肾结石49例,输尿管上段结石8例。结果 57例均Ⅰ期建立经皮肾通道成功,无穿刺失败或中转开放手术。平均手术时间85 min（45-120min）。一期结石清除率100%（57/57）。肾造瘘管留置时间1-3 d,平均住院时间6 d（4-7 d）。未出现严重并发症。结论斜卧位施行MPCNL手术治疗上尿路结石具有安全、高效、微创的特点,患者体位舒适,便于术中麻醉监测,术中碎石易排出,值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石体会

目的 总结单一微通道经皮肾镜碎石术(MPCNL)联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石的临床经验体会.方法 57例鹿角形肾结石均采用MPCNL和输尿管软镜碎石术联合治疗.结石大小(2.7 cm×3.3 cm～3.8 cm ×5.2 cm),平均3.7 cm ×4.1 cm.结果 46例鹿角形结石一期碎石、取石成功,平均手...     

逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例。术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜。软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出。所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1天拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片(KUB)或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率。残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留。结果：本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2%,进镜成功率100%,术中寻找结石成功率100%。一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石<4mm,无需进一步处理。另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术。结论：输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全,手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到所有肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石。