大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株的耐药性与基因检测

目的研究深圳市人民医院2002年1月-2003年12月临床下呼吸道分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性、ESBLs基因型以及基因型和耐药表型的相关性。方法共收集临床下呼吸道分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌61株，采用酶抑制剂增强法作表型确证试验，琼脂稀释法作药敏试验，应用PCR、序列分析，确定ESBLs基因型。结果61株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的敏感率是100％，MIC50 0．5mg／L，两种细菌表现出不尽相同的耐药表型。共检出10种0内酰胺酶基因型，CTX-M型、SHV型和TEM型的检出率依次为83．6％、44．3％和37．7％，其中以CTXM14最多，共38株；SHV型仅见于肺炎克雷伯菌，SHV-12最常见，有20株；TEM型均为TEM-1。结论本院临床下呼吸道产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重，为多重耐药菌。ESBLs有7种基因型，CTX—M型是主要的基因型，其次是SHV型；两种菌中各基因型的分布不同，其耐药表型也不同。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的 了解我院2005-2008年产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs) 大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及耐药情况.方法 收集我院2005年1月-2008年12月临床分离到的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别2 557株和1 883株,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)对分离株进行抗菌药物敏感试验和ESBLs筛选和确证试验.对其中60株产ESBLs菌用PCR和测序检测该类酶的基因型.结果 4年中大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率分别为48.0%、63.0%、65.8%和59.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为40.9%、53.9%、56.8%和47.3%.产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、头孢丙烯和哌拉西林等耐药率超过90%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南的敏感率为97%～100%.29株大肠埃希菌TEM基因检出率为75.8 %(22/29),SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%(25/29).31株肺炎克雷伯菌TEM基因检出率为41.9 %(13/31),SHV基因检出率为64.5%(20/31),CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%(15/31).35株(58.3%)菌同时检测到2种以上基因型.序列分析证实TEM 扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M 扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV 扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12和SHV-28.结论 我院2005-2008年大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率较高.CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs 菌株的主要基因型.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及其基因分析

目的了解临术分离菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌发生率，分析其耐药表型，探讨其ESBLs基因类别。方法采用美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）推荐的纸片扩散法，对364株大肠埃希菌和71株肺炎克雷伯菌进行产ESBLs菌株初筛试验，并用双纸片确证试验和双纸片协同试验进行产ESBLs菌株确证。按照NCCLS文件标准，用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行产ESBLs株21种抗生素药敏试验。用PCR方法扩增168株ESBLs表型阳性菌中blaTEM-1、blaSHV-1、CTX-M-1组、TOHO-1组等4种基因。结果（1）大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率分别为46．7％和32．4％。（2）产ESBLs菌对青霉素类100％耐药；对第1、2代头孢菌素耐药率达85％～100％；对除头孢他定以外的第3代头孢菌素，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率为80％以上，产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率为65％～75％以上；产ESBLs菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为75％～85％；产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星耐药率为80％～90％、庆大霉素耐药率为50％～75％；产ESBLs菌对阿米卡星、头孢替坦、亚胺培南有较好的敏感性（80％～90％以上）。（3）产ES-BLs大肠埃希菌中，blaTEM-1、blasSHV-1、CTX-M-1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为93．9％、7．4％和53．4％。51．4％的菌株同时携带2种耐药基因，2．7％的菌株同时携带3种耐药基因。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中blatTEM-1、blaSHV-1、CTX-M-1组等3种基因扩增阳性率分别为50．0％、95．0％和20．0％。同时携带2种耐药基因的菌株占35．0%，同时携带3种耐药基因的菌株占15．0％。两种细菌中均未检出TOHO-1组基因。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高，大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌比例有逐年上升趋势。产ESBLs菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率远高于头孢他定，且多数菌株对青霉素类，第1、2、3代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、氨基糖甙类等抗生素呈多重耐药。大肠埃希菌中以TEM型和CTX-M型基因为主。肺炎克雷伯菌以SHV型基因为主，同时存在TEM型和CTX-M型基因。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌（大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株）用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%-88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感（100.0%）,对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%-92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株（58.3%）菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌(大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株)用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%~88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感(100.0%),对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%~92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株(58.3%)菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

大肠埃菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶的基因分型

目的：分析我院大肠埃希菌，肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs)的主要基因型。方法：用表型确证试验确定临床标本中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌，用Etest检测其最低抑菌浓度（MIC），分别用TEM，SHV和CTX-M通用引物进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增并对PCR产物进行序列分析。结果：大部分产ESBLs菌株体外对头孢噻肟耐药而对头孢他啶敏感，PCR扩增结果显示TEM，SHV和CTX-M的阳性率分别为68%，39%和83%，序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因，CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因，而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-12，SHV-11或SHV-1基因，结论：CTX-M-3和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型；尚未发现TEM起源ESBLs。     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶49株细菌耐药基因调查

目的 了解49株产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌的耐药基因。方法 采用纸片扩散法检测产ESBLs细菌，通过基因扩增、序列分析、脉冲场凝胶电泳技术研究ESBLs基因型以及产ESBLs细菌同源性。结果 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌流行率自2000年的20％，增长至2003年的40％。49株产ESBLs细菌中，以CTX-M-14（n=33）亚型最常见，其他亚型包括CTX-M-3、CTX-M-9、CTX-M-12、CTX-M-15、CTX-M-24、SHV-5a，1株细菌同时产CTX—M-3、CTX—M-14两种CTX-M型ESBLs；4株表型确证试验阳性细菌未能分型。除2株大肠埃希菌、2株肺炎克雷伯菌有亲缘性外，其他菌株间无同源性。结论 产ESBLs细菌分离率逐年增高，以CTX—M型酶为主。PFGE试验证明非流行所致。     

全国10所教学医院产ESBLs和质粒AmpC酶大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的研究

目的研究全国10所教学医院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中同时产ESBLs及质粒型AmpC酶菌株的比率及其基因型特点,比较不同地区间的差别。方法收集来自中国不同地区的10所教学医院2003年度产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌90株和肺炎克雷伯菌61株,用等电聚焦电泳测定β内酰胺酶的等电点;接合试验证实酶基因有无可转移性;采用多重聚合酶链反应(MPCR)及序列分析确定质粒AmpC酶的基因型。结果武汉、南京、济南等地产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌所占比率相近,均在50%左右;北京产ESBLs大肠埃希菌所占比率低于肺炎克雷伯菌;其他各城市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌所占比率均略高于肺炎克雷伯菌。在产ESBLs菌株中24.4%大肠埃希菌和19.4%肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢西丁耐药。除沈阳无对头孢西丁耐药菌株外,其他医院均存在对头孢西丁耐药株。产ESBLs菌株基因型主要为CTX—M型,其中以CTX-M-9组最为常见,其次为CTX-M-1组。在同时产ESBLs和AmpC的菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌多于大肠埃希菌,且均为CTX-M/ DHA-1型(多为CTX-M-9/DHA-1型)。3株同时产ESBLs和AmpC肺炎克雷伯菌的接合子PCR结果与其供体菌完全相同。结论参与本研究的各所教学医院产ESBLs菌株基因型主要为CTX-M-9组,在同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶的菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌多于大肠埃希菌,多为CTX-M-9/DHA-1型,该酶可通过质粒传播。     

抗菌药物对产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌接种效应的研究

目的研究美罗培南、头孢米诺、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松7种常见抗生素对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的接种效应。方法用微量肉汤稀释法测定7种抗生素对22株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌在标准细菌接种量(5×10~5CFU/mL)和高接种菌量(5×10~7CFU/mL)时的MIC。结果随着接种菌量增加,美罗培南和头孢米诺对所有受试菌株的MIC无接种效应;哌拉西林-他唑巴坦对SHV-12型和1株CTX-M-14菌的MIC表现出接种效应;头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松存在接种效应的菌种分别占所有受试菌株的86.4%(19/22)、40.9%(9/22)、10%(22/22)和100%(22/22)。结论对22株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,美罗培南和头孢米诺不存在接种效应,哌拉西林-他唑巴坦对部分基因型ESBLs菌株(SHV-12型和1株CTX-M-14菌株)存在接种效应,头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松存在接种效应。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌表型及基因型研究

目的 了解我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）表型和基因型分布情况.方法 对88株大肠埃希菌进行耐药分析,并用筛选试验和确证试验确认产ESBLs菌株,对耐药基因进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增分析,选部分产物测序.结果 88株大肠埃希菌中共检出31株产ESBLs（35.2%）菌株.产ESBLs菌株对头孢他啶的敏感率为58.1%,对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为3.2%.PCR结果显示,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因主要是CTX-M型（90.3%）,其中以CTX-M-14、CTX-M-3型为主;TEM基因均为TEM-1型,SHV基因均为SHV-1型.结论 我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为35.2%,其耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;其基因均为CTX-M型,其中以CTX-M-14和CTX-M-3型为主;TEM-1型广谱酶广泛存在于产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌中,则SHV-1型少见.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.