先天性心脏大动脉畸形的产前超声诊断线索

目的探讨先天性心脏大动脉畸形的产前超声诊断线索、检测技巧及临床意义,提高此类畸形的产前检出率。方法对16200例受检胎儿均采取胎儿心脏四腔心切面加胎儿头侧偏转法快速筛查胎儿心脏畸形,对疑有胎儿心脏畸形者获取左右心室流出道及主、肺动脉长轴切面、主动脉弓切面、大动脉短轴切面、动脉导管弓切面、三血管平面、三血管气管平面观察大动脉的排列关系、内径、血管数目、内部血流的彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒情况。结果产前共诊断累及大动脉的各种胎儿先天性心脏畸形94例,包括大动脉的内径异常55例,血管排列关系异常25例,血管数目异常19例,大动脉相对气管位置关系异常2例,血流方向及性质异常53例。结论大动脉起始部的平行排列,内径异常,数目异常及相对气管的位置关系异常,内部血流异常均是胎儿先天性大动脉畸形的产前超声诊断线索和依据。     

胎儿心脏三血管气管平面在先天性心脏病筛查中的价值

目的 探讨胎儿三血管气管平面的声像图特点及其筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的价值。方法 回顾性分析2003年4月至2005年4月1212例接受产前胎儿心脏超声筛查孕妇资料，取胎儿心脏检查的常规6个标准切面，然后在四腔心切面的基础上缓慢平行向胎儿头侧移动探头即可显示上纵隔横切面，即三血管气管平面，再叠加彩色多普勒血流显像，观察各房室及大动脉血流分布和血流方向。结果 1212例胎儿超声心动图检出胎儿心脏结构异常47例，22例合并心外畸形。33例在本院引产，20例尸检，其中18例尸检与产前超声诊断相符，1例单心房单心室并大动脉位置正常误诊为单心房单心室并大动脉转位，1例单心房单心室并永存动脉干误诊为完全性心内膜垫缺损并永存动脉干。15例胎儿抽脐带血检查染色体，3例染色体异常。结论 三血管气管平面在筛查胎儿大动脉和心室流出道异常的先天性心脏病中有重要作用。     

母体抗SSA/SSB抗体阳性胎儿完全性房室传导阻滞超声表现

目的 观察母体抗SSA/SSB抗体阳性胎儿完全性房室传导阻滞（CAVB）超声表现。方法 以二维、M型及多普勒超声技术观察7胎母体抗SSA/SSB抗体阳性CAVB胎儿心脏,获取二尖瓣、左心室流入道及流出道、脐动脉（UA）、静脉导管（DV）及大脑中动脉（MCA）血流频谱。结果 7名孕妇抗SSA抗体、抗Ro52抗体均呈阳性,其中4名抗SSB抗体呈阳性。7胎均见房室分离,心房律正常而心室律缓慢,二尖瓣、UA、DV及MCA血流异常;其中4胎心房壁、房间隔、二尖瓣环或腱索回声增强。7胎均未合并其他心内外结构畸形。结论 母体抗SSA/SSB抗体阳性可致胎儿发生CAVB;超声观察胎儿心脏及血流动力学变化有利于判断胎儿预后。     

胎儿心脏肿瘤与结节性硬化症的关系

目的 探讨胎儿心脏肿瘤与结节性硬化症的关系。方法 回顾性分析产前超声发现胎儿心脏肿瘤的13胎超声及MRI资料。结果 13胎心脏肿瘤中,5胎为单发肿瘤,8胎为多发肿瘤;MRI发现颅内结节性硬化6胎,其中2胎心脏肿瘤为单发、4胎心脏肿瘤为多发。结论 胎儿心脏肿瘤多与结节性硬化症有关。产前超声发现胎儿心脏肿瘤时,应行产前颅脑MR检查,以早期诊断结节性硬化症。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断脐动脉血流异常胎儿结构畸形

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声诊断脐动脉舒张期血流异常胎儿结构畸形的价值。方法 回顾性分析接受产前筛查的133胎脐动脉舒张期血流异常及72胎存在先天性结构畸形胎儿的超声特点,对其羊水或脐血染色体检查结果进行分析,并与产后新生儿特殊检查或引产后尸体解剖及病理检查结果相对照。结果 本组107 784胎（107 726名孕妇）中,共检出脐动脉舒张期血流异常133胎,脐动脉舒张期血流异常的发生率为0.12%（133/107 784）;脐动脉舒张期血流异常胎儿中存在先天性结构畸形72胎,发生率为54.14%（72/133）;脐动脉舒张期血流异常且存在先天性结构畸形儿中,染色体异常25胎,发生率为18.80%（25/133）,最常见者为心血管结构畸形,其次为水肿、多发结构畸形和中枢神经系统畸形。胎龄<28周脐动脉舒张期血流异常胎儿的结构畸形及染色体异常发生率均高于≥28周者。结论 脐动脉舒张期血流异常胎儿结构畸形发生率较高;彩色多普勒超声检测脐动脉舒张期血流异常有助于检出胎儿先天性结构畸形。     

产前超声检查诊断胎儿先天性膈疝

目的 探讨产前超声检查诊断胎儿先天性膈疝中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析52胎先天性膈疝胎儿的声像图表现,将产前超声诊断结果与出生后检查、手术或引产后病理结果相对照。结果 52胎先天性膈疝中产前超声诊断正确50胎,漏诊2胎。其中,左侧膈疝45胎(45/52,86.54%),右侧膈疝7胎(7/52,13.46%);合并其他结构异常22胎(22/52,42.31%),合并羊水过多34胎(34/52,65.38%)。结论 产前超声检查可较准确地诊断胎儿先天性膈疝,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

胎儿心脏异常钙化病因及超声特征

目的 探讨胎儿心脏异常钙化的病因及超声特征。方法 回顾性分析12胎心脏异常钙化胎儿的超声及病理学资料,分析其妊娠结局、病因及超声表现。结果 12胎中,母体抗SSA/SSB抗体（+）胎儿8胎,超声表现为心房壁、房间隔、房室瓣环等处广泛性增厚、回声增强;心肌营养不良性钙化3胎,超声表现为心室壁内局限性或广泛性高回声;特发性婴儿动脉钙化1胎,超声表现为主肺动脉和主动脉系统广泛性管壁增厚、回声增强、管腔狭窄。妊娠结局：1胎营养不良性心肌钙化病例继续妊娠中,1胎母体抗SSA/SSB（+）胎儿出生,10胎终止妊娠。结论 胎儿心脏异常钙化病因与母体抗SSA/SSB抗体（+）有关,不同病因所致超声表现有所差异。     

胎儿完全性大动脉转位产前超声诊断

  目的  探讨超声对胎儿完全性大动脉转位的诊断价值。  方法  回顾性分析2010年3月至2013年7月北京协和医院4例胎儿完全性大动脉转位的产前超声表现, 并与病理结果进行比较。  结果  4例完全性大动脉转位胎儿中, 3例四腔心切面正常, 1例可见室间隔缺损。左室及右室流出道切面4例胎儿可见心室与大动脉连接关系异常, 2例可见室间隔膜部缺损。三血管气管切面4例均仅可见2条血管。  结论  完全性大动脉转位具有特征性超声表现, 重点观察心室流出道切面及三血管气管切面有助于产前正确诊断。     

产前超声三血管多切面和主动脉冠状及矢状切面诊断胎儿先天性血管环

目的 观察产前超声三血管多切面和主动脉冠状及矢状切面诊断胎儿先天性血管环的价值。方法 回顾性分析42胎经产前超声诊断的先天性血管环胎儿,于超声三血管多切面、主动脉冠状及矢状切面观察上腔静脉、主动脉弓、肺动脉及动脉导管与气管的位置关系等,并结合产后随访结果分析各切面用于诊断胎儿先天性血管环的价值。结果 42胎中,19胎为右位主动脉弓,其中16胎为右位主动脉弓+迷走左锁骨下动脉+左侧动脉导管,3胎为右位主动脉弓伴镜像分支+左侧动脉导管;17胎为左位主动脉弓伴迷走右锁骨下动脉;3胎为双主动脉弓,其中2胎为右弓优势型、1胎为均衡型;3胎为肺动脉吊带。15胎合并心内畸形。8名孕妇因胎儿染色体异常终止妊娠,9名孕妇于外院分娩而失访;25例新生儿超声心动图或CTA所见均与产前检查结果相符。结论 产前超声三血管多切面结合主动脉冠状及矢状切面有助于检出胎儿先天性血管环。     

超声心动图诊断胎儿完全性大动脉转位

目的 探讨胎儿完全性大动脉转位（TGA）的超声心动图特征。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2017年1月经引产后尸体解剖证实或经出生后超声心动图检查证实为TGA的9胎胎儿的产前超声资料。结果 9胎TGA胎儿四腔心切面均显示正常的心轴及房室连接关系;左心室流出道切面8胎出现"雏鸟喙"征;左右心室流出道切面8胎2条大动脉（主动脉、肺动脉）呈平行关系;三血管气管（3VT）切面6胎仅显示2条大血管;主动脉弓切面7胎显示主动脉弓弧度不同程度增大。四腔心切面及左心室流出道切面均可见4胎室间隔上段缺损。结论 TGA胎儿超声心动图左心室流出道切面、左右心室流出道切面、3VT切面及主动脉弓切面均具有特征性表现,包括"雏鸟喙"征、2条大动脉呈平行关系、3VT切面仅显示2条大血管、主动脉弓弧度增大,其中以"雏鸟喙"征最为常见。     

三血管观在胎儿复杂心脏病超声诊断中的应用

方法回顾性总结89例胎儿先天性心脏病和80例正常胎儿的三血管观,分析各种胎儿心脏病三血管观的异常变化。结果正常胎儿三血管观显示率为97.5%,心脏病胎儿显示率为91.0%;正常三血管观图像表现为从左至右依次为肺动脉、主动脉和上腔静脉,内径依次递减;89例胎儿先天性心脏病中47例显示三血管观异常,分为4种类型:(1)血管内径异常(19例);(2)血管前后方位排列异常(6例);(3)血管左右方位排列异常(10例);(4)血管数量异常(12例)。结论三血管观检查方法简便可靠,可以提高胎儿心脏病的检出率和准确性。     

Is the “I‐Sign” in the 3‐Vessel and Trachea View a Valid Tool for Prenatal Diagnosis of d‐Transposition of the Great Arteries?

Prenatal diagnosis of d ‐transposition of the great arteries remains less frequent compared to other major congenital heart defects. In this study, we examined how often the 3‐vessel and trachea view was abnormal in a large series of prenatally diagnosed cases of d ‐transposition of the great arteries. We found that an abnormal 3‐vessel and trachea view in the shape of an “I” (“I‐sign”), which represents an anteriorly displaced aorta, was present in all fetuses with d ‐transposition of the great arteries when a 3‐vessel and trachea view was successfully obtained. Therefore we believe that the 3‐vessel and trachea view can be used to reliably detect d ‐transposition of the great arteries during prenatal sonography.     

Fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of vascular rings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this series is to describe the prenatal echocardiographic findings of vascular rings. METHODS: The 3-vessel and trachea view consists of the axial view of the upper mediastinum. The normal left aortic arch appears as a V-shaped confluence of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, with the trachea situated posterior and to the right. No vessel should encircle the trachea. The diagnoses of vascular rings were made prenatally and were confirmed in all patients postnatally. RESULTS: Six fetuses had diagnoses of vascular rings. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 23.3 weeks (range, 18-31 weeks). The indications for fetal echocardiography were family history of congenital heart disease, echogenic focus in the left ventricle, and abnormal 4-chamber view. There were 2 fetuses with a double aortic arch; 3 fetuses with a right aortic arch, an aberrant left subclavian artery, and a left ductus arteriosus; and 1 with a right circumflex aortic arch with a left ductus arteriosus and an aberrant left subclavian artery. Two fetuses had associated structural cardiac defects, 1 with an unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect and trisomy 21 and the other with a double-outlet right ventricle, pulmonary atresia, and multiple other congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular rings can be accurately diagnosed prenatally with recognition of a vascular structure that courses around the trachea and absence of the usual V-shaped relationship of the aortic and ductal arches. The color Doppler findings and the presence of a ductus arteriosus aid in identifying various components of the vascular ring.     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如畸形

目的 探讨永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如胎儿的产前超声特点及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析产前诊断为永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的8胎胎儿的超声资料,观察其超声表现及合并畸形,并随访其结局。结果 胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的超声特征为三血管-气管切面于肺动脉左侧见一血管回声,追踪走行见其汇入增宽的冠状静脉窦,同时主动脉右侧未见右上腔静脉显示。时间-空间关联成像（STIC）联合高分辨血流显像（HDF）可立体显示左上腔静脉与主动脉、肺动脉的空间位置关系。8胎均伴冠状静脉窦增宽,5胎合并其他心内畸形,1胎合并心外畸形。结论 超声可在产前准确诊断永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如及合并畸形。冠状静脉窦扩张是产前超声诊断的重要线索。     

产前超声横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面诊断胎儿心血管异常

目的 探讨产前超声横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面诊断胎儿心血管异常的价值。方法 采用横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面方法,观察502胎正常胎儿和521胎异常胎儿的三血管气管上多切面声像图特点。结果 由三血管气管切面开始向胎儿头侧移动探头,依次获得三血管气管切面;头臂静脉切面可显示头臂静脉、主动脉横弓;头臂动脉起始段切面可显示头臂动脉、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉起始段横断面;双侧锁骨下动静脉切面可显示双侧锁骨下动脉及双侧锁骨下静脉长轴、双侧颈总动脉起始段横断面。502胎正常胎儿三血管气管上多切面均可通过连续扫查获得显示。521胎异常胎儿中,三血管气管上多切面扫查检出头臂静脉异常236胎,头臂动脉异常277胎,心上型肺静脉异位引流7胎,颈位主动脉弓1胎。结论 三血管气管上多切面连续扫查有助于产前超声诊断胎儿心血管异常。     

Four-dimensional sonography with B-flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation for visualization of the fetal heart

PURPOSE: To use B-flow imaging with 4-dimensional (4D) sonography and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) in the evaluation of normal fetal heart and congenital heart disease during pregnancy. METHOD: Volume data sets of the fetal heart were acquired with automated transverse and longitudinal sweeps of the anterior chest wall. We studied 13 normal fetuses and 2 fetuses with congenital heart disease (1 double-outlet right ventricle and 1 hypoplastic left heart syndrome) at gestation ages ranging from 13 to 39 weeks using transabdominal 4D B-flow sonography with STIC (4D BF-STIC). RESULTS: 4D BF-STIC demonstrated dynamic angiographic features in both normal and abnormal fetal hearts. 4D BF-STIC images could not be obtained in 2 normal fetuses at 18.1 and 33.1 weeks because of the high fetal heart rate and inappropriate fetal position. In normal fetal heart, characteristic hemodynamic changes in both atria and ventricles were clearly demonstrated in systole and diastole. 4D BF-STIC also allowed visualization of the relationship, size, and course of the outflow tracts, thus helping the examiner to better understand the relationships between the vessels. In a case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, dramatic hemodynamic changes including the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery were evident. In a case of double-outlet right ventricle with ventricular septal defect, left-to-right shunt flow through a ventricular septal defect was clearly shown, as were great arteries originating in parallel from the right ventricle. CONCLUSION: 4D BF-STIC provides a means of real-time 3-dimensional evaluation of fetal intracardiac and extracardiac hemodynamics in the second and third trimesters. This novel technique assists in the evaluation of fetal cardiac hemodynamics and may play an important role in future fetal cardiac research and in the evaluation of congenital heart disease in the fetus.     

二维超声"三切面"法筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形

目的 探讨应用二维超声"三切面"法筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形的可行性及局限性. 方法 以四腔心、左心室、右心室流出道为筛查切面,筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形.疑有异常者送上级医院行系统超声心动图检查,并追踪随访,与引产后尸检或出生后超声心动图对照. 结果 本法筛查获得较清晰的胎儿心脏二维结构图像.12 046例受检胎儿中,正确诊断胎儿心脏异常19例,误诊1例,漏诊2例,产前诊断符合率86.36%. 结论 应用二维超声采用四腔心加左右心室流出道切面法检查可清楚直观地观察胎儿心脏解剖结构,方法 简便可靠.