晕船与能量代谢相关基因的差异表达

目的探讨部分能量代谢相关基因的表达与发生晕船的可能机制。方法利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测部分能量代谢相关基因在晕船差异个体脑干中的表达。结果与有氧氧化相关的细胞色素氧化酶、ATP合酶和还原型辅酶I(NADH)脱氢酶在晕船大鼠和晕船易感大鼠脑干中低表达;与无氧酵解有关的磷酸果糖激酶在晕船大鼠和晕船易感大鼠脑干中高表达。结论晕船刺激可能导致机体脑部组织缺血或缺氧。     

超短肠大鼠结肠代偿相关蛋白筛选与鉴定

目的　筛选并鉴定与结肠代偿相关的蛋白质。方法　SD大鼠20只,随机分为两组,每组10只。超短肠组：制作切除90%小肠的超短肠大鼠;对照组：横断小肠后再吻合。术后喂养21 d,提取结肠黏膜蛋白质,通过双向电泳,建立各组蛋白质双向电泳图谱,对异蛋白斑点进行MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS鉴定,通过查找数据库分析差异蛋白功能。结果　建立了超短肠组、对照组结肠黏膜蛋白的双向电泳图谱,通过质谱技术鉴定出4个差异蛋白：前梯度同源蛋白2、丙酮酸激酶同工酶、蛋白酶激活剂复合物亚型1、胰甘油三酯酯酶,功能涉及糖和脂肪代谢、细胞增殖等。结论　鉴定出的蛋白质可能通过加强物质代谢、促进细胞增殖等途径参与结肠代偿。     

与晕船有关的铁蛋白基因的表达变化

目的探讨铁蛋白基因的表达变化与晕船发生的可能关系。方法分别给予大鼠模拟晕船刺激3d和21d，运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应技术检测铁蛋白基因在晕船差异个体脑干中的表达量。结果模拟晕船刺激3d，铁蛋白基因的表达量在各组大鼠脑干组织中的表达量差异不显著；模拟晕船刺激21d，铁蛋白基因在晕船易感大鼠脑干组织中的表达量显著低于对照组、晕船适应组和不晕船组大鼠（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；在不晕船大鼠脑干组织中的表达量与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论机体接受模拟晕船刺激后发生晕船，可能与其脑干组织中铁蛋白基因的表达量下降有关。     

晕船适应大鼠脑干差异表达基因的克隆

目的　分离晕船适应大鼠脑干差异表达基因片段 ,为探讨晕船适应机制提供基础。方法　采用抑制消减杂交方法将经过模拟晕船刺激获得晕船适应的大鼠与正常大鼠的脑干组织进行正、反向杂交 ,构建晕船适应大鼠脑干差减cDNA文库 ,应用点杂交进行阳性克隆的鉴定。结果　根据点杂交结果送交测序 ,获得脑干差异表达基因片段 2 5条 ,上调 14条 ,含 2条未知功能基因的部分序列 ;下调 11条 ,6条为未知功能基因的部分序列。结论　分析部分含有相关EST的已知功能基因 ,提示泛素系统、腺苷酸环化酶系统、线粒体基因组、包括胰岛素在内的神经内分泌系统在晕船及适应发生的过程中起着重要作用。     

低氧对模拟晕船处理大鼠某些适应性的影响

目的探讨低氧预处理对大鼠受模拟晕船刺激适应过程的影响。方法36只大鼠随机分为晕船对照组(Ⅰ)、晕船组(Ⅱ)、低氧预处理后晕船组(Ⅲ)3组。Ⅲ组大鼠先接受模拟5km低氧环境4h/d,连续5d。低氧结束次日起Ⅱ、Ⅲ两组接受模拟晕船刺激2h/d,连续15d。测定大鼠每日高岭土摄入量、体增重和进食量。结果Ⅲ组大鼠晕船适应期间高岭土摄入量高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),且Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大鼠晕船适应期间体增重均低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间无差异(P>0.05);各组大鼠晕船适应期间进食量无差异(P>0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组高岭土摄入量均在晕船第12天起与Ⅰ组无差异(P>0.05)。结论低氧预处理可能加重大鼠晕船症状,但不明显影响其体增重、进食量及其晕船适应的时程。     

终末期肾病患者血清蛋白质组二维电泳图像与正常血清蛋白图谱比较研究

目的建立和优化终末期肾病患者血清蛋白质组研究的双向电泳及相关技术,并与正常血清蛋白图谱比较。方法以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向和垂直SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为第二向,对终末期肾病患者血清蛋白质样品制备、上样量、IPG胶条、等电聚焦等进行条件优化。质谱鉴定有差异表达的其中4个蛋白点。结果成功获得终末期肾病患者血清蛋白质组电泳图谱,与正常者相比存在表达有明显差异的蛋白点。结论成功建立了终末期肾病患者血清蛋白质组研究的双向电泳技术平台。     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液的蛋白质组学研究

目的对进展期与好转期结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液进行差异表达的蛋白分析,鉴定与结核性脑膜炎相关的蛋白质。方法取进展期与好转期结核性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液,利用双向电泳技术分离脑脊液全蛋白,软件分析找出差异表达蛋白,再利用基质辅助激光解吸/电离串联飞行时间质谱技术对差异表达的蛋白质进行分析。结果进展期与好转期结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液总蛋白的双向电泳图谱产生差异的点有68个,蛋白质相对分子质量(10~100)×103,等电点值为pl3~pl10;鉴定出3个与结核性脑膜炎相关的蛋白质,分别为超氧化物歧化酶、视黄醇结合蛋白及38×103糖脂蛋白。结论 3个差异表达的蛋白质有可能作为结核性脑膜炎诊断的候选标志物、治疗或疫苗候选物,进行深入研究。     

大鼠脑干前庭核5-HT2A受体mRNA表达水平在晕船适应中的变化

目的探讨晕船适应过程中大鼠脑干前庭核5-HT2A受体 mRNA的变化。方法将40只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、晕船刺激1d组、3d组、7d组和14d组,利用晕船模拟装置对大鼠进行晕船刺激,根据大鼠脑图谱对前庭核进行取材,抽提总RNA,反转录后进行实时定量聚合酶链反应检测。结果晕船刺激1d、3d、7d、14d的相对表达量分别为对照组的3.35、3.54、1.23、1.02倍。晕船刺激第1天、第3天5-HT2A受体 mRNA显著升高(P<0.01),7d回落到空白对照组水平。结论晕船刺激可以引起大鼠前庭核5-HT2A受体 mRNA升高。     

吸烟致大鼠肺组织蛋白质电泳图谱的改变

[目的]用双向电泳法测定烟草烟雾染毒大鼠肺组织差异蛋白的表达。[方法]雄性Wistar大鼠20只,平均体重(150±10)g,随机分为4组,每组5只。其中,3组为吸烟组,分别暴露于动式气体染毒装置进行烟草烟雾染毒1个月、2个月和4个月,每天2次,每次30min;另1组为不吸烟对照组,按常规饲养于动物房。分离不同剂量组大鼠肺组织,提取总蛋白,进行双向电泳测定。用ImageMaster2D Platinum软件对获得的蛋白图谱加以分析,寻找差异表达的蛋白质。[结果]病理切片显示吸烟组大鼠肺气肿改变明显,支气管炎症反应逐渐加重。双向电泳结果显示吸烟组大鼠肺组织总蛋白数增加,与对照组相比,有28个差异表达的蛋白点数,其中16个表达上调,12个表达下调。表达上调的蛋白点中,6个仅在吸烟组表达;下调的点中5个仅在对照组表达。[结论]双向电泳是一种有效的分离肺组织总蛋白的方法,烟草烟雾染毒可致大鼠发生肺气肿和支气管炎症反应,并引起大鼠肺组织蛋白质双向电泳图谱的改变。     

双向电泳筛选矽肺模型大鼠肺组织差异蛋白

目的应用双向电泳技术筛选矽肺相关蛋白。方法对Wistar雄性大鼠气管灌注法染尘,于1、2、4、8周处死大鼠,观察矽肺模型情况,提取总蛋白进行双向电泳(2-DE)筛选差异蛋白,后通过表面加强激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOF-MS)进行鉴定。结果至8周时肺组织中矽结节及纤维化明显,双向电泳共分离出45个差异点,质谱分析后得到Prx-1、alpha-enolase、macrophage-capping protein、GAPDH、S-100A8、actin 6个差异蛋白。结论双向电泳技术获得了矽肺模型大鼠的肺组织差异蛋白点,质谱分析得到差异蛋白。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.