中国2003--2007年肝癌发病率与死亡率分析

目的 根据癌症登记报告资料, 描述和探讨2003-2007年中国肝癌发病和死亡的特征与趋势.方法 采用中国32个癌症登记处2003-2007年肝癌发病与死亡登记年报资料, 计算与分析肝癌的发病(死亡)率、中国人口标化率及世界人口标化率;并作年龄别、性别和城乡间发病(死亡)率差异及国际发病(死亡)率的比较分析.结果 2003-2007年中国32个癌症登记处观察总数为255 430909人年, 其中城市197 651 428人年, 农村57 779481人年.共登记报告肝癌发病68 146例, 占全部癌症发病病例的10.03％(居第2位).年均发病率为26.68/10万(男性39.42/10万, 女性13.63/10万), 中国和世界人口标化率分别为14.54/10万和20.93/10万;登记报告肝癌死亡63928例, 占全部癌症死亡病例的14.56％(居第2位).年均死亡率为25.03/10万(男性36.41/10万, 女性13.37/10万), 中国和世界人口标化率分别为13.29/10万和17.45/10万.肝癌发病率和死亡率性别比分别为2.89:1和2.72:1.城市和农村地区肝癌发病率分别为23.91/10万和36.15/10万, 死亡率分别为22.39/10万和34.05/10万.肝癌发病和死亡有较大的地区差异:城市发病率10.15/10万至33.85/10万, 而农村为11.83/10万至78.59/10万;城市死亡率在13.99/10万至28.45/10万, 农村为11.02/10万至71.99/10万.在同期全球184个国家或地区中, 中国肝癌发病率水平男性居第5位, 女性居第6位;死亡率水平男性居第2位, 女性居第5位.结论 肝癌是中国目前仅次于肺癌的最主要恶性肿瘤, 每年发病和死亡人数分别约在36万和35万, 并有继续增高的趋势.应当加强全国性的肝癌监测和防治.     

中国2003-2007年肝癌发病率与死亡率分析

目的 根据癌症登记报告资料,描述和探讨2003-2007年中国肝癌发病和死亡的特征与趋势.方法 采用中国32个癌症登记处2003-2007年肝癌发病与死亡登记年报资料,计算与分析肝癌的发病(死亡)率、中国人口标化率及世界人口标化率;并作年龄别、性别和城乡间发病(死亡)率差异及国际发病(死亡)率的比较分析.结果 2003-2007年中国32个癌症登记处观察总数为255 430909人年,其中城市197 651 428人年,农村57 779481人年.共登记报告肝癌发病68 146例,占全部癌症发病病例的10.03％(居第2位).年均发病率为26.68/10万(男性39.42/10万,女性13.63/10万),中国和世界人口标化率分别为14.54/10万和20.93/10万;登记报告肝癌死亡63928例,占全部癌症死亡病例的14.56％(居第2位).年均死亡率为25.03/10万(男性36.41/10万,女性13.37/10万),中国和世界人口标化率分别为13.29/10万和17.45/10万.肝癌发病率和死亡率性别比分别为2.89:1和2.72:1.城市和农村地区肝癌发病率分别为23.91/10万和36.15/10万,死亡率分别为22.39/10万和34.05/10万.肝癌发病和死亡有较大的地区差异:城市发病率10.15/10万至33.85/10万,而农村为11.83/10万至78.59/10万;城市死亡率在13.99/10万至28.45/10万,农村为11.02/10万至71.99/10万.在同期全球184个国家或地区中,中国肝癌发病率水平男性居第5位,女性居第6位;死亡率水平男性居第2位,女性居第5位.结论 肝癌是中国目前仅次于肺癌的最主要恶性肿瘤,每年发病和死亡人数分别约在36万和35万,并有继续增高的趋势.应当加强全国性的肝癌监测和防治.     

中国2008年肝癌发病、死亡和患病情况的估计与预测

目的 估计中国2008年肝癌发病、死亡和患病情况,并预测未来20年发病数和死亡数.方法 根据中国36个肿瘤登记点的数据以及全国第三次死因调查(2004-2005年)的结果,估计中国2008年肝癌发病、死亡和患病情况,并预测2010、2015、2020、2025和2030年肝癌的发病数和死亡数.结果 2008年中国肝癌新发病例数约为40.2万(占所有恶性肿瘤发病例数的14.3％),死亡病例数约为37.2万(占所有恶性肿瘤死亡例数的19.0％).世界人口标化发病率和标化死亡率分别为25.7/10万(居所有恶性肿瘤第3位)和23.7/10万(居所有恶性肿瘤第2位).2008年中国15岁以上人群肝癌5年患病数约为29.6万,占所有恶性肿瘤5年患病数的6.4％,5年患病率为27.7/10万,排在所有恶性肿瘤的第6位.在肝癌新发病例中72.8％为男性,男女性别比为2.7:1;死亡病例中74.3％为男性,男女性别比为2.9:1.在任何年龄段,男性肝癌的发病率和死亡率均高于女性.40岁以上人群,尤其是男性,是肝癌的高发人群;未来20年,中国肝癌的发病数和死亡数均将呈现上升趋势.结论 肝癌是中国主要癌症之一,其死亡率仅次于肺癌,发病和死亡情况在未来20年将越来越严峻,40岁以上男性是肝癌重点防控人群.     

浙江省肿瘤登记地区2000-2009年胰腺癌流行趋势分析

目的分析浙江省2000-2009年胰腺癌流行特征和趋势,为制定胰腺癌预防控制措施与策略提供参考。方法应用覆盖浙江省总人口20.27%的肿瘤登记地区胰腺癌发病、死亡登记资料,计算粗发病率、死亡率、中标率、世标率、累积率、截缩率、年度变化百分比(APC%)及其95%可信区间估计等。结果男女合计胰腺癌粗发病率为8.48/10万,中标率和世标率分别为4.11/10万和5.59/10万,占全部癌症病例的3.13%,居各类癌症的第8位,其中:男性居第8位,女性为第11位;男女性比值为1.33;除15岁组外其余各年龄组均有发病,80岁组为高峰,35~64岁组截缩率7.50/10万,发病率从2000年的7.08/10万上升到2009年的9.62/10万,上升了35.88%,年度变化百分比(APC)为2.66%(95%可信区间为0.42~4.96)。男女合计胰腺癌死亡率为7.19/10万,中标率和世标率分别为3.37/10万、4.63/10万;死亡发病比(M/I)为0.85;胰腺癌死亡男女性均占各类癌症死亡的第6位。死亡率呈逐年上升趋势。结论胰腺癌发病、死亡率均呈明显上升趋势,应加强胰腺癌的预防与控制工作。     

十六省市急性冠心病事件流行病学概况

对我国十六省市心血管病人群监测协作研究1987~1989年资料横断面的分析,初步阐述了我国多省市急性冠心病事件的流行病学概况。研究结果显示:急性冠心病事件发病率、死亡率存在着明显的地理分布差异,北方省市普遍高于南方省市,发病率与各地的地理纬度呈正相关,相关系数男女分别为0.5和0.57(P<0.05)。男性发病率高于女性,男女发病率之比平均为2.20:1,但性别间发病率之比随年龄增长而减少。城市人群发病率普遍高于农村。各监测区急性冠心病事件病死率均较高,院外死亡平均占总死亡人数的43.91%,发病1小时内的死亡占总死亡人数的35.13%。72.96%的死亡病例,发病至死亡的时间少于24小时。     

金昌队列人群肝癌疾病负担研究

目的 揭示金昌队列人群肝癌疾病负担现状及其变化趋势。方法 收集金昌队列人群2001－2013年死亡人群中肝癌资料及2001－2010年肝癌住院患者资料,应用死亡率、标化死亡率、直接经济负担、潜在减寿年(PYLL)、人均PYLL(APYLL)、潜在工作损失年(WPYLL)以及人均WPYLL(AWPYLL)等指标分析肝癌疾病负担,运用Spearman秩相关、平均增长速度等描述疾病负担变化趋势。结果 2001－2013年金昌队列人群因肝癌死亡207人,占全部癌症死亡人数的16.68%;2001－2010年金昌队列人群肝癌住院患者259例,占全部癌症住院患者的6.79%,死亡83例,病死率为32.05%。肝癌死亡以男性为主,占88.89%,标化死亡率为42.32/10万;女性占11.11%,标化死亡率为15.31/10万;连续13年队列人群肝癌死亡率、男性肝癌死亡率随年份呈增长趋势,增长速度分别为5.62%、5.16%。肝癌死亡以60~69岁、50~59岁为主,分别占26.57%、24.15%。肝癌造成队列人群PYLL与APYLL分别为2 906.76人年和14.0年,WPYLL与AWPYLL分别为1 477.00人年和7.14年,男女性AWYPLL相当。肝癌住院患者例均直接经济负担为6 270.78元,日均直接经济负担为301.75元,例均住院天数为21.32。结论 金昌队列人群10余年来肝癌死亡率呈上升趋势,疾病负担持续沉重。     

DNA修复基因多态性与肝癌易感性研究进展

肝癌为常见恶性肿瘤.据世界卫生组织2007年数据显示,癌症总死亡人数为790万,其中肝癌死亡人数就达到65万.中国年发病人数约35万,每年约有32万人死于此病,发病率和死亡率均占癌症中第2位[1].     

一起乙型脑炎流行调查分析

200年7月9日至30日,枣阳市发生乙型脑炎流行,现将结果报告如下. 1流行特征 1.1流行强度7月9日至30日共发病22例,发病率为17.27/10万,其中病死3例,病死率为13.64%.发病率与1999年同期(5.71/10万)比上升2.02倍. 1.2发病时间和地区分布7月9日琚湾镇汤寨村2组发生首例病人,最后1例发生时间为7月30日.发病时间主要集中在7月13日至20日.共发病14例,占发病总数的63.64%.共分布在14个乡镇22个村. 1.3发病年龄、性别分布本次发病年龄最大为11岁,最小为1.5岁.1～7岁各年龄组均有发病,共20例,10～11岁年龄组2例.其中4～5岁年龄组发病人数最多为8例,占总发病人数的36.36%.男女性患者分别为16例、6例,男女发病人数之比为2.67∶1.     

河北省磁县近三十年食管癌发病死亡趋势分析

目的分析河北省磁县1974-2002年食管癌发病、死亡趋势.方法食管癌发病资料取自磁县肿瘤登记处,全部资料录入计算机,采用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计分析.结果磁县19742002年食管癌新发病例18 471例,年平均发病率为118.2/10万,其中男性11 068例,女性7403例.男女性年平均发病率分别为140.13/10万和95.66/10万.29年来食管癌发病率总体有下降的趋势.从25岁组开始,各年龄组发病率均随时间推移有所降低,低年龄组发病下降较为明显,发病年龄逐渐后移.1974-2002年山区共发生食管癌2511例,年平均发病率为104.57/10万.经过近30年的防治,山区食管癌发病率明显下降.丘陵地区共发生5934例,年平均发病率114.17/10万,丘陵地区食管癌发病率也有下降.平原地区共发生食管癌10 026例,年平均发病率124.73/10万,平原地区食管癌发病率基本稳定,近年来略有上升趋势.磁县1969-2002年,全县34年共死亡食管癌患者18 736例,年平均死亡率106.00/10万,其中男性11 598例,女性7138例,年平均死亡率分别为129.91/10万、81.61/10万.2002年较1969年食管癌死亡率下降53.48/10万,下降了37.96%.各年代食管癌死亡占恶性肿瘤总死亡的百分比明显下降.结论1974-2002年磁县食管癌发病呈现下降趋势,发病年龄逐渐后移.山区下降尤为显著,丘陵地区下降幅度较小,平原地区发病基本稳定,近年来略有上升趋势.1969-2002年磁县食管癌死亡有明显的下降.     

卵巢癌的靶向治疗新进展

<正>卵巢癌是妇科3大恶性肿瘤之一,发病率仅次于子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌,居第3位,死亡率位于女性生殖细胞肿瘤的首位。全球范围内,每年有239 000例新病例(占所有癌症病例的3. 6%)和152 000例死亡病例(占所有癌症死亡人数的4. 3%)~([1]),据2015年中国癌症统计,我国新发卵巢癌5. 2万例~([2])。由于卵巢癌目前缺乏有效的筛查手段,使得近75%的患者发现即为晚期。目前针对卵巢癌的治疗以手术及以铂类为基础的化疗为主,尽管手术技能与化疗方案不断改进,但卵巢     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.