腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术技巧及治疗体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术方法及体会。方法:回顾分析2004年8月至2009年8月为58例胆囊颈管嵌顿结石致急性胆囊炎患者施行LC的临床资料。全麻下行三孔法LC,充分游离胆囊三角,骨骼化胆囊动脉、胆囊管,暴露出胆囊管与胆总管汇合部,尝试将结石推入胆囊壶腹失败后,沿胆囊管长轴剪开0.5~1.0cm,取出结石,断端结扎或缝合。结果:53例(91.4%)成功完成LC,3例(5.2%)中转开腹,2例术后合并胆总管结石,行内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石后治愈。无胆管损伤、胆漏等手术并发症发生及死亡病例。术后住院2~9d,平均4d。56例术后随访半年无手术并发症发生。结论:正确解剖胆囊三角,必要时剪开胆囊管,完全可在腹腔镜下处理胆囊颈管嵌顿结石,并可避免胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜困难胆囊切除的体会

目的 :探讨腹腔镜困难胆囊切除的方法 ,预防胆管损伤 (BDI)并发症的发生。方法 :回顾LC切除困难胆囊 2 71例的临床资料。结果 :困难胆囊切除 2 71例中 ,右肝管损伤 1例 ,肝总管部分夹闭 1例 ,胆囊管结扎成角 1例 ,胆囊床迷走胆管漏 1例 ,术后胰腺炎 1例 ,肝下积液 1例 ,戳孔感染 4例。行胆囊造瘘 2例 ,中转开腹 3例 ,放置引流管 31例。 3例胆管损伤再次开腹处理 ,胆管并发症为 1 1%。其它均保守治疗 ,术中发现经处理均痊愈。结论 :腹腔镜困难胆囊切除与术者的手术经验相关 ,既可多种方法并用 ,也可单用一种方法 ,要严格掌握适应证及中转手术的时机 ,合理使用器械 ,做好围术期的处理     

顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中的应用价值。方法 :对 6 0 0例结石性胆囊炎、胆囊息肉患者 ,采用顺逆结合法行LC手术。结果 :6 0 0例患者术后均顺利康复 ,无胆管损伤等并发症发生。术中将胆囊完全游离后发现 ,把 8例的胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭 ,2例各有一与肝总管平行的副肝管汇入钛夹远端的胆囊管 ,11例在钛夹近端的胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ,而术前B超未提示胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ;均及时取除钛夹后 ,重新夹闭胆囊管的近端和远端 ,再切除胆囊。结论 :在LC手术中 ,采用顺逆结合法切除胆囊 ,可有效地减少胆管损伤、胆囊管残余结石等并发症的发生     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后迟发性胆漏的诊治体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后迟发性胆漏的发生原因、诊治方法及预防措施。方法:回顾分析5例LC术后迟发性胆漏患者的临床资料。结果:5例患者胆漏发生时间为术后5～10 d,平均(7.4±1.7)d;其中迷走胆管损伤、焦痂脱落2,胆囊管钛夹滑脱1例,胆总管电灼伤1例,原因不明1例。1例于B超引导下穿刺引流治愈;3例行腹腔镜探查术,其中1例行迷走胆管结扎、腹腔引流术,2例分别行开腹迷走胆管缝扎及胆囊管缝扎、腹腔引流术;1例胆总管损伤患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影/内镜鼻胆管引流术+B超引导腹腔穿刺引流术治愈。住院12～21 d,平均(15.3±2.1)d;出院后1年复查,无胆道狭窄、胆系感染等并发症发生,生活质量良好。结论:LC术后迟发性胆漏的发生原因主要有迷走胆管损伤、胆管电灼损伤及胆囊管处理不当。内镜及介入治疗具有较好的应用前景。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的防治对策

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤(BDI)的防治。方法 复习相关文献，结合临床实践，对LC中BDI的防治对策作总结分析。结果 随着LC的推广，BDI的发生有增高趋势，BDI发生的原因主要是胆囊三角区解剖不清、解剖变异、电热灼伤，也有思想麻痹和盲目自信引起的。LC术中采用钝性分离。少用电凝，熟悉局部解剖及其变异，切除胆囊前辨清胆总管与肝总管，必要时选择性应用术中胆道造影、腹腔镜超声、胆道闪烁扫描等辅助检查可预防BDI。BDI的处理应根据损伤类型和部位高低以及局部解剖组织的条件而可采用端端吻合、缺损修补、胆管十二指肠端侧吻合、肝胆管空肠端侧Roux—en-Y吻合，T管放置半年以上。结论 LC术中BDI应重视预防，发生后及时正确处理是改善预后的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术的技巧和并发症防治

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的手术技巧,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治愈率,预防和降低LC并发症的发生。方法:回顾性分析我院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术130例手术情况,顺行切除胆囊98例,逆行胆囊切除术29例,中转手术3例。结果:127例全部在腹腔镜下完成手术,中转开腹手术3例,全部治愈;术后2～7d出院,平均3.4天;全组无胆管损伤,术后并发症3例,占2.5％;其中胆囊床积液包块2例,术后切口感染1例。结论:LC,尤其是复杂性胆囊切除,辨认和技巧处理胆囊三角的解剖关系及熟练的镜下操作,是预防和降低并发症的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管切开探查的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆囊管切开探查的方法与技巧,进一步提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的安全性与有效性。方法:回顾分析2017年4月至2019年2月为197例患者于LC术中切开胆囊管探查的临床资料,根据胆囊管切开方法分为胆囊管横向切开组(n=100例,横向组)与胆囊管T形切开探查组(n=97,T形组),记录两组术中胆囊与胆囊管的分离情况、失血量、胆囊管切开探查结果,比较分析两组胆囊管切开探查情况、手术时间、胃肠功能恢复时间、并发症发生率及住院时间等相关指标。结果:197例均在腹腔镜下完成胆囊管切开探查与胆囊切除术,术中均无胆管损伤等严重并发症发生。两组胆囊管探查阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术中分别发生6例、5例胆囊动脉出血,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胆囊管表面出血分别为7例与8例,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组手术时间、胃肠功能恢复时间、术中失血量、术后并发症发生率及术后住院时间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:预防与避免胆管损伤、胆囊管精细化分离解剖是胆囊管切开探查的基本前提,顺逆结合或逆行游离胆囊利于胆囊管全程显露及胆囊管切开探查;胆囊管横向切开探查与T形切开探查均是安全、有效的,既可处理胆囊管结石,又可有效预防胆囊管结石残留,其应用需依据术中胆囊管具体情况而定。     

急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊颈管探查意义及技巧

目的 探讨急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中胆囊颈管探查预防胆管损伤及胆管残余结石的作用及其操作技巧。方法 回顾分析2018年4月至2019年3月在双鸭山双矿医院完成结石性胆囊炎LC手术的65例患者的临床资料。患者均在术中通过胆囊悬吊等技术充分显露胆囊颈管,行胆囊颈管探查并取石。结果 本组患者均顺利完成LC术,平均手术时间（58.6±25.5）min,胆囊颈管探查时间平均（9.6±7.6）min,术中出血量（56.8±44.6）mL。通过胆颈管探查发现10例（15.4%）胆囊颈管结石,术中无胆管损伤发生,术后无黄疸,无出血、感染等并发症。术后腹腔引流量（60.8±41.6）mL,引流管留置时间（3.5±1.1）d,术后住院时间（3.7±1.7）d。结论 结石性胆囊炎行LC术时通过胆囊悬吊等技术显露并探查胆囊颈管,可有效避免胆管损伤、胆囊颈管残余结石发生,有利于安全有效地开展LC术,建议推广应用。     

腹腔镜下胆囊动脉入路精细解剖胆囊三角的临床价值

目的:探讨应用腹腔镜下胆囊动脉入路精细解剖胆囊三角技术预防腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中胆道损伤的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年6月—2014年6月期间2 200例采用此技术行LC患者的临床资料,该技术要点即优先处理胆囊动脉,精细解剖、掏空胆囊三角,完全充分的显露三管关系。结果:2 152例患者顺利完成LC,均未发生胆道损伤,其余48例(2.18%)因Mirizzi综合征、胆囊十二指肠内瘘、胆囊癌中转开腹手术。手术时间20~55 min,平均35.5 min;术中出血量5~50 m L,平均15.5 m L;术后住院时间3~5 d,平均3.5 d。术后随访3~12个月,无肝内外胆管狭窄、胆瘘、腹腔脓肿等并发症发生。结论:采用"腹腔镜下胆囊动脉入路精细解剖胆囊三角"技术能有效预防LC术中胆道损伤,可作为手术规范积极推广。     

熟悉胆囊管解剖特点预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的临床价值

目的:探讨胆囊管的解剖特点在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中预防胆道损伤的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2011年12月施行2 140例LC的临床资料。结果:2 140例均成功完成LC,无一例肝外胆管损伤。2 072例有典型胆囊管解剖学特点,短胆囊管43例,胆囊管汇入胆总管过低10例,胆囊管开口于胆总管后壁9例,胆囊管与胆总管共同一侧壁并行6例。术后8例发生并发症,其中发生胆漏再次手术4例,穿刺孔出血1例,切口感染1例,胆总管残留结石2例,术后经ERCP取出结石。结论:熟悉胆囊管解剖特点是预防LC肝外胆管损伤的重要措施之一。LC术中在重视胆囊三角区仔细解剖的基础上,离断胆囊管前,不论胆囊管有无变异,均应根据胆囊管的解剖特点,明确无误后离断,以防止发生肝外主要胆管损伤。     

Laparoscopic transcystic duct common bile duct exploration

The modern era of common bile duct (CBD) surgery started with Mirizzi, who introduced intraoperative cholangiography in 1932. Intraoperative choledoscopy had been developed as an adjunctive to intraoperative cholangiography, which helped to detect CBD stones in an additional 10% to 15% of instances that otherwise would have been missed. Findings have shown choledochoscopy to be an important technique for efficient and effective management of CBD stones. Efforts to treat patients with common duct stones in one session and to avoid the potential complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in several laparoscopic transcystic CBD (LTCBDE) techniques. The techniques of transcystic stone extraction include lavage, trolling with wire baskets or biliary balloon catheters, cystic duct dilation, biliary endoscopy, and stone retrieval with wire baskets under direct vision and antegrade sphincterotomy, lithotripsy, and catheter techniques. The indications for LTCBDE are filling or equivocal defects at cholangiography, stones smaller than 10 mm, fewer than 9 stones, and possible tumor. The contraindications are stones larger than 1 cm, stones proximal to the cystic duct entrance into the CBD, small friable cystic duct, and 10 or more stones. Experience with LTCBDE shows that the approach is applicable in more than 85% of cases, with a success rate of 85% to 95%. It also is shown to be more cost effective than postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recent developments in LTCBDE have focused mainly on implementation of robotically assisted surgery and new imaging methods such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with three-dimensional virtual cholangioscopy and three-dimensional ultrasound. Further technological advances will facilitate the application of laparoscopic approaches to the common duct, which should become the primary strategy for the great majority of patients.     

Patient and duct selection for nipple duct lavage

BACKGROUND: Nipple ductal lavage (NDL) is a new minimally invasive procedure with the potential to help identify women who could benefit from breast cancer risk intervention. NDL is currently encouraged for women with fluid-producing ducts and a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the atypia rate by NDL in fluid-producing ducts compared with non-fluid-producing ducts and the atypia rate in high-risk verses low-risk patients to determine if current recommendations are supported. METHODS: Fifty-nine women were studied with NDL. The 226 ducts lavaged included all fluid-producing ducts (n = 136) and any dry ducts we could cannulate (n = 90). Breast cancer risk was calculated using mathematic models. RESULTS: There were 26 (44%) women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% and 33 (56%) with a 5-year Gail risk <1.7%. Cytologic atypia was diagnosed in 20 of 59 (34%) of patients. The atypia rate was similar for women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% (9 of 26 or 35%) compared with lower-risk women (11 of 33 or 33%, P = 1.0) and for fluid-producing ducts (26 of 136 or 19%) compared with dry ducts (14 of 90 or 15%, P = 0.61). No significant differences were found when the atypia was categorized as mild versus marked. Of note, the insufficient sample rate was higher for dry ducts (33%) compared with fluid-producing duct (22%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: If NDL results are found to correlate with breast cancer incidence, it will be important to apply the test in a way that maximizes sensitivity for the detection of atypia in a screened population. We were unable to identify patient or duct characteristics that predict NDL atypia rates.     

腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石

目的：探讨腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石的方法和临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析为31例复发性胆管结石患者施行腹腔镜胆道探查取石术的临床资料。结果：31例中2例因腹腔粘连致密,胆道周围组织充血水肿严重而中转开腹。29例完成腹腔镜手术,其中1例因胆总管结石大,1例胆总管下端结石嵌顿,1例肝内胆管结石较多,胆道镜和取石钳取石困难,剑突下切口延长至3~4 cm,直视下用取石钳联合胆道镜取石。行胆总管一期缝合5例,24例行胆总管T管引流术。手术时间平均170 min。术后均无腹腔出血和肠漏等并发症发生。3例出现少量胆漏,未出现腹膜炎和腹内感染征象,腹腔引流管分别于术后第6,9,10天拔除。2例剑突下切口感染均是切口延长者,通过局部换药愈合。胆总管一期缝合5例,术后5~7 d出院。24例行胆总管T管引流的患者中,10例于术后7 d带T管出院,14例于术后14 d夹闭T管后带管出院。术中19例结石取净,10例胆道残余结石患者于术后2个月经胆道镜取出。结论：腹腔镜再次胆道探查术安全,患者创伤小,康复快。胆管炎症严重及肝内外结石较多、胆总管下端结石嵌顿者需慎重选择腹腔镜手术。     

Cystic duct directly joining the main pancreatic duct

A unique anomaly of the direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct is presented. A 19-year-old man with a history of repeated epigastralgia underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography that showed a direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct. No pancreaticobiliary maljunction was noticed. Cholecystectomy accompanied by resection of the long cystic duct was performed. The excised gallbladder showed cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia of the pseudopyloric glands microscopically. The patient has been well for 3 years since surgery.     

经验值得注意——再论胆管损伤与损伤性胆管狭窄

自腹腔镜胆囊切除术普遍开展之后,胆囊切除的病例很快增多,而胆管损伤发生率也随之升高,胆管损伤与胆管狭窄又重新成为本世纪的热门话题。医源性胆管损伤重在预防,预防手术中胆管损伤的基本点仍然是强调外科手术的基本要求,认真细致地施行手术,必要时中转开放手术。在专科中心及有经验的外科医生手中,修复手术结果优良者一般可达到90％,初期修复的效果优于再次修复。恢复胆道生理功能是修复手术的最终目的,当前广泛应用的仍然是肝管Roux-en-Y空肠吻合术。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石方法探讨

目的 :探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查胆道取石的方法。方法 :于腹腔镜下对胆总管结石 4 5例按由简单到复杂 ,由损伤轻到损伤重的原则应用冲洗、挤压及分离钳、胆道镜、改良取石钳取石。结果 :用冲吸法取净结石 3例 ,占 6 .6 % ;挤压和分离钳取净结石 13例 ,占 2 8 9% ;胆道镜取净结石 11例 ,占 2 4 % ;取石钳取净结石 18例 ,占 4 0 %。结论 :腹腔镜下胆总管取石应遵循由简到繁的原则 ,用取石钳取石较为可靠     

输尿管导管胆道引流用于胆总管探查及胆管一期缝合手术218例临床观察

目的　评价经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流在胆总管探查、胆管一期缝合术中的应用价值。方法　回顾分析经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流应用于完成开腹胆总管探查、胆管一期缝合术 2 18例。结果　 2 18例手术均成功 ,术后无胆漏、胆管狭窄等并发症。术后 5～ 7d拔管 2 15例 ,术后 10d拔管 3例 ,无拔管并发症。术中结石取净率 99.7% ( 2 17/2 18)。术后住院时间为 ( 6.5± 3 .0 )d。随访 2 18例 ,时间 1～ 5年。B超检查无胆管狭窄。结论　经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流用于开腹胆总管探查、胆道一期缝合手术 ,对预防术后胆漏、胆总管狭窄以及对术后遗留病变的诊断和治疗具有广泛的应用价值 ;该方法安全、可靠、有效。