Scanning electron microscopic study of subchondral bone tissues in osteoarthritic femoral head.

During total hip replacement for 12 cases of advanced osteoarthritis of the hip joint in aged women, three types of diseased or abnormal articular cartilage with different degrees of severity (white articular cartilage, white and hyperplastic articular cartilage, and yellowish articular cartilage) and ivory bone were obtained together with their subchondral bone tissues. These specimens were processed and studied under scanning electron microscope and were compared with sex- and age-matched non-osteoarthritic femoral head articular cartilage specimens. The following findings were observed: 1. In non-osteoarthritic femoral head, the subchondral bone plate was quite thin. The bone plate connected on its deep surface with the lattice-work of trabeculae of the epiphyseal region. The trabeculae were fine and smooth and some revealed round or spindle-shaped callus resulted from microfracture. 2. In osteoarthritic femoral heads, with increased the severity of the articular lesion, the articular cartilage gradually became thinned out and eventually lost. The subchondral bone plate was markedly thickened. The epiphyseal trabeculae were also thickened and turned rough so that the lattice-work pattern gradually disappeared. The thickened trabeculae finally fused into a large piece of dense bone tissue. No microfracture was detected. These changes were attributable to the increased stress imposed on the subchondral bone tissues as a result of defective articular cartilage. Consequently, the changes on the part of the subchondral bone tissues of the osteoarthritic femoral heads were the sequent, rather than the cause, of the articular lesions.

     

Ultrastructure of the perineurial cell of the sciatic nerve in rats--a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study.

The perineurial cells of the sciatic nerve of mature albino rats were investigated by using light microscope (LM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The perineurium of the sciatic nerve was composed of several lamellae of thin perineurial cells which were held together by the zonula occludens and also by the zonula adherens. The TEM view of the perineurium revealed that the plasmalemma of the perineurial cells presented numerous caveolae similar to those described in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries. By SEM, the perineurial cells were very thin, flattened out with various shapes from rectangular to hexagonal, and arranged closely to each other in the fashion of a stone pavement around the nerve fascicles. It was possible to isolate the perineurium from the nerve and to demonstrate the cellular border of the perineurial cells by silver impregnation method. The SEM observation of the perineurial cells ascertained the figure of the cells which were seen in the silver-impregnated specimen under LM. The present authors have interest in the fact that shape and arrangement of the perineurial cells of spinal nerves resemble closely those of the myoid cells in the limiting lamina of the seminiferous tubules of the mammalian testes. The meaning and significance of the similarity between these two types of cells was discussed.     

COEXISTENCE OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AND OSTEOPOROSIS INFEMORAL HEAD: A SCANNING ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC STUDY

ffeSUtn6 Objectif Detenniner ie cusistence d' ostdoarthrite et d' ostdope dans la tste du femur. liChen 12 femmes (age moron 56 ans )atteintes d' ortdoorthrite de la hanche, on a Prdlevd la tste du femur durant la substitutiontotale de l' articulation de leur hanche. APrds das traitements, Ies tstes du femur furent studioes sons ie microscope dlectroniqued belang (soon ). ~flats to lesions ostdcorthritiques de differents degrds (azractdrithe per ba digs~nce du cartilage articulaire et d' hyp…     

心理应激对大鼠颞下颌关节盘和翼外肌微结构的影响

目的 观察心理应激及实施对抗措施对大鼠颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)盘及翼外肌的影响,为临床防治颞下颌关节病(temporomandibular disorders,TMD)提供实验理论依据.方法 采用交流箱心理应激大鼠动物模型,并在应激前后分别应用抗焦虑药物,去除应激源等措施.运用透射电镜、扫描电镜分别观察施加对抗措施前后空白对照组、心理应激组(PS组)、心理应激加注射抗焦虑药物地西泮组(PS +DI组)大鼠翼外肌和TMJ盘的微结构.结果 透射电镜显示PS组1,3,5周时大鼠翼外肌出现程度不同的肌纤维线粒体水肿、基质密度降低、线粒体嵴减少;去除应激源恢复各组、PS+DI组1,3,5周肌纤维线粒体嵴和基质密度正常.扫描电镜显示PS组1周时大鼠关节盘表面部分滑膜脱落,3周时大鼠关节盘表面胶原纤维出现大小不等的条状磨损样变,5周关节盘表面胶原纤维错乱;去除应激源恢复各组、PS+ DI组1,3,5周关节盘无明显微结构改变.结论 施加对抗措施能有效对抗心理应激对TMJ的影响,可为临床治疗应激引起的TMD提供借鉴.     

聚乳酸涂层的多孔羟基磷灰石负载软骨细胞移植修复兔关节软骨缺损

目的　研究复合材料负载软骨细胞修复兔关节软骨缺损。方法　把软骨细胞种植到聚乳酸 (PLA)涂层的多孔羟基磷灰石 (HA)表面 ,培养 2周后 ,移植软骨细胞 载体的复合体修复兔膝关节股骨髁的软骨缺损 (直径约 5mm ,深约 2 .5mm ,达钙化层 )。然后对缺损的修复情况在移植后进行大体、光镜评估和电镜观察。另外对兔膝关节正常的软骨和移植后 12周缺损处的修复软骨进行胶原量的测定。结果　移植的软骨细胞能在复合材料上良好地生长 ,形成透明软骨 ,软骨缺损被修复。无细胞移植的对照组仅纤维修复。另外 ,多孔HA在修复过程中充当了软骨下骨的临时替代。胶原量的测定显示移植 12周后的修复软骨胶原量约 44 .6 9% ,自身正常的软骨胶原量约为 5 4.74% ,两者差异有统计学意义。结论　PLA涂层的多孔HA负载软骨细胞移植能以透明软骨的方式成功修复兔膝股骨髁软骨缺损。软骨细胞不成熟导致胶原量的差异有统计学意义。     

自制血透用人工血管窦组织相容性动物实验研究

目的 观察自制血透用人工血管窦作为血管替代品的效果.方法 将自制血透用人工血管窦20个分别置入20只羊体内,行颈外静脉置换.在植入后1、2、4、8、12、20、28周采集标本,作光镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察.结果 内皮细胞1周时已在材料上出现,4周时完全覆盖材料表面;吻合口处内皮细胞明显比血管窦中间部密集,增生显著;内膜增生主要是平滑肌细胞和胶原纤维;20周后血管内膜增生缓慢,较前无明显变化.结论 植入膨体聚四氟乙烯材料的自制血透用人工血管窦对宿主动物存活无影响,血管腔内皮化,血流通畅,可作为血管替代品.     

大鼠髁突软骨在髁突颈骨折和截骨致异常应力下的超微结构改变

目的：研究髁突在体内受异常应力变化后对髁突软骨超微结构的影响。方法采用4周龄SD大鼠54只建立髁突颈骨折及截骨模型,设截骨组、骨折组及空白对照组,于术后1、3、5周处死,光镜、扫描电镜（SEM ）及透射电镜（T EM ）观察髁突软骨结构变化。结果光镜显示术后3、5周,截骨组及骨折组髁突总厚度均小于空白对照组。SEM显示截骨组和骨折组术后5周胶原纤维暴露,截骨组手术侧还出现胶原纤维断裂、崩解。T EM 显示术后3周截骨组较空白对照组及骨折组肥大软骨细胞成熟分化增强;截骨组术后1周手术侧可见表面纤维排列紊乱甚至缺失。5周截骨组手术侧见胶原纤维排列更为紊乱,纤维层中可见到裂隙。结论体内髁突异常应力变化会持续影响髁突软骨超微结构变化,且跟应力变化的程度相关,进而引起髁突发育的异常。     

PRODUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION OF IVORY BONE IN OSTEOARTHRITIC FEMORAL HEAD

Twelve femoral heads were collected during total hip replacement forosteoarthritis of hip joint. The areas on the femoral head denuded of articular cartilageand the ivory bone were studied with scanning electron microscope. The following findingswere observed: 1. Over the area denuded of articular cartilage, the subchnodral bone platerevealed flake-like trabeculae whick were unequal in size and haphazard in array. Therewas a transformation of the flake-like trabeculae into lamellar bone tissues. 2. Over theivory bone, the lamellar bone tissues turned into Haversian systems and interstitiallamellae, thereby revealing characteristics of compact bone and became extremely hard. 3.Over the surface of the ivory bone could be seen fibrocartilaginous islands, representingreparative response from the marrow tissues.     

兔激素性股骨头坏死软骨与软骨下骨组织损伤的实验研究

目的:通过分析早期激素性股骨头坏死(SANFH)软骨与软骨下骨组织损伤的相互关系以探讨其发病机制。方法:42只日本大耳白兔通过大剂量注射醋酸泼尼松龙制作激素性股骨头坏死SANFH模型,第2、6周观察其股骨头软骨、软骨下区骨组织、软骨下区血管的变化。结果:第2周时软骨下区骨组织部分陷窝空虚,呈区域性分布;第6周骨小梁稀疏、变细,出现微骨折。软骨下区小动脉结构破坏,静脉及毛细血管扩张、淤血。造血组织减少,肥大细胞增多,基质水肿、出血。结论:早期SANFH中软骨深层细胞损伤与软骨下骨组织坏死可能同时形成,其在SANFH发病过程中可能起到重要作用。     

体外冲击波对兔膝骨关节炎软骨保护和软骨下骨重塑的作用与机制研究

目的 研究体外冲击波治疗（ESWT）对兔膝骨关节炎关节软骨保护和软骨下骨重塑的作用和机制。方法 健康成年5月龄新西兰兔24只,随机分为膝关节前交叉韧带切断术（ACLT）组和ESWT+ACLT组,每组12只。两组行左侧ACLT造膝骨关节炎模型。术后2个月ESWT+ACLT组实施体外冲击波干预治疗:在左膝关节股骨内外侧髁和胫骨平台内外侧,以能量为0.16 MPa/次、1 200次/侧进行干预。每周干预3次,间隔一周再干预,干预4周共6次。ACLT组术后未行任何干预。干预完成后,两组取左侧膝股骨远端和胫骨近端作宏观形态计量学评价;每组取6只动物行关节软骨微观形态计量学评价、软骨下骨骨矿物质密度(BMD)测定以及微观形态计量学分析;其余6只行软骨中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1、MMP-3、MMP-13和基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)基因表达分析;取关节滑液作白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和一氧化氮(NO)含量分析。结果 ACLT+ESWT组较ACLT组,股骨内侧髁软骨宏观和微观形态计量学评分降低（P<0.05）,其他部位与ACLT组相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;股骨远端BMD升高（P<0.05）;股骨和胫骨软骨下骨骨小梁面积、骨小梁厚度和骨小梁间隙降低（P<0.05）,骨小梁数目差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;关节软骨中MMP-1、MMP-3和TIMP-1基因表达降低（P<0.05）;关节滑液中IL-1β、TNF-α和NO含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 ESWT（能量0.16 MPa/次、1 200次/侧、每周干预3次、共计6次/4周）可对兔膝骨关节炎的软骨损伤和软骨下骨硬化起到保护作用。     

大鼠早期骨关节炎软骨下骨结构与骨改建相关基因表达研究

目的：考察创伤性关节炎早期软骨下骨的微结构变化和基因表达变化,探索软骨下骨的骨重建特点及其在关节软骨退变中的作用。方法选择13只SD大鼠,利用内侧半月板撕裂（MMT）模型模拟创伤性骨关节炎,右侧膝关节行MMT手术,左侧行假手术,术后3周处死大鼠并取膝关节组织标本4％ PFA固定。取10只SD大鼠的造模侧及对照侧胫骨关节,利用micro‐CT 扫描并重建分析软骨下骨的微结构变化。标本脱钙后石蜡包埋切片,番红O固绿染色,普通光学显微镜观察摄片。另取3只SD大鼠,提取软骨下骨的组织RNA ,RT‐PCR检测两组之间骨形成标志基因（ALP、RUNX2、OCN ）与骨吸收相关基因（TRAP、CTSK、MMP9）mRNA水平的表达变化。结果 MMT术后3周,胫骨关节micro‐CT扫描显示模型组软骨下骨的小梁骨结构紊乱,软骨下骨小梁骨的骨体积分数（BV／TV）、骨小梁连接密度（Conn ．D）、骨小梁厚度（Tb ．Th）降低（P＜0．05）,骨小梁间隔（Tb ． Sp）增大（P＜0．05）。组织病理结果显示,模型组关节软骨未发生明显结构变化、软骨下骨骨小梁结构稀疏。与对照组比较,模型组骨形成标记基因mRNA表达水平降低（P＜0．05）,骨吸收相关基因mRNA表达水平升高（P＜0．05）。结论大鼠膝关节内侧MMT诱导的创伤性骨关节模型早期,软骨下骨体积分数降低、骨小梁厚度变薄,成骨细胞的标志基因表达下降,破骨细胞的功能基因表达增加。     

水杨酸钠急慢性注射致豚鼠耳蜗形态学的改变

目的 :研究水杨酸钠对豚鼠耳蜗形态学改变的急慢性作用。方法 :采用单次和长期注射水杨酸钠建模分别在光镜、电镜 (扫描、透射 )下观察 1次及多次注射水杨酸钠组和生理盐水对照组豚鼠耳蜗基底膜Corti器 ,特别是外毛细胞形态的改变。结果 :以相应的生理盐水组为对照 ,急性水杨酸钠注射 2h主要引起透射电镜下豚鼠外毛细胞侧壁表面下池发生扩张性空泡形成 ;慢性水杨酸钠注射 2周主要引起豚鼠外毛细胞在透射电镜下出现表面下池肿胀、扩张、空泡形成 ,以及透射和扫描电镜下均出现静纤毛柔软、弯曲。结论 :急慢性水杨酸钠注射引起豚鼠耳蜗形态学改变可能为耳蜗功能改变的原因 ,为临床阿斯匹林诱导耳鸣及导致耳聋提供了形态学改变的实验依据     

The Validity of Osteoarthritis Model Induced by Bilateral Ovariectomy in Guinea Pig

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, mainly impacting the elderly population. The cause of OA seems to be an imbalance in catabolic and anabolic factors with aging. It is characterized by cartilage dam-age, osteophyte formation and thickening of the joint capsule. Although the etiology of OA is unknown, but OA is strongly correlated with age[1, 2],especially in the elderly women[3, 4]. A number of OA models have been used in many studies, but the conclusiond were inconsis-tent wi…     

Effects of Structural Changes in Subchondral Bone on Articular Cartilage in a Beagle Dog Model

Objective Using MR T2-mapping and histopathologic score for articular cartilage to evaluate the effect of structural changes in subchondral bone on articular cartilage. Methods Twenty-four male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into a subchondral bone defect group(n = 12) and a bone cement group(n = 12). Models of subchondral bone defectin the medial tibial plateau and subchondral bone filled with bone cement were constructed. In all dogs, the left knee joint was used as the experimental sideand the right knee as the sham side. The T2 value for articular cartilage at the medial tibial plateau was measured at postoperative weeks 4, 8, 16, and 24. The articular cartilage specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and evaluated using the Mankin score. Results There was a statistically significant difference(P 0.05) in Mankin score between the bone defect group and the cement group at postoperative weeks 16 and 24. There was a statistically significant difference in the T2 values between the bone defect group and its sham group(P 0.05) from week 8, and between the cement group and its sham group(P 0.05) from week 16. There was significant difference in T2 values between the two experimental groups at postoperative week 24(P 0.01). The T2 value for articular cartilage was positively correlated with the Mankin score(ρ = 0.758, P 0.01). Conclusion Structural changes in subchondral bone can lead to degeneration of the adjacent articular cartilage. Defects in subchondral bone cause more severe degeneration of cartilage than subchondral bone filled with cement. The T2 value for articular cartilage increases with the extent of degeneration. MR T2-mapping images and the T2 value for articular cartilage can indicate earlycartilage degeneration.     

颈动脉负压分流制作大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型

为观察被动吸烟大鼠肺泡灌洗液炎性细胞及呼吸道病理形态学改变,将清洁级SD大鼠随机分成两组,吸烟组(n=13)置于隔离器内被动吸烟2 h/d,共20 d,对照组置隔离器内2 h/d,无被动吸烟.20 d后行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)炎性细胞计数及分类,并作右总支气管气道表面电镜下的病理形态学观察及肺组织学检查.结果显示吸烟组大鼠BALF中炎性细胞计数为(46.1±28.3)×106/L,较对照组(17.7±9.9)×106/L明显增高(P《0.05).光镜检查示吸烟组小气道和肺组织炎性细胞浸润,扫描电镜观察见柱状上皮细胞纤毛倒伏凌乱,部分脱落;对照组未见明显异常.烟雾刺激导致大鼠呼吸道炎性细胞增多,炎症反应增强及纤毛功能减退,因而被动吸烟可能是引起呼吸道损伤的重要因素.     

The changes of nitric oxide and hemorheology in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head

Objective： To explore the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis of femoral head （ANFH）, the early diagnosis index and the treatment effective index of ANFH in clinical practice. Methods： Twenty-four Japanese rabbits were divided into 2 groups： model group and control group. ANFH models were produced by intramuscular injection of large dosage of steroid to rabbits for 8 weeks. On the 4 th, 8 th week after the injection, two rabbits each time from each group were taken to observe the structure of femoral head by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Four other stomach-empty rabbits from each group were also used to test the contents of Nitric Oxide （NO）, contents of the hemorheology indexes. Results： Compared with the control group, the rabbits in the model group exhibited osteoporosis of femoral head and more bone lacuna and more fat cells through light microscope. Through scanning electron microscope observation bone trabecula were broken and sunk, and collagen fibers on the surface of bone matrix became loosen and broken, more osteocyte had pyknosis, adipocyte in the medullary cavity were enlarged and subchondral arterioles and capillaries of the femoral head were pressed by adipocyte. Compared with the control group, the model rabbits contained less NO and obvious increase of the plasma viscosity （PV）, low blood viscosity （LBV）, erythrocyte hematocrit （HCT）, indices of erythrocyte rigidity （TK） and indices of erythrocyte aggregation （AI）, plasma fibrin level （PFL） （P〈0. 01） and an increase of erythrocyte electrophoresis rate （ERT） （P〈 0. 05）. High blood viscosity （HBV）, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR） were unchanged. Conclusion： The steroid-induced ANFH might be related to less NO and the abnormal hemorheology; and NO and hemorheology should be considered as an early diagnosis index for ANFH in clinical practice.     

呼吸道合胞病毒细支气管炎、肺炎的发病机理研究

为探讨ＲＳＶ感染导致的细支气管炎和肺炎的发病机理,以ＲＳＶ感染棉鼠和小白鼠为动物模型,利用光镜、透射电镜和扫描电镜观察鼠肺组织的病理变化,并分离病毒。感染第５天时,肺微血管内充以大量嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞。柱状纤毛上皮细胞、基底细胞和Ｃｌａｒａ细胞脱落、坏死。嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞多呈活化和脱颗粒状态,释放于固有层和上皮细胞之间。感染第８天后,上述变化明显减轻,但未完全恢复。提示ＲＳＶ致过敏反应是重要病因,肺泡腔内嗜酸性粒细胞聚集是该病的重要病理特征。     

雷奈酸锶对糖皮质激素诱导骨质疏松大鼠骨超微结构和骨生物力学特性的影响

目的 观察雷奈酸锶对糖皮质激素诱导骨质疏松大鼠胫骨近端松质骨超微结构和骨生物力学特性的影响.方法 24只3.5月龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机等分为3组:Nrm组:正常对照组;Met组:皮下注射甲强龙(Met)5 mg/(kg*d),每周5次;SrR组:在Met组基础上给予雷奈酸锶900 mg/(kg*d...     

EFFECT OF INTRA-ARTICULAR FRACTURE ON ARTICULAR CHONDROCYTES A TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

Intra-articular fractures involving the subchondral bone were produced surgically in both left and right medial femoral condyles of twenty rabbits. The edges of the fractures on the left side were well approximated, while those on the right side maintained with a gap of 2 mm. Transmission electron microscopic study of the nearby articular cartilages conducted 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months after the fracture revealed the following results: 1) The neighbouring articular chondrocytes tended once to assume the configuration of fibroblasts; 2) Those remote from the fracture showed both degeneration and hyperplasia to form clones; 3) Even after the intra-articular fractures were well-healed, degeneration and hyperplasia of the articular chondrocytes nearby the fracture would persist for some time.