胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗青少年特发性胸椎侧凸

目的探讨胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗青少年特发性胸椎侧凸的疗效。方法青少年特发性胸椎侧凸33例,男7例,女26例;年龄10～18岁,平均13.6岁。Lenke分型均为Ⅰ型,其中24例为ⅠA型,9例为ⅠB型。术前Cobb角:冠状面原发性胸弯平均57.4°(43°～68°),代偿性腰弯平均32.0°(20°～47°);27例存在胸椎后凸不足畸形,胸椎后凸平均6.3°(0°～18°)。手术方法为前路胸腔镜下切除椎间盘进行松解,应用CDHorizonEclipse矫形内固定,同时在椎间隙植骨。随访期间测量冠状面Cobb角及矢状面胸椎后凸成角,了解冠状面和矢状面畸形矫正情况。结果固定节段包括T4～T12,平均7.4个。平均手术时间为3h48min,平均术中出血量为308ml,平均住院时间4.4d。全部病例随访6～36个月,平均20.6个月。末次随访时原发性胸弯平均矫正60.2%,代偿性腰弯自然矫正平均50.3%,胸椎后凸平均矫正20.4°。1例出现假关节形成及内固定折断,2例出现胸壁麻木。结论胸腔镜下前路矫形治疗胸椎侧凸具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点,能达到与开胸前路矫形术同样的矫形效果。     

胸腔镜辅助下治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]评价胸腔镜下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果。[方法]回顾本院自2003年7月~2005年12月施行的11例胸腔镜辅助下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸病例。年龄12~16岁,平均14.6岁。LenkeⅠ型9例,术前冠状面Cobb s角54°~68°,平均59.7°;LenkeⅢ型2例,术前冠状面Cobb s角分别为58°和71°,平均64.5°。Bending X线片侧凸矫正率为21.8%~32.4%,平均26.4%。对11例患者在胸腔镜辅助下,采用等离子冷消融切除椎间盘松解,前或后路矫正。对手术后及随访时,冠状面和矢状面的Cobb s角进行测量,并对手术时间,术中出血量,围手术期并发症及矫正丢失等进行分析。[结果]平均手术时间290 min,平均术中出血171 ml。松解节段5~7个,平均4.4个。9例LenkeⅠ型术后Cobb s角平均20.4°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.8%;2例LenkeⅢ型术后Cobb s角分别为20°和25°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.1%;1例术后包裹性胸腔积液,术后平均随访18.6个月;1例出现矫正度丢失14°,无神经系统及血管损伤并发症。[结论]与传统开胸前路胸椎侧凸矫形手术相比,胸腔镜辅助下胸椎松解前后路矫形治疗脊柱侧凸是安全有效的微创手术,可达到与开胸手术同样效果。     

应用Isola内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸

目的:探讨Isola脊柱内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸的方法并评价其疗效。方法:1998年6月至2003年1月应用Isola脊柱内固定系统治疗重度脊柱侧凸32例,其中特发性脊柱侧凸25例,神经纤维瘤病性脊柱侧凸3例,神经肌肉性脊柱侧凸4例。冠状面主弯Cobb角92.1°±11.4°(75°～116°)。根据不同的侧凸类型、侧凸角度、柔韧性等采用一期前后路联合矫形、分期前后路联合矫形或单纯后路矫形手术,术中运用悬臂技术产生的平移力进行矫形,同时应用椎板下钛缆固定。比较术前、术后冠状面和矢状面的畸形程度,并通过躯干侧移(LT)值分析躯干平衡的重建。结果:随访6~48个月,平均18个月,全组患者术后冠状面矫形效果明显,Cobb角术后与术前相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),主弯平均Cobb角矫正率为53.8%,末次随访冠状面Cobb角平均丢失3.3°±3.8°。矢状面上81.3%的患者恢复了胸椎生理性后凸(30°~50°),84.4%的患者恢复了腰前凸(40°~60°)。术后LT值矫正率为67.1%,与冠状面Cobb角的矫正率呈正相关。结论:应用Isola内固定系统矫治重度脊柱侧凸,利用悬臂技术产生的平移力尤其与椎板下钛缆矫形固定相结合,可获得冠状面上较高的矫正率,同时可获得矢状面的矫正并达到躯干平衡。     

选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

目的 评价选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合治疗PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke5型)青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的临床效果. 方法回顾性分析35例行选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合的PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke5型)AIS病例.所有病例均行前路单棒节段性固定融合,随访18～42个月,平均36个月.术前、术后及随访时均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,对躯干偏移、上下融合椎邻近椎间盘开角、下固定椎的倾斜、冠状面和矢状面Cobb角进行测量分析.测量数据使用SPSS 11.0统计学软件进行分析.结果 胸腰弯或腰弯冠状面Cobb角术前平均45.6°,术后9.7°,末次随访14.4°.胸弯冠状面Cobb角术前平均29.7°,术后17.6°,末次随访20.1°.躯干偏移术前平均14.0 mm,术后14.8 mm,末次随访5.1 mm.下端固定椎(LIV)倾斜术前平均-21.8°,术后-1.5°,末次随访-2.1°.冠状面上端固定椎(UIV)上位椎间盘开角(UIVDA)及LIV下位椎间盘开角(LIVDA)术前分别为0.5°和0.6°,术后为0.9°和4.9°,末次随访时均显著加重,为3.0°和7.8°.矢状面胸段(T5～12)及胸腰段(T10～L2)曲度术后及末次随访时均保持良好.矢状面腰前凸(L1～S1)及固定融合节段Cobb角在术后有所减小,末次随访时均保持良好.所有病例末次随访时均未见假关节形成及其他并发症. 结论 选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合是治疗PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke 5型)AIS的安全、有效的方法,融合节段上、下椎间盘开角增加及部分病例残余胸弯过大现象需进一步随访评估.     

前路ADS联合后路PRSS应用治疗重度僵硬脊柱侧弯

[目的]研究前后路联合矫形治疗僵硬脊柱侧弯畸形。[方法]男6例,女12例;年龄11~18岁,平均15.2岁,先天性胸腰段侧凸8例,胸段侧凸 胸腰段侧凸9例,其中Luque氏棒后路矫形后翻修1例。均采用前路松解后,进行ADS(anterior derotation spondylodese,ADS)前路矫形,2周后再进行后路PRSS(plate-rod system forscoliosis)矫形。[结果]本组病例获得6个月~2年(平均18个月)随访,其矫形效果满意。术前平均Cobb s角99.4°(70°~110°),术后平均Cobb s角42.4°(30°~64°),平均矫正率57.4%。侧弯(冠状面畸形)矫正效果良好,平背或后凸畸形者与腰椎前凸术后基本达到正常的矢状重建。无明显并发症。仅内固定棒断裂1例。[结论]前后路联合矫形治疗重度脊柱侧弯畸形可取得较好的矫正结果。     

前路Moss Miami器械矫形治疗特发性胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸

目的:评价MossMiami前路矫形系统对特发性胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸的手术效果。方法:对21例胸腰段或腰段特发性脊柱侧凸患者经前路胸腹联合入路行MossMiami矫形内固定,自体肋骨椎间植骨融合术。测量手术前后Cobb角以及躯干侧方位移。结果:Cobb角术前平均53°,术后平均5°,矫正率为90%。上方代偿性胸椎侧凸术前平均17°,术后矫正至平均5°。下方代偿性腰骶椎侧凸术前平均43°,术后自发矫正至19°。随访12~24个月,Cobb角平均丢失19.7°,胸腰段(T11~L1)术前平均前凸0.3°(0~4°),术后平均后凸3°(0~5°)。躯干侧方位移从术前平均26mm矫正至术后5mm。1例术后出现一侧下肢交感神经切断症状,2例术后并发气胸。无感染、截瘫及内固定失败等并发症发生。结论:MossMiami前路器械具有操作简单和低切迹的优点。棒的预弯、去旋转矫形、正确选择螺钉置入部位和椎间植骨可防止固定节段后凸畸形的形成。对Risser征小于4度的患者应密切观察上方代偿性胸椎侧凸进展情况。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的选择性胸椎融合治疗

目的　探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性胸椎融合治疗的适应证。方法　回顾性分析12例行选择性胸椎融合患者术前、术后及随访时的X光像 ,对侧凸类型、侧凸Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、躯干偏移及胸腰段矢状面Cobb角进行测量和分析。患者 12例中男 2例 ,女10例 ,平均年龄 15 1(13～ 18)岁。侧凸均为KingⅡ型 ,其中PUMCⅡb1型 9例 ,Ⅱc3型 3例。所有病例均行选择性胸椎融合 ,平均随访 3 5 (1～ 10 5 )年。结果　手术前后胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为5 4 0°、19 0° ,平均矫正率 6 2 7% ;腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别为 34 6°、12 5° ,自动矫正率为 6 4 7%。最后随访时 ,胸、腰弯的冠状面Cobb角分别为 18 8°、15 9°;腰弯冠状面Cobb角、顶椎偏距及顶椎旋转度与术后相比无显著变化。术后发生胸腰段后凸 1例 ,最终随访时未见进一步加重。无躯干失平衡现象发生。选择性胸椎融合较后路融合双弯平均减少 3 5个融合节段。结论　对腰弯柔韧性好且度数较小的KingⅡ (PUMCⅡb1和部分Ⅱc3)型特发性脊柱侧凸 ,可安全有效地行选择性胸椎融合     

脊柱侧凸前路手术治疗的远期疗效

目的 :评价前路手术治疗脊柱侧凸的远期疗效。方法 :1980年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 1月 ,前路手术治疗 168例胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸 ,男 5 3例 ,女 115例 ,年龄 7～ 3 1岁 ,平均 14 2岁。术前冠状面Cobb角 3 4～ 89° ,平均 47 5°。随访期间测量冠状面Cobb角 ,了解畸形矫正情况。结果 :15 1例患者随访 3～ 2 4年 ,平均 12 5年 ,术后矫正 2 6～ 45° ,平均矫正 41° ( 85 4% ) ,平均矫正丢失 3 2° ( 7 1% )。脊髓损伤 1例 ,肠系膜上动脉压迫症 4例 ,螺丝钉折断 2例 ,钢缆折断 3例 ,断棒 3例 ,假关节形成 2例。结论 :前路矫形手术能有效地治疗胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸 ,能通过较短的节段达到三维矫正和重建躯干平衡。     

内窥镜辅助下小切口前路矫形治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

目的:探讨应用前路内窥镜辅助下小切口技术矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果.方法:2003年1月～2007年3月间共对33例特发件脊柱侧凸患者行内窥镜辅助下小切口前路矫形术,男13例,女20例,年龄11～17岁,平均14.6±1.5岁.Lenke Ⅰ型21例,包括1AN 10例,1BN 7例,1CN 4例,术前主胸弯Cobb角54.5°±6.3°(40°～64°):Lenke Ⅴ型12例,均为5CN,术前主弯Cobb角38°～62°,平均48.8°±8.0°.均采用胸腔镜辅助下小切口、非穿透椎体对侧皮质螺钉置入技术行胸椎侧凸前路矫形融合术.对所有患者的融合节段、矫正效果、围手术期参数和并发症以及SRS-22评分进行分析.结果:平均融合节段5.3个,平均手术时间223±48min,术中失血量263±50ml,术后伤口引流最169±28ml,伤口引流管放置时间3.0±1.8d,住院时间12.3±3.3d,并发症发生率6.1%.平均随访2.2年,主弯矫正率平均68.2%±10.5%(Lenke Ⅰ型65.1%±10.5%,Lenke Ⅴ型73.5%±8.4%).末次随访时与术后1周相比较主弯矫正丢失率为4.8%±1.7%,顶椎去旋转率为59.4%±12.2%,冠状面与矢状面均获得良好平衡.末次随访时患者SRS-22评分的"外表"、"心理"和"总分"得分较术前明显提高.结论:采用胸腔镜辅助下小切口内固定进行侧凸前路矫形具有微创、操作简便、矫形效果满意和经济等优势,配套操作器械和远期疗效需进一步研究.     

KASS内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱侧凸畸形

[目的]评价应用Kaneda脊柱前路矫形系统(Kaneda anterior scoliosis system,KASS)治疗胸腰椎侧凸畸形的临床疗效。[方法]回顾分析43例脊柱侧凸畸形通过前路椎间盘摘除、松解、椎间植骨融合及KASS内固定矫正侧凸畸形的临床资料,男性17例,女26例。年龄11~24岁(平均14.6岁)。侧弯病因:特发性35例,先天性8例。[结果]所有患者均达到满意矫正效果,平均随访时间为22个月(6个月~4年)。胸腰椎术前侧凸Cobb s角平均为66°(43°~98°),术后矫正至18°(0°~32°),畸形矫正率为91.7%。无明显并发症出现。术后随访3例出现矫正度部分丢失。[结论]KASS内固定系统治疗脊柱侧凸具有能早期矫正畸形,创伤小,融合固定节段少,矫形效果好,维持术后矫正度理想等优点,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

选择性胸椎融合治疗脊柱侧凸合并脊髓空洞症

目的 评价选择性胸椎融合治疗脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症的效果.方法 对2001年1月至2009年1月收治的93例脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症患者进行回顾性分析,其中行选择性胸椎融合且术后随访超过2年的患者共11例,男性3例,女性8例;年龄9～21岁,平均14.9岁.侧凸类型包括双弯9例,三弯2例.术前、术后及随访时行X线片检查,对侧凸类型、侧凸Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、躯干偏移进行测量和分析.结果 术前胸腰凸或腰凸Lenke A型2例,LenkeB型7例,Lenke C型2例.手术前后胸凸Cobb角平均值分别为62.6°和19.0°,平均矫正率为69.6%;手术前后胸腰凸或腰凸Cobb角分别为36.1°和11.6°,自动矫正率为67.9%,随访时间24～48个月,平均29.5个月,胸凸矫正丢失率为6.8%.最终随访时有1例发生了冠状面躯干失平衡,有1例发生椎弓根螺钉螺帽脱出,行翻修手术,无神经系统并发症发生.结论 选择性胸椎融合可用于脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症患者的手术治疗,这类患者的胸腰凸或腰凸具有与特发性脊柱侧凸类似的自发矫形能力,参照特发性脊柱侧凸的选择性融合标准可获得良好效果.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical results of selective thoracic fusion(STF)for scoliosis associated with syringomyelia Methods From January 2001 to January 2009,93 cases of scoliosis associated with syringomyelia were retrospectively reviewed.There were 11 cases who underwent STF and were followed up more than 2 years,which included 8 female and 3 male,the mean age was 14.9 years (9-21 years).Curve type,coronal and sagittal Cobb angle,apical vertebral rotation apical vertebral translation,flexibility,trunk shift were recorded and analyzed.Results There were 9 double curves and 2 triple curves,the Lenke type of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve included Lenke A in 2 cases,Lenke B in 7 cases and Lenke C in 2 cases.The average coronal Cobb angle of thoracic curve before and after surgery were 62.6°and 19.0° respectively,and the average correction rate was 69.6%.The average coronal Cobb angle of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve before and after surgery were 36.1° and 11.6° respectively,and the average spontaneous correction rate was 67.9%.The followed up time ranged from 24 to 48 months(mean 29.5 months),the average loss of correction rate was 6.8%.Only one trunk decompensation was noted at final follow-up.Pedicle screw nut loosening occurred in one patient and this patient underwent revision surgery,no neurological complication was noted at final follow-up.Conclusions STF could be safely performed in scoliosis associated with syringomyelia.Thoracolumbar/lumbar curve in these patients has similar spontaneous correction ability compared with idiopathic scoliosis patients.The satisfactory result could be achieved according to the STF criteria for IS.     

Prognosis of spontaneous thoracic curve correction after the selective anterior fusion of thoracolumbar/lumbar (Lenke 5C) curves in idiopathic scoliosis

Background contextPrognosis of minor lumbar curve correction after selective thoracic fusion in idiopathic scoliosis is well defined. However, the prognosis of minor thoracic curve after isolated anterior fusion of the major lumbar curve has not been well described.PurposeTo define the prognosis of spontaneous thoracic curve correction after selective anterior fusion of the lumbar/thoracolumbar curve in idiopathic scoliosis.Study designA retrospective cohort study on the prognosis of the minor curve after selective anterior correction and fusion of the lumbar/thoracolumbar curve in idiopathic scoliosis.Patient sampleIdiopathic lumbar scoliosis patients treated with anterior spinal fusion.Outcome measuresThe Scoliosis Research Society 22 questionnaire was used as an outcome measure at the final follow-up.MethodsTwenty-eight patients were included in this study. Four patients were male, 24 patients were female, and average age at the time of surgery was 16 years. Mean follow-up was 48 months. According to the Lenke Classification, 22 patients were 5CN, 5 were 5C?, and 1 was 5C+. All operations were performed in the same institution. Standing long posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs were taken just before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and at final follow-up.ResultsThe mean preoperative Cobb angle of the lumbar (major) curve was 53° (standard deviation [SD]=8.6) and that of the thoracic (minor) curve was 38.4° (SD=6.24). The lumbar and thoracic curves were corrected to 10° (SD=7.6) and 25° (SD=8.3) postoperatively and measured 17° (SD=10.6) and 27° (SD=7.7), respectively, at the last follow-up. There was a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative measurements of the minor curves (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference between the early postoperative and the final follow-up measurements (p>.05). Regarding the overall sagittal balance, there was no significant difference between preoperative, early, and late postoperative measurements (p>.05).ConclusionsSelective anterior fusion of the major thoracolumbar/lumbar curve was an effective method for the treatment of Lenke Type 5C curves. Minor thoracic curves did not progress after selective fusion of thoracolumbar/lumbar curves in minimum 2-year follow-up.     

Midterm surgical outcomes of a short fusion strategy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with Lenke 5C curve

BACKGROUND CONTEXTA previous study examined the short-term (2 years) outcomes of a short fusion strategy for Lenke type 5C curves. This strategy had a little less correction rate with no difference in coronal and sagittal balance and SRS-22 scores to those of a conventional strategy and was superior in operative time and intraoperative bleeding. However, its effectiveness in longer follow-up periods was unknown.PURPOSETo assess midterm surgical outcomes of a short fusion strategy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with Lenke type 5C curve, involving posterior correction and fusion surgery (PSF) using pedicle-screw constructs.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective case series.PATIENT SAMPLETwenty-nine patients who underwent PSF for AIS with Lenke type 5C curve with a minimum 5-year follow-up.OUTCOME MEASURESRadiographic parameters and SRS-22.METHODSWe compared radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes between patients with an upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) at the end vertebra (EV) (n=12) and those treated by short fusion (S), with a UIV one level caudal to the EV (n=17).RESULTSA preoperative mean Cobb angle of 51.9±13.8° was corrected to 11.7±7.7° in the EV group, and an angle of 46.0±6.6° was corrected to 9.3±5.2° in the S group. The correction was maintained in both groups at the final follow-up, and the mean correction loss was 2.8±6.8° in the EV and 6.5±6.5° in the S group (p=.143). The mean correction rate at the final follow-up was not significantly different between the EV (71.4±11.8%) and S (64.9±13.7%) groups (p=.199). A Cobb angle of a thoracic curve was significantly improved immediately after surgery and maintained during the follow-up period in the both groups. Coronal and sagittal balance, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, L4 tilt, UIV/LIV tilt, shoulder balance, and SRS-22 had no difference between the two groups.CONCLUSIONSThere was no difference in radiographic parameters and SRS-22 between patients treated with a UIV at the UEV and patients treated using a short fusion strategy, in which the UIV was one level caudal to the UEV. The short fusion strategy can be one of the alternatives in PSF for Lenke type 5C curves, at least in 5-year time frame.     

全椎弓根螺钉技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

目的：探讨在脊柱侧凸后路矫正术中采用全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术的疗效。方法：2002年6月至2005年10月，采用全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸56例，男11例，女45例；年龄8-22岁。侧凸程度按Cobb测量法评估，Cobb角45°-85°，平均62.45°。侧凸按Lenke分型：1型29例，2型6例，3型8例，4型2例，5型8例，6型3例。结果：平均手术时间3h20min，平均出血600ml，T1-L4共置椎弓根螺钉425枚，其中腰椎弓根螺钉181枚，胸椎椎弓根螺钉244枚。术后所有患者均经CT扫描检查，结果发现腰椎弓根螺钉全部准确置入，244枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉中116枚完全通过椎弓根进入椎体，119枚通过肋骨横突复合结构进入椎体，9枚穿破椎弓根内侧壁，置钉准确率96．8％，术中术后均未出现神经血管并发症。手术切口除2例浅表感染，均I期愈合。全部患者均获随访，时间5-40个月，平均22．5个月，术后均无疼痛，X线正侧位及动态位片未见内固定松动断裂及假关节形成。术后Cobb角平均18°，平均矫正44°，矫正率72．5％。所有患者均在4-8个月内恢复正常的生活、学习和工作状态。结论：脊柱侧凸后路矫正术中采用全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术是一种安全、有效的方法，能取得较好的矫正效果及较少的并发症。熟悉解剖并结合CT扫描，术前进行准确测量及术中的仔细操作对手术成功非常重要。     

Evaluating flexibility and predicting curve correction using fulcrum-bending radiographs in Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundFulcrum-bending (FB) correction is considered to provide the best estimation of main thoracic (MT) curve flexibility and postoperative correction in surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, few studies evaluated the usefulness of FB radiographs for proximal thoracic (PT) curve. We aimed to perform flexibility assessments using both active side-bending (SB) and FB radiographs and evaluate surgical outcomes after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for Lenke type 2 AIS.MethodsThis study included 38 consecutive patients with Lenke type 2 AIS who underwent PSF using a pedicle screw construct with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Radiographic parameters, including correction rate, SB and FB flexibility, and FB correction index (FBCI: [correction rate/FB flexibility] × 100), were evaluated preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at the 2-year follow-up. The clinical outcomes were preoperatively evaluated using the Scoliosis Research Outcomes Instrument-22 and at the follow-up.ResultsAll scoliosis curves significantly improved and shoulder balance shifted toward left shoulder elevation (all comparisons, p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between the SB and FB corrections in the PT and MT curves (p < 0.0001). The magnitudes of the discrepancies between the SB and FB corrections in the PT and MT curves were 11.2° ± 5.2° and 11.6° ± 7.2°, respectively. FB correction did not differ from postoperative Cobb angles correction immediately after surgery or at the 2-year follow-up; the mean FBCIs in the PT and MT curves were 98.8% and 105.5%, respectively. The self-image domain SRS-22 scores had significantly increased at the 2-year follow-up (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThere were significant differences between the SB and FB corrections, and FB correction tended to approximate the postoperative curve correction (FBCI = 100%) for PT and MT curves in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS. FB flexibility is more reliable than SB flexibility in evaluating actual curve flexibility even for the PT curve.     

Low-density versus high-density thoracic pedicle screw constructs in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: do more screws lead to a better outcome?

Background contextThoracic pedicle screw (TPS) constructs have improved curve correction measurements compared with hook and hybrid constructs in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), but the optimal implant density, or the number of screws per level, remains unknown in the treatment of flexible thoracic curves.PurposeTo determine how implant density affects clinical outcome, radiographic outcome, and cost in the treatment of Lenke Curve Type I AIS.Study designA retrospective clinical study.Patient sampleNinety-one consecutive AIS patients with Lenke Type I curves who underwent surgical correction with a minimum follow-up of 24 months.Outcome measuresRadiographic outcomes included assessment of preoperative and 2-year postoperative thoracic Cobb angle, T5–T12 kyphosis, and curve flexibility. We also assessed SRS-22 outcome measures and thoracic angle of trunk rotation (ATR) before surgery and at the 2-year postoperative time point. The cost of each construct was also evaluated.MethodsBivariate analysis was conducted between implant density and the following factors: percent correction of the major curve, ATR, and change in kyphosis. The correlation between curve flexibility and percent correction of the major curve was determined. Patients were then divided into two groups: the low-density (LD) TPS group defined by implant density below the mean number of screws per level for the entire cohort (less than 1.3 screws per level) and the high-density (HD) TPS group defined by implant density above the mean number of screws per level (more than 1.3 screws per level). Independent sample t tests were used to compare demographic data as well as radiographic and clinical outcomes at baseline and at follow-up between the two groups.ResultsSixty-one female and 30 male patients met inclusion criteria. No significant correlations were found between implant density and the following parameters: percent correction of the major curve (p=.25), ATR (p=.75), and change in T5–T12 kyphosis (p=.40). No correlation was found between curve flexibility and percent correction of the major curve (p=.54). The LD group consisted of 57 patients, whereas the HD group had 34 patients. There were no differences between the HD group and the LD group in regard to major curve correction, change in T5–T12 kyphosis, or change in ATR. Total implant costs were significantly higher in the HD group ($13,272 vs. $10,819; p<.01). The SRS-22 image domain and overall score improved at 2 years within both groups, but there were no group differences in any of the SRS-22 domains or the overall score.ConclusionsWe identified no clinical, radiographic, perioperative, or complication-related advantage of constructs with higher TPS implant density in this patient cohort with flexible idiopathic scoliosis. Cost was significantly higher with HD constructs in comparison with LD constructs. Optimal implant density chosen by the surgeon should rely on a number of factors including curve magnitude and rigidity, bone density, and desired correction.     

Radiographic evaluation of selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

According to Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), patients with type 5 curve in which the structural major curve is thoracolumbar or lumbar curve with nonstructural proximal thoracic and main thoracic curves, could be surgically treated with selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar (TL/L) fusion. This study retrospectively analyzed the radiographies of selective anterior TL/L fusion in 35 cases of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. Segmental fixation with a single rigid rod through anterior thoracoabdominal approach was applied in all patients. Measurements of scoliosis curve in preoperative, immediate postoperative and follow-up radiographies were analyzed. The average follow up time was 36 months (24-42 months). The average preoperative Cobb angle of the TL/L curve was 45.6 degrees and improved into 9.7 degrees immediate postoperatively, with 79.7% curve correction. In addition, the minor thoracic curve decreased from 29.7 degrees preoperatively to 17.6 degrees postoperatively, with a spontaneous correction of 41.5%. During the follow-up, a loss of 4.6 degrees correction was found and the average Cobb angle of TL/L increased to 14.4 degrees . Also, the minor thoracic curve increased to average 20.1 degrees with a loss of 2.4 degrees correction. Trunk shift deteriorated slightly immediate postoperatively and improved at the follow-up. The lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) tilt was improved significantly and maintained its results at the follow-up. During the follow-up, the coronal disc angle immediately above the upper instrumented vertebra (UIVDA) and below the LIV (LIVDA) aggravated, while the sagittal contours of T5-T12 and T10-L2 were well maintained. The lumbar lordosis of L1-S1 and the sagittal Cobb angle of the instrumented segments were reduced slightly postoperatively and at the follow-up. There were no major complications or pseudarthrosis. The outcomes of this study show that selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion with solid rod instrumentation is effective for surgical correction of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. The TL/L curve, minor thoracic curve, and LIV title can be improved significantly, with good maintenance of sagittal contour. However, the UIVDA and LIVDA aggravate postoperatively when the trunk rebalances itself during follow-up. The degeneration of LIV disc warrants longer-term follow-up.     

Short anterior correction of the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve in King 1 idiopathic scoliosis: the behaviour of the instrumented and non-instrumented curves and the trunk balance

This is a retrospective clinical, radiological and patient outcome assessment of 21 consecutive patients with King 1 idiopathic adolescent scoliosis treated by short anterior selective fusion of the major thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve. Three-dimensional changes of both curves, changes in trunk balance and rib hump were evaluated. The minimal follow-up was 24 months (max. 83). The Cobb angle of the TL/L curve was 52 degrees (45-67 degrees) with a flexibility of 72% (40-100%). The average length of the main curve was 5 (3-8) segments. An average of 3 (2-4) segments was fused using rigid single rod implants with side-loading screws. The Cobb angle of the thoracic curve was 33 degrees (18-50 degrees) with a flexibility of 69% (29-100%). The thoracic curve in bending was less than 20 degrees in 17 patients, and 20-25 degrees in 4 patients. In the TL/L curve there was an improvement of the Cobb angle of 67%, of the apex vertebral rotation of 51% and of the apex vertebral translation of 74%. The Cobb angle of the thoracic curve improved 29% spontaneously. Shoulder balance improved significantly from an average preoperative imbalance of 14.5-3.1 mm at the last follow-up. Seventy-five percent of the patients with preoperative positive shoulder imbalance (higher on the side of the thoracic curve) had levelled shoulders at the last follow-up. C7 offset improved from a preoperative 19.8 (0-40) to 4.8 (0-18) mm at the last follow-up. There were no significant changes in rotation, translation of the thoracic curve and the clinical rib hump. There were no significant changes in thoracic kyphosis or lumbar lordosis. The average score of the SRS-24 questionnaire at the last follow-up was 91 points (max. 120). We conclude that short anterior selective fusion of the TL/L curve in King 1 scoliosis with a thoracic curve bending to 25 degrees or less (Type 5 according to Lenke classification) results in a satisfactory correction and a balanced spine. Short fusions leave enough mobile lumbar segments for the establishment of global spinal balance. A positive shoulder imbalance is not a contraindication for this procedure. Structural interbody grafts are not necessary to maintain lumbar lordosis.     

Posterior pedicle screws combined with shortening and release techniques for lumbar and thoracolumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the clinical and radiographic effects of posterior surgery with wide posterior shortening release and segmental pedicle screws techniques in a consecutive group of patients with thoracolumbar /lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: Between April 2002 and July 2005, 114 patients (86 women and 28 men) were enrolled in this study. There were 72 Lenke type 5, 32 Lenke type 6, and 10 Lenke type 3C curves. Radiographic parameters such as coronal plane Cobb angle; lordosis angle; lowest instrumented vertebrae (LIV) angulation; and the distances from the central sacral vertical line (CSVL) to the LIV, to the apical vertebra and to the C7 plumb line, were analyzed. Complication rates were also recorded during follow‐up. Results: The average coronal correction was from 61° to 13° (78.6%). In the sagittal plane, lumbar lordosis was normalized from 36° with a wide range (23°–67°) to 42° with a normal range (34°–55°). The LIV had 79% correction of coronal angulations. The center sacral line to LIV was improved from 2.3 cm to 0.5 cm, apex to center sacral line from 5.0 cm to 1.6 cm, and CSVL from 2.7 cm to 0.8 cm. A total of 1460 pedicle screws were placed safely, average 9.6 levels (5–14) were fused. The patients were followed up for an average of 30 months (range, 12–50). There was excellent maintenance of correction at final follow‐up. Conclusion: Wide posterior release and segmental pedicle screw instrumentation has excellent radiographic and clinical results with minimal complications.     

钴铬棒在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形手术中的应用

目的探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)矫形手术中使用不同内固定棒的效果。方法收集2011年1月~2013年8月本院收治的AIS患者临床资料(n=134)。根据手术中使用的内固定棒类型将患者分为钴铬棒(cobalt chromium,Co Cr)组(n=33)和同直径的钛棒(titanium,Ti)组(n=101)。术前、术后及末次随访时拍摄脊柱X线片并测量冠状面主弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、胸腰段前凸角、腰椎前凸角,进行对比研究。结果 Co Cr组患者主弯角度术后为14.72°±5.01°,末次随访为16.12°±5.48°,末次随访主弯角度丢失1.40°±3.07°;胸椎后凸角术后为22.19°±5.44°,末次随访为21.27°±5.34°。Ti组患者主弯角度术后为17.37°±12.10°,末次随访为20.25°±9.56°,末次随访主弯角度丢失2.89°±4.27°;胸椎后凸角术后为18.02°±7.98°,末次随访为16.53°±6.93°。2组术后主弯角度、末次随访主弯角度、末次随访主弯角度丢失、术后胸椎后凸角、末次随访胸椎后凸角,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在AIS矫形中,与钛棒相比,钴铬棒可在冠状面上提供更大的矫形力,更重要的是可以防止由于矫形引起的矢状面胸椎后凸角减少,维持较好的矢状面生理曲度。