ESBLs在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌中的检出率及耐药情况比较

目的检测我国大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)产生及耐药情况。方法对2000-2001年中国细菌耐药监测研究所收集的来自9座城市13家医院的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌采用平皿二倍稀释法测定抗菌药物对各种致病菌的MIC值，计算MIC50与MIC90，并按NCCLS2002规定的临界浓度，求出各类细菌对所测定的各种抗菌药物的耐药率(R％)。以纸片扩散法确证试验检测产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，以三维试验检测产ESBLs和AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌。结果在总共341株大肠埃希菌和212株肺炎克雷伯菌中共检测到产ESBLs菌100株，检出率18．1％(100／553)。其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌63株，检出率18．5％(63／341)；产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌37株，检出率17．5％(37／212)。产ESBLs菌株对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率明显高于非ESBLs菌株。酶抑制剂联合制剂头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、第四代头孢菌素头孢吡肟和碳青霉烯类对产ESBLs菌株有较好作用。81株阴沟肠杆菌中，28株产ESBLs，检出率34．6％；31株产AmpC酶，检出率38．3％；14株同时产生此二类酶，检出率17．3％。在对头孢曲松中介的14株阴沟肠杆菌中，AmpC酶检出率为42．9％(6／14)，而ESBLs的检出率高达92．9％(13／14)，是AmpC酶检出率的两倍多。但在对头孢曲松耐药的27株阴沟肠杆菌中．情况刚好相反，AmpC酶的检出率为88．9％(24／27)，是ESBLs检出率(40．7％，11／27)的两倍多。头孢噻肟中介和耐药株中两酶的检出情况与头孢曲松相似。头孢他啶只有1株中介株，耐药株中AmpC酶检出率(78．4％，29／37)约是ESBLs检出率(56．8%，21／37)的1．4倍。若将敏感和中介株合并计算可见，头孢他啶敏感和中介株中两酶的检出率明显低于头孢曲松和头孢噻肟。结论①细菌耐药研究显示ESBLs在大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中的检出率为18．1％；②ESBLs在我国阴沟肠杆菌中有很高的检出率；③在阴沟肠杆菌中，对头孢曲松和头孢噻肟中介的菌株，以产ESBLs为主，而耐药菌株以产AmpC酶为主。     

肠杆菌科细菌超广谱β—内酰氨酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解超广谱β-内酰氨酶(ESBLs)在肠杆菌科细菌中的产生情况及其对部分药物的敏感性，以指导临床用药。方法应用美国德灵公司生产WalkAway40SI全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪，阴性菌鉴定药敏复合板NC21及其配套试剂检测肠杆菌科细菌产ESBLs的情况和药敏分析。结果在385株肠杆菌科细菌中，共检出产ESBLs的大肠埃希氏菌，阴沟肠杆菌，肺炎克雷伯氏菌，产酸克雷伯氏菌，铜绿假单胞菌，液化沙雷氏菌，弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌，聚团肠杆菌，产气肠杆菌和摩氏摩更根菌共79株，检出率为20．51％，其中阴沟肠杆菌检出率最高达44．5％，其次为大肠埃希氏菌，肺炎克雷伯氏菌，检出率分别为28．8％，24．1％。12种抗菌药物中总耐药率最低为亚胺培南(5．10-20．5)。结论ESBLs在肠杆菌科流行严重，分布广，以阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏为主要流行菌株。亚胺培南耐药率最低。     

中国教学医院细菌耐药监测研究及现状介绍

目的介绍我国不同地区教学医院分离的社区和院内常见病原菌的耐药性。方法分析来自中国6个耐药监测网的耐药信息,评价细菌耐药性的年度变化。结果监测结果均显示,革兰阴性菌的检出率高于革兰阳性菌;大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌的最主要耐药机制是产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs);对于易产AmpC酶的菌株,如阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌,体外药敏试验显示,碳青酶烯类药物敏感性最高,继之为第4代头孢菌素和阿米卡星;近年来,产AmpC的大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌和对碳青酶烯类药物敏感性降低的肠杆菌科菌,已出现并有增多的趋势;对铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,敏感率最高的为多粘菌素B;多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌(MDRP)发生率在2003—2006年约为15%～20%和33%～54%;甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌(MRSA)的发生率约为全部金葡菌的48%～69.2%;不同地区的MRSA有较大差异;国内万古霉素耐药肠球菌的发生率低于5%。结论中国教学医院的细菌耐药现状日益严重,需做好细菌耐药性监测工作。     

阴沟肠杆菌产超广谱β—内酰胺酶情况及耐药性监测

超广谱β-内酰胺酶是一类对包括第三代头孢菌素及氨曲南在内的β-内酰胺类抗生素具有水解作用的酶，由质粒介导的大多数肠杆菌科细菌均可产生ESBLs，常见于大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷白氏菌，亦可见于阴沟肠杆菌，弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌，大多源于TEM-1，TEM-2和SHV-1的突变。为了解我院阴沟肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶情况及耐药状     

ESBLs在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌中的检出率及耐药情况比较

目的分析并对比ESBLs(超广谱内酰胺酶)在大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌中的检出率、耐药情况。方法以我院2011年6月~2015年9月间内科收治的106例化脓性胆管炎患者为临床研究对象,分别记录其胆汁大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌的培养结果,并通过药敏测定和试验检查ESBLs在各类菌种中的耐药情况。结果在154株实验培养菌中,共有62株产ESBLs株,其总检出率为40.3%。而在62株产ESBLs株中,大肠埃希菌检出33株(53.2%),阴沟肠杆菌检出8株(22.2%),肺炎克雷伯菌检出21株(37.5%)。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率要明显高于阴沟肠杆菌,x12=22.77,其对比均具有统计学意义(P0.05);肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率要明显高于阴沟肠杆菌,x22=7.61,其对比有统计学学意义(P0.05)。在各类标本中,在胆管结石病例胆汁培养结果中,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌(85.7%)的检出数量最高;在胆管恶性梗阻病例中,产ESBLs阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌所占比例较高。产ESBLs阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均对阿莫西林耐药,且耐药率为100%;3种菌株对头孢类抗菌药耐药率较高,3种菌株对碳青霉烯类耐药率比较低。产ESBLs阴沟肠杆菌的耐药率要低于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,特别是在庆大霉素、环丙沙星以及头孢类药物上差距最为明显。结论对于产ESBLs(超广谱内酰胺酶)菌株导致的感染疾病,结合药敏试验的结果来合理选择抗生素用药,是延滞细菌耐药性出现的关键,也是临床合理用药的重要保证。     

某院2015年-2018年间1058株革兰阴性菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:分析医院2015年—2018年间革兰阴性细菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:抽取2015年8月—2018年8月间医院检验科细菌室从各种标本中分离出的细菌培养资料,分析其细菌的临床分离、标本的分布、肠杆菌科细菌ESBLs、AmpC酶的检出率,以及抗菌药物对肠杆菌科细菌、非发酵菌的MIC与细菌药敏率。结果:分离出1 441株细菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌384株和革兰阴性杆菌1 058株;革兰阴性杆菌1 058株中,其中219株为大肠埃希菌,215株为铜绿假单胞菌,192株为不动杆菌属,190株为肺炎克雷伯菌,95株为阴沟肠杆菌,35株为变形菌属,32株为沙雷菌属,28株为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,22株为柠檬酸杆菌和其他细菌30株(如9株流感嗜血菌、6株产气肠杆菌、4株志贺菌属、6株其他假单胞菌属和5株其他肠杆菌属);革兰阴性杆菌在标本中分布,其中在呼吸道589株、尿液256株、伤口分泌物74株、粪便47株、血液42株、体液44株和其他部位6株,分别占总数的55.67%、24.20%、6.99%、4.44%、3.97%、4.16%和0.57%;大肠埃希菌ESBLs、AmpC酶检出率分别为19.63%和0.91%以及肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs、AmpC酶检出率分别为23.16%和0.00%;阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs、AmpC酶检出率分别为10.53%和17.87%;沙雷菌属ESBLs、AmpC酶检出率分别为46.88%和0.00%;加替沙星、帕拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对非发酵阴性杆菌具有较广的抗菌谱和较好的抗菌活性。结论:革兰阴性杆菌在临床分布较广,应加强对其监测和不定期的药敏试验,以确保临床治疗的有效性。     

Mohnarin 2009年度报告:肠杆菌科细菌耐药监测

目的 了解2009年度我国临床分离肠杆菌科细菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位,按照监测方案要求,收集临床肠杆菌科细菌,并进行药物敏感性测试;依照美国实验室与标准化研究所(CLSI)2009标准,判断敏感性;用Whonet 5.5软件处理数据.结果 全国六大地区的114家医院参加监测,共收集肠杆菌科细菌74412株.其中,大肠埃希菌分离量居第1,为33844株,占45%;其次为肺炎克雷伯菌,为22071株(30%);再次为阴沟肠杆菌,为7310株(10%).敏感性最高的抗菌药物为碳青霉烯类,除阴沟肠杆菌对美罗培南和弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率在5%以上外;其他肠杆菌科细菌,对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率都在3%左右或以下.大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌ESBLs产生株的分离率分别为65.51%,40%以上和26.69%.碳青霉烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌的ESBLs产生株和非产生株有良好的抗菌活性;酶抑制剂复方制剂对大肠埃希菌ESBLs产生株和非产生株都有良好的抗菌活性.ESBLs产生株对于其他各类抗菌药物的耐药率都显著高于非产生株.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对各类抗菌药物呈现不同程度耐药,有些具多重耐药特点;碳青霉烯类仍是肠杆菌科细菌最敏感的药物,但已出现碳青霉烯耐药菌,应引起重视.     

产"超-超广谱"β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌的耐药表型及基因分析

目的 首次分析本地区产超-超广谱β-内酰胺酶(super-spectrum β-lactamase,SSBLs)菌株的耐药性及分子流行病学现状.方法 收集自2008年1月～2009年6月本院从临床分离的对头孢西丁和头孢他啶耐药的革兰阴性杆菌105株,采用改良三维试验与质粒结合实验筛选产SSBLs菌株,通过药敏试验鉴定其耐药表型,运用PCR扩增检测其ESBLs基因型与AmpC酶基因型.结果 筛选出的2株产SSBLs菌株(1株阴沟肠杆菌和1株大肠埃希菌)均表现为多重耐药,仅对亚胺培南敏感.阴沟肠杆菌质粒编码的ESBLs基因型为TEM、CTX-M,AmpC酶基因型为ACT;大肠埃希菌质粒编码的ESBLs基因型为SHV、CTX-M,AmpC酶基因型为ACT.结论 本院存在产SSBLs革兰阴性杆菌引起的感染,但此类菌株尚未在本院传播流行,ACT型是SSBLs菌株质粒AmpC酶主要基因型.     

腹腔与胆道感染产酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的探讨腹腔与胆道感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和头孢菌素酶（AmpC酶）大肠埃希菌的耐药性。方法采用改良三维试验法检测80株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的情况,并采用纸片扩散（K-B）法检测大肠埃希菌对16种抗生素的耐药率。结果从80株临床分离的大肠埃希菌中检出单产ESBLs25株,单产AmpC酶8株,同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs4株,检出率分别为31.25%,10.00%,5.00%。产酶菌株对抗生素的耐药率均高于不产酶菌株（除哌拉西林他巴唑外）。结论腹腔与胆道感染大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要原因是产AmpC酶和ESBLs,对产酶菌株临床经验用药应首选碳青霉烯类抗生素。     

13种抗生素对产AmpC酶或同时产ESBLs细菌的体外抗菌活性

目的 了解临床下呼吸道感染常见革兰氏阴性杆菌产AmpC酶或同时产超广谱肛内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况，检测常用13种抗生索对这些菌株的体外抗菌活性，以指导临床合理选择抗生索。方法 采用酶提取物三维试验确证产AmpC酶或同时产ESBLs菌株，应用琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗生索对这些菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MICs)。结果 从临床痰标本分离对第一、二代及一种以上第三代头孢菌素耐药的226株常见革兰氏阴性杆菌，包括阴沟肠杆菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌，其中单产AmpC酶34株，同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs15株，总检出率分别为15．0％(34／226)、6．6％(15／226)。无论单产AmpC酶还是同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs的细菌对第三代头孢菌素、氨曲南及头孢美唑高度耐药，敏感率从0～14．7％；对含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药情况亦严重，敏感率从0～29．4％；对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星除大肠埃希氏菌外有较高的敏感性，总敏感率均为71．4％；而对亚胺培南高度敏感，仅有1株铜绿假单胞菌耐药。单产AmpC酶细菌对头孢吡肟、阿米卡星敏感率分别为97．1％、64．7％，同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株则敏感率下降为66．7％、26．7％。结论 对单产AmpC酶或同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs细菌。亚胺培南均有很强的抗菌活性，环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星除大肠埃希氏菌外亦有较好的抗菌作用；对单产AmpC酶细菌，头孢吡肟有很强的抗菌活性，阿米卡星有一定的抗菌作用。     

医院感染常见革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的以了解医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药特点,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供依据。方法对2010年²012年我院常见的医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果在医院感染细菌前5位的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、其次是产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、食麦芽假单胞菌。细菌均呈现多耐药趋势,临床常用的第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、单环内酰胺类、头霉素类、部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂由于细菌产ESBLs及Amp C而发生耐药,第四代头孢吡肟耐药率也达50%2012年我院常见的医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果在医院感染细菌前5位的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、其次是产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、食麦芽假单胞菌。细菌均呈现多耐药趋势,临床常用的第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、单环内酰胺类、头霉素类、部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂由于细菌产ESBLs及Amp C而发生耐药,第四代头孢吡肟耐药率也达50%⁶0%,耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌由于碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的使用强度增加而显著增加,我院美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率逐年明显上升已接近60%。而氨基糖苷类中的阿米卡星除鲍曼氏不动杆菌外由于近期少用使敏感性有所提高。结论分析医院感染常见感染细菌分布及耐药性,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物及预防和控制耐药菌在医院内传播有着重要意义。     

舒巴坦与第三代头孢菌素联合对第三代头孢菌素耐药菌的体外抗菌作用研究

目的：探讨舒巴坦与头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头胞呋辛1：1联合对头孢他啶或头孢呋辛耐药的革兰阴性杆菌及金葡球菌的体外抗菌增效作用。方法：用平皿二倍稀释法测定了舒巴坦与头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛1：1联合的体外抗菌作用。结果：舒巴坦可以增强头孢他啶、头孢噻肟及头孢呋辛对革兰阴性杆菌的体外抗菌活性。舒巴坦可以使头孢他啶对大肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、不动杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌的MIC90降低4倍;使头孢噻肟对大肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、不动杆菌属的MIC90降低2－4倍,但对金葡球菌、肠球菌及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌无明显的增效作用。38.4%的头孢他啶耐药的大肠杆菌、45.3%的对头孢他啶耐药的阴沟肠杆菌、66.6%的对头孢他啶耐药的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌及60％的对头孢他啶耐药的不动杆菌属对舒巴坦与头孢他啶（1：1）的联合制剂敏感。结论：舒巴坦与头孢他啶联合对头孢他啶耐药菌有30％－40％的抗菌增效作用。     

尿路感染大肠埃希菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的:了解尿路感染患者中大肠埃希菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况及耐药性分析。方法:采用纸片扩散确证法检测ESBLs,酶提取物三维试验方法检测AmpC酶。结果:130株大肠埃希菌中检出单产ESBLs45株,AmpC酶8株,同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs共5株,检出率分别为34.6%、6.2%和3.8%;产酶菌株对抗生素的耐药率大部分均高于不产酶菌株。结论:大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要原因是产生AmpC酶和ESBLs,对产酶菌株临床经验用药首选碳青霉烯类抗生素。     

Susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. A study mainly focused on imipenem. Research Group for Testing Imipenem Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates

We investigated susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (IPM) and other antimicrobial agents at 459 hospital laboratories throughout Japan from September to December of 1988. In this study, identification and susceptibility testing were performed at each hospital laboratory and the tests were carried out according to the 1-dilution or 3-dilution disc technique in which susceptibilities are classified into 4 grades: , ++, + and -. IPM had significantly high activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella spp., Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Alcaligenes spp., Peptococcus spp./Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides spp. and should slightly lower activities on coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than on the above mentioned bacteria. In a comparative study on activities of IPM against bacteria from different clinical sources, no remarkable differences were found due to different sources among S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, P. mirabilis or A. calcoaceticus, whereas slight differences were found among Staphylococcus aureus, CNS, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa.     

改良三维试验与PCR法检测川东北地区产“超-超广谱”β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌

目的:调查川东北地区临床分离革兰阴性杆菌的耐药情况,建立筛选产超-超广谱β-内酰胺酶(SSBLs)细菌的实验室方法。方法:收集自2008年1月-2009年6月从川北医学院附属医院临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌237株,采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定14种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,筛选出对头孢西丁和头孢他啶耐药的革兰阴性杆菌,采用改良三维试验与质粒结合实验筛选产SSBLs菌株,运用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增技术检测SSBLs中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因型与AmpC基因型。结果:237株革兰阴性菌对多种抗生素存在较高的耐药率。对头孢西丁与头孢他啶同时耐药的革兰阴性杆菌共105株,对这105株革兰阴性杆菌进行改良三维试验与质粒结合实验,筛选出产SSBLs菌株共2株,包括1株阴沟肠杆菌和1株大肠埃希菌,其质粒编码的ESBLs基因型为SHV、TEM、CTX-M,AmpC基因型为ACT。结论:川东北地区首次发现产SSBLs革兰阴性杆菌;改良三维试验与PCR法可以用于确证耐药菌是否产SSBLs。     

新生儿血培养541例病原菌分布及药敏试验结果分析

目的了解新生儿血培养中的病原菌分布及其常见病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为指导临床合理应用抗菌药物提供客观依据。方法对2009年1月至2012年12月该院儿科新生儿进行血培养．应用BacT／Alert3D血培养仪进行检测,阳性菌株用VITEK微生物鉴定药敏分析系统进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果血培养共检出病原菌541株,革兰阳性球菌386株,占71．3％;革兰阴性杆菌152株,占28．1％;真菌3株,占0．6％。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是导致血行感染的主要病原菌,其中以表皮葡萄球菌居首,占27．9％;其后依次为溶血葡萄球菌22．6％、肠球菌7．4％、人葡萄球菌6．8％。革兰阴性杆菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌12．0％、大肠埃希菌6．1％、鲍曼不动杆菌3．9％、阴沟肠杆菌2．6％。药敏结果显示,葡萄球菌属对各种抗菌药物的耐药率高低不等,对青霉素显著耐药,未检出对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁／达福普汀耐药的菌株。革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林高度耐药,对氨曲南、头孢菌素耐药率呈增加趋势。亚胺培南、阿米卡星对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌的敏感率达100．0％。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是该院新生儿血培养主要的病原菌。加强血流感染的耐药检测,对减少医院内感染,指导临床合理用药有重要意义。     

Post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--II. Gram-negative bacteria

As a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, penicillins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Changes in CZOP susceptibility for the bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated with the breakpoint MIC. Twenty-five species (3,362 strains) of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from 1996 to 2000, and consisted of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (n = 136), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 289), Escherichia coli (n = 276), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 192), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 157), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 189), Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 93), Serratia marcescens (n = 172), Serratia liquefaciens (n = 24), Citrobacter freundii (n = 177), Citrobacter koseri (n = 70), Proteus mirabilis (n = 113), Proteus vulgaris (n = 89), Morganella morganii (n = 116), Providencia spp. (n = 41), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 290), Pseudomonas fluorescens (n = 56), Pseudomonas putida (n = 63), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 146), Acinetobacter lwoffii (n = 34), Burkholderia cepacia (n = 101), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 169), Bacteroides fragilis group (n = 196), and Prevotella/Porphyromonas (n = 173). An antibacterial activity of CZOP against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, and S. marcescens was potent and consistent with or more preferable than the study results obtained until the new drug application approval. MIC90 of CZOP against M.(B.) catarrhalis, C. koseri, and P. aeruginosa was not considerably changed and consistent with the study results obtained until the new drug application approval. MIC90 of CZOP against E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, and P. mirabilis increased year by year. The increase in MIC90 of CZOP against E. aerogenes and P. mirabilis, however, was not considered to be an obvious decline in susceptibility. In contract, the susceptibility of E. cloacae to CZOP was suspected to be decreasing because this species showed 20.6% resistance to CZOP. MIC90 of CZOP against C. freundii was variably changed or not one-sidedly, but was higher than the values obtained until the new drug application approval. Additionally, MIC90 of CZOP against H. influenzae was stable during 5 years except being higher in 1999, and, as a whole, was a little higher than the values obtained until the new drug application approval. An antibacterial activity of CZOP against P. fluorescens, P. putida, B. cepacia, S. maltophilia, B. fragilis group, and Prevotella/Porphyromonas was weak like the other cephems. Changes in MIC90 of CZOP against the other bacteria were 2 tubes or more through 5-year study period, but did not tend towards a unilateral direction as meaning a decline in susceptibility.     

Susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. A study mainly focused on imipenem. Reported by the Research Group for Testing Imipenem Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates

This study was conducted to investigate susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (IPM) and other antibacterial agents at 64 hospital laboratories throughout Japan from September to December of 1988. In this study, identification and susceptibility testing were carried out at each laboratory and the tests were performed according to the disk dilution method recommended by NCCLS in which susceptibilities are classified into "S", "MS", "I" and "R". IPM showed markedly high in vitro activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella spp., Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Alcaligenes spp., Peptococcus spp./Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides spp. IPM also had strong activities against Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Flavobacterium spp., E. faecium, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas cepacia. In a study in which activities of IPM against bacteria isolated from different clinical sources were compared, differences in susceptibilities were observed among S. aureus, CNS, A. calcoaceticus and P. aeruginosa, but such differences were not apparent among S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens or P. mirabilis.     

Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001--II. Gram-negative bacteria

The in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2001 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems and carbapenems. A total of 3,245 strains in 32 species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from January to December, and consisted of Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabillis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia spp. (P. alcalifaciens, P. rettgeri, P. stuartii), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobactor baumannii, Acinetobactor lwoffii, Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron), and Prevotella spp. (P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, P. bivia, P. oralis, P. denticola). CZOP possessed stable antibacterial activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis, E. coli, C. freundii, C. koseri, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, S. marcescens, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, M. morganii, Providencia spp., P. aeruginosa, and A. lwoffii throughout 6 years. The MIC90 of CZOP against those strains were consistent with those obtained from the studies performed until the new drug application approval. On the other hand, the MIC90 of CZOP against H. influenzae yearly obviously increased with approximately 64-time difference during the study period. The MIC90 of cefpirome, cefepime, and flomoxef against H. influenzae also yearly tended to rise. The present results demonstrated that CZOP had maintained the antibacterial activity against almost Gram-negative strains tested. However, the decrease in antibacterial activities of CZOP against B. cepacia, and H. influenzae was suggested.     

大肠埃希菌ESBLs、AmpC酶的检测及耐药特性

目的 分析大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素（AmpC）酶的情况及耐药特性,指导临床合理用药.方法 收集2011年1月至2012年6月我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌287株.用双纸片确诊法检测ESBLs,三维试验检测AmpC酶,KB法进行药敏试验.结果 287株大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs 119株（41.5％）,产AmpC酶47株（16.4％）,同时检出产ESBLs和AmpC酶16株（5.6％）.单一产ESBLs或AmpC酶的菌株有较高的耐药性,同时检出ESBLs和AmpC酶的菌株对多种抗菌药耐药,所有菌株对亚胺培南均敏感.结论 大肠埃希菌ESBLs和AmpC酶的分离率及耐药率都较高,同时检出ESBLs和AmpC酶的菌株具多重耐药性;亚胺培南具有良好的抗菌活性.临床应加强ESBLs和AmpC酶的检测及耐药监测,采取有效措施防止耐药菌株产生.