人参皂苷Rg3二元固体分散体的制备及体外特性研究

该文以低相对分子质量壳聚糖和泊洛沙姆188为联合载体,采用溶剂法制备人参皂苷Rg₃固体分散体,进行体外溶出试验,并通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X-射线衍射法（X-RD）进行物相分析。结果表明,低相对分子质量壳聚糖和泊洛沙姆188按2：1制备的人参皂苷Rg₃固体分散体60 min药物的体外累积溶出率达到90%以上,且药物以非晶状态分散于载体中。因此,以低相对分子质量壳聚糖和泊洛沙姆188为联合载体制备的人参皂苷Rg₃固体分散体能够显著提高药物的溶出度,具有实际应用价值。     

熊果酸纳米粒的乳化溶剂蒸发制备工艺、表征及溶出特征

目的优化熊果酸纳米粒(ursolic acid nanoparticles,UANs)的制备工艺,对其进行表征,并考察其溶解度和溶出速率的改善情况。方法采用乳化溶剂蒸发法,以氯仿-乙醇(7∶3)为有机相、超纯水为水相、泊洛沙姆188为表面活性剂和冻干保护剂制备UANs。利用单因素实验筛选制备UANs的最优条件,并以粒径大小作为单因素实验的考察条件。影响UANs粒径大小的因素包括表面活性剂浓度、有机相与水相的体积比、匀浆速度和匀浆时间、均质压力和均质次数。利用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对UANs进行表征。并就熊果酸(UA)原粉和UANs冻干粉的饱和溶解度和溶出速率进行对比测试。结果制备UANs的最优工艺:泊洛沙姆188的质量分数为0.05%,有机相和水相的比为1∶4,匀浆速度为7 000 r/min,匀浆时间为2 min,均质压力为50.0 MPa,均质次数为6次。在最优条件下制备UANs的粒径为(157.5±28.0)nm,电位为(20.33±1.67)m V。根据粒径正态分布曲线,UANs粒径分布均一;由SEM图像可知,UANs的形态近球形。通过XRD和DSC检测,可以确定纳米粒中UA已转变成无定形态。UANs冻干粉在人工胃液(SGF)、人工肠液(SIF)和去离子水中的饱和溶解度分别是原粉的13.48、11.79和23.99倍。UANs冻干粉在SGF和SIF 2种介质中的溶出速率分别比原粉提高了14.72倍和74.35倍。结论利用乳化溶剂蒸发法制备的UANs改善了UA的水溶性,有利于提高UA的生物利用度。     

丹参酮ⅡA二元载体固体分散体的研究

目的:将纳米二氧化硅(nano-silica)和泊洛沙姆188联合应用于丹参酮ⅡA(TSⅡA)固体分散体的制备,考察丹参酮ⅡA固体分散体的溶出度和稳定性。方法:以纳米二氧化硅和泊洛沙姆188为二元载体,采用溶剂法制备丹参酮ⅡA固体分散体,对其物相特征、溶出行为和稳定性进行了研究。结果:纳米二氧化硅和泊洛沙姆188按1∶3比例制备的丹参酮ⅡA固体分散体,经差示扫描量热分析,固体分散体中药物以非晶形式存在于载体中;60 min时药物的体外累积溶出率达到90%以上;经过3个月稳定性加速试验后,固体分散体中药物溶出和含量未发生明显变化。结论:丹参酮ⅡA二元载体固体分散体能显著改善丹参酮ⅡA的溶出,其稳定性好,具有实际应用价值。     

姜黄素纳米粒冻干粉的反溶剂法制备工艺优化及溶出特征

目的优化姜黄素(Cur)纳米粒冻干粉(CNLP)制备工艺。方法以丙酮作为溶剂,去离子水作为反溶剂,聚山梨酯-80(P80)作为表面活性剂,甘露醇作为冻干保护剂通过反溶剂法制备CNLP,采用单因素分析法进行CNLP制备工艺的优化。影响CNLP粒径大小的因素有Cur质量浓度、溶剂与反溶剂体积比、表面活性剂用量、沉积时间、搅拌速率、冻干保护剂用量;得到的CNLP与原粉进行饱和溶解度和体外溶出对比实验。结果制备CNLP最优工艺为Cur质量浓度8mg/m L、溶剂与反溶剂比1∶5、表面活性剂用量0.05%、沉积时间5 min、搅拌速率400 r/min、冻干保护剂甘露醇与Cur质量比4∶1;获得的CNLP平均粒径大小为(172.2±4.6)nm;CNLP复溶液Zeta电位为(-19.7±3.7)m V;SEM图谱显示Cur原粉呈不规则的大块状,粒径在20μm左右。CNLP呈不规则的均匀块状结构,粒径在170 nm左右,与原粉相比粒径明显减小。从以上CNLP的形态来看,由激光粒度仪测得的CNLP平均粒径是基本一致的。通过饱和溶解度检测,在去离子水中,CNLP的饱和溶解度是原粉的41.32倍;在人工胃液中,CNLP饱和溶解度是原粉的1.74倍;在人工肠液中,CNLP饱和溶解度是原粉的4.11倍。通过溶出度检测,在去离子水中,CNLP的溶出速率是原粉的14.51倍;在人工胃液中,CNLP的溶出速率是原粉的2.33倍;在人工肠液中,CNLP的溶出速率是原粉的44.79倍。结论反溶剂法制备的CNLP可以改善Cur水溶性,有利于提高Cur的生物利用度。     

基于多组分评价的雷公藤提取物固体分散体的制备及体外表征

目的制备雷公藤提取物(ETW)固体分散体(ETW-SD),提高其体外溶出度。方法通过溶剂-熔融法,以聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)、泊洛沙姆188(F68)为载体制备ETW-SD。以雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯酮、雷公藤次碱、雷公藤红素以及雷公藤内酯甲为评价指标,通过体外溶出度、电子扫描电镜(SEM)、差示热量扫描(DSC)和X-射线衍射(XRD)对ETW-SD进行表征。结果 ETW-SD的最优处方为ETW-PEG 6000-F68(1∶2∶1)。与原料药相比,在60 min内雷公藤内酯酮、雷公藤甲素的溶出度分别提高了3.32倍,雷公藤次碱提高了2倍,而雷公藤红素和雷公藤内酯甲的溶出度均达到83%以上。     

吴茱萸碱分散片及吴茱萸碱不同处理方法的溶出度测定

目的:测定吴茱萸碱分散片及吴茱萸碱经不同方法处理后的溶出度。方法:依据《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版溶出度测定法第二法(浆法),以1%SDS 900 mL为溶出介质,转速100 r.min-1;制备吴茱萸碱-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体、吴茱萸碱超微粉及吴茱萸碱超微粉-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体,HPLC测定溶出度。结果:吴茱萸碱分散片45 min溶出度>60%;吴茱萸碱超微粉-泊洛沙姆188固体分散体体外溶出度较好。结论:建立的吴茱萸碱分散片溶出度测定方法简便、快速,可作为吴茱萸碱分散片的溶出度检测方法;吴茱萸碱几乎不溶于水,超微粉碎联合固体分散体技术能显著提高吴茱萸碱的溶出度。     

丹皮酚温度敏感型凝胶的制备及体外性能探索

目的：制备丹皮酚温敏凝胶并进行体外初步性能的研究。方法：采用试管倒转法考察泊洛沙姆407、泊洛沙姆188浓度对胶凝温度的影响;采用旋转式粘度计,考察凝胶的粘度;用无膜溶出法考察其体外溶蚀及释药特性。结果：泊洛沙姆407 的胶凝温度随着浓度的升高而降低,泊洛沙姆407的胶凝温度随着体系中加入的泊洛沙姆188的浓度的增加而升高;丹皮酚温敏凝胶体外320min累积释药70%,凝胶溶蚀与药物释放同时进行,没有突释现象。结论：丹皮酚温敏凝胶制备工艺简单,使用方便,具有明显的缓释效应。     

白芷香豆素固体分散体的制备及溶出特性研究

目的:制备白芷香豆素不同载体固体分散体,并检测其体外溶出特性。方法:选择聚乙二醇6000(PEG)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30(PVP)、泊洛沙姆188等3种载体,用熔融法和溶剂法制备了白芷香豆素固体分散体,对其进行差示扫描量热分析以鉴别药物在载体中的存在状态,并以欧前胡素为检测指标,用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:ThermoC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(70∶30);流速:1.0mL/min;检测波长:302nm,进行了溶解度、体外溶出度测定。结果:熔融法和溶剂法可用于白芷香豆素固体分散体的制备,白芷香豆素类组分可充分分散在载体中并形成低共熔物,三种载体对白芷香豆素均有较好的增溶作用。结论:以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30制备的固体分散体使白芷香豆素的体外溶解度和溶出速率明显提高。     

丹参总酚酸鼻用原位凝胶的制备工艺研究

目的:优化丹参总酚酸提取物鼻用原位凝胶的制备工艺。方法:采用单因素结合正交试验法,以胶凝温度为评价指标,对处方中泊洛沙姆P407、泊洛沙姆P188、PEG6000的用量进行考察。结果:最终确定鼻用凝胶的制备工艺为:取0.84g药物,加入60mL三乙醇胺溶液(0.1%)搅拌使溶解,加入16g泊洛沙姆P407、1g泊洛沙姆P188、1g PEG6000,于冰浴条件(4℃)下,磁力搅拌使其分散均匀,加蒸馏水调整总量至100mL,然后置于4℃冰箱中保存24h,即得澄清溶液。结论:优选的工艺适用于丹参总酚酸提取物鼻用原位凝胶的制备。     

二乙酰大黄酸固体分散体的制备以及体外溶出度的测定

目的制备二乙酰大黄酸固体分散体,提高其体外溶出性能。方法以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮k30(PVP k30)和泊洛沙姆188(Poloxamer188)为辅料载体,采用研磨法制备二乙酰大黄酸固体分散体,红外测定法和差示扫描量热法对固体分散体进行结构分析。结果二乙酰大黄酸∶PVP k30∶Poloxamer188的最佳比例为2∶1∶1,该条件下制备二乙酰大黄酸固体分散体时,其体外溶出度在30 min达到了90%。差示扫描量热法显示,药物与辅料形成共聚物;红外分析显示,二乙酰大黄酸与两种辅料未形成氢键,结构未发生变化。结论以PVP k30和Poloxamer188为载体制备的固体分散体能够显著提高二乙酰大黄酸的体外溶出度。     

丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量测定

[目的]对不同产地的丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量进行测定,为高品质丹参药材的筛选提供某种依据,并为中药材质量标准的建立提供一定的参考价值.[方法]样品经湿法消解后,用原子吸收分光光度法进行检测.[结果]超标率为:铅6.25%;镉100%;砷0;汞0;铜31.25%.[结论]不同产地的丹参药材中砷、汞含量较低,铅和铜的含量个别超标,镉含量严重超标.     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

反相高效液相色谱同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的含量

目的 :建立同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的 HPL C方法。方法 :用 VP-ODS150 mm× 4.6mm,5μm色谱柱 ,柱温 50℃ ,以甲醇 -水 -三乙胺 (55∶ 45∶ 0 .2 )为流动相 ,紫外检测波长 2 15nm,流速 0 .8ml/ min。结果 :在所确立的色谱条件下 4种生物碱得到很好地分离 ,标准曲线显示在 0 .1～ 0 .7μg范围内具有良好的线性关系 ,平均回收率为98.5%～ 10 1.0 %。结论 :该方法简便、快速、准确 ,可用于生药及制剂中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的同时测定     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定热毒宁注射液中有害元素铅砷镉汞铜的含量

目的: 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 测定热毒宁注射液中铅(Pb),砷(As),镉(Cd),汞(Hg),铜(Cu)5 种元素同时的方法。 方法: 样品经微波消解后,以ICP-MS同时测定上述5种元素,其中Cu,As以铬(Ge)作为内标, Cd以铟(In)作为内标,Hg,Pb以铋(Bi)作为内标进行定量以改善基体效应和干扰。 结果: 各元素的检出限在0.009~0.113 μg ·L^-1; 各元素的线性关系良好,Pb,As,Cd,Cu,Hg线性范围分别为0~20,0~20,0~10,0~200,0~5 μg ·L^-1。r均≥ 0.999;精密度RSD<1.9%;重复性良好,回收率在97.8%~110.9%,RSD<4.3%。20批样品中5种元素的含量均符合规定。 结论: 该方法操作简便,分析速度快,灵敏度高,各项分析性能指标均达到要求,适用于热毒宁注射液中Pb,As,Cd,Hg,Cu元素的测定。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants of Parinche valley,Pune district,Maharashtra, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Maharashtra is the third largest state in India with a large tribal population. Documentation of traditional knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for conservation and utilization of indigenous knowledge. Diarrhoeal diseases are the second largest cause of morbidity in rural India. Medicinal plants given by the traditional healers of Parinche in Pune district, Maharashtra are known to be efficacious for many common ailments, including diarrhoeal diseases.

Aim of the study

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants from Parinche valley towards the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge.

Materials and methods

Interviews and inquiries were conducted amongst traditional healers, indigenous communities and village elders.

Results

One hundred and eighty two plants used by tribes and natives for different ailments were documented of which 28 flowering plants were for diarrhoea. Leaf was the most preferred plant part. Amongst the 28 plants, antidiarrhoeal activity of five plants viz., Caesalpinia sepiaria, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Launaea pinnatifida, Syzygium rubicundum and Ziziphus jujuba has not been reported previously. Two species viz., Ziziphus xylopyra and Syzygium rubicundum are endemic to India.

Conclusion

Parinche valley is an ethnobotanically rich area with abundant availability and knowledge of medicinal plants that can serve as a model for low cost health care.     

从热毒湿瘀虚辨治小儿IgA肾病

IgA肾病病理机制复杂,热邪为IgA肾病诱发和加重的始动因素,湿毒内蕴是IgA肾病关键病机,瘀血为IgA肾病病理基础,气阴两虚为IgA肾病的根本病机。设立总治则为祛邪扶正,常用治疗方法有清热解毒、清热利湿、活血化瘀、益气养阴。     

血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP-43和NF-H表达的影响

目的:观察血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP43和NF-H表达的影响,探讨其促进周围神经再生的可能机制.方法:SD大鼠随机分为血竭给药组(灌服血竭的香油溶液)和空白对照组(等体积香油),制备血竭含药血清和空白对照血清.选取出生3 dSD大鼠双侧坐骨神经制备雪旺氏细胞;将培养的雪旺氏细胞分为血竭组和空白对照组,分别用10％血竭含药血清和空白对照血清干预培养.48 h后应用RT-PCR法检测各组雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF等基因mRNA表达水平.结果:镜下观察到大部分雪旺氏细胞呈双极梭形,细胞呈肩对肩或端对端排列,免疫细胞化学鉴定均呈阳性;与空白组比较,血竭组NGF,LNGFR,GDNF和GAP43 mRNA表达上调(P＜0.01),BDNF mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05),CNTF和TrkA的mRNA均下调(P＜0.01),NF-H mRNA无显著差异.结论:中药血竭可能是通过上调NGF,LNGFR,GDNF,GAP-43的mRNA的表达,同时下调BDNF,CNTF,TrkA mRNA来发挥其促进神经修复作用.