吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面

目的介绍应用吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面的新方法。方法26例胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面患者依伤情选择手术时机,5例采用一期吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面；6例急诊清创术后2周行二期修复；其余15例入院前胫骨远端感染严重,均采用二期肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面。结果26例中22例术后肌肉瓣及皮片全部成活；2例皮片部分坏死,2例创口延迟愈合,经换药均二期愈合。随访10～24个月(平均18个月),皮片色泽、质地、弹性均良好,无瘢痕挛缩。骨折均已愈合。结论肌肉瓣血运丰富,是修复胫骨远端感染及骨外露创面的理想方法,比较适合覆盖大面积软组织损伤合并骨外露创面和小腿远端慢性窦道及慢性骨髓炎骨外露创面。     

胫骨骨折内固定术后骨外露临床治疗11例

胫骨骨折是最常见的长骨骨折，由于胫骨软组织覆盖少，易引起软组织坏死和缺损，导致骨外露。如何尽快覆盖缺损、恢复功能、缩短疗程、减少患者的痛苦是骨科临床治疗中的一项重要课题。我院自1997年采用清创、转移肌瓣覆盖裸露的胫骨，全厚网状皮片植皮治疗胫骨骨折内固定术后骨或（及）钢板外露11例，均取得良好的效果，现报告如下。     

应用吻合血管的骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死

目的探讨下颌骨放射性骨坏死所致颌面部组织缺损的修复手段。方法对下颌骨放射性骨坏死行死骨扩大切除术，同期用吻合血管的骨肌(皮)瓣移植修复颌面部组织缺损。共有髂骨肌皮瓣9例、髂骨肌瓣串联前臂皮瓣5例、腓骨肌皮瓣5例以及腓骨肌瓣串联前臂皮瓣1例修复20例下颌骨骨坏死。结果临床随访1～5年，除1例髂骨肌皮瓣坏死外其余均正常成活。吻合血管的骨肌皮瓣移植成功率达95％。结论下颌骨放射性骨坏死应行死骨扩大切除术，同期用吻合血管的骨肌(皮)瓣移植可以有效修复手术所致的颌面部组织缺损。     

逆行比目鱼肌内侧半肌骨瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨逆行比目鱼肌内侧半肌骨瓣的临床应用效果。方法：用逆行比目鱼肌内例半肌骨瓣转位加中厚皮片，一期修复胫骨远端骨、软组织缺损9例。结果：9例肌骨瓣及游离皮片全部成活，胫骨远端缺损区3—6个月获骨性愈合。结论：逆行比目鱼肌内侧半肌骨瓣修复胫骨远端骨、软组织缺损成活率高，操作简便，值得推广应用。     

带血管骨膜瓣移植修复烧伤坏死管状骨的实验研究

目的探讨带血管骨膜瓣移植修复烧伤坏死管状骨的可行性，试图为临床修复烧伤坏死骨提供一种有效的方法。方法8月龄成年新西兰家兔20只，设一侧肢体的桡骨为实验组，另一侧为对照组，采用同体对照法。实验组保留带血管的骨膜瓣，从桡骨中下段离断1．2cm桡骨，置沸水中煮沸30min冷却后原位回植，再行骨膜瓣移植包绕、固定。对照组按上述方法处理后不移植骨膜瓣。分别于术后2、4、6、8～10、12周摄X线平片，同时分别处死4～5只兔并取两侧桡骨行组织学切片检查。结果实验组：术后2～4周在骨坏死区见到明显的骨膜增生影像；术后6～8周见骨折断端连接征象，新生骨小梁形成并逐渐改建；术后8—10周可见网织骨普遍融合重建，形成板层，新的哈佛系统形成；术后12周新生骨结构更加成熟，骨折愈合。对照组：术后2周仍为死骨，骨坏死区无骨膜增生现象；术后4、6周未见骨折愈合征象；8周可见骨缺损；12周坏死骨完全溶解、吸收，骨缺损区清晰可见，骨缺损区被少许纤维组织充填。结论带血供的骨膜瓣能不断形成新生骨并爬行替代原坏死骨，使坏死骨获得再生，能很好地修复烧伤坏死的管状骨。     

MEDPOR材料片薄筋膜覆盖的实验研究

目的　试以极薄的颞深筋膜替代较厚的颞浅筋膜覆盖MEDPOR耳廓支架 ,以求能更清晰地显露支架的仿真外观。但颞深筋膜不包含轴型血管 ,成岛状瓣后其血运不足以支持移植皮片成活。该实验观察能否通过MEDPOR相互交通的细密孔隙 ,以毛细血管长入的方式 ,与支架背面的颞浅筋膜建立血运联系 ,以支持移植皮片成活。方法　在兔背部深、浅两层筋膜之间插入 30mm× 15mm× 2mm的MEDPOR片。对照组即时于深筋膜深面掀起 ,上植皮片 ;实验组原位缝回 ,3周后再于深筋膜深面掀起 ,切断深筋膜蒂部后 ,于深筋膜深面植皮 ,观察两组植皮成活情况。结果　对照组兔 6只 ,4只皮片全部坏死 ,2只植皮 80 %以上坏死 ;实验组兔 6只 ,皮片全部成活。结论　不含轴型血管的深筋膜成瓣后 ,其血运不足以支持皮片成活 ;深、浅两层筋膜之间 3周内可通过一定厚度的MEDPOR材料的孔隙建立血运联系 ,且仅依靠此新建立的跨MEDPOR的血运联系 ,即能支持深筋膜上所植皮片的成活。     

外伤性胫骨长段骨坏死的显微外科治疗

目的：探讨外伤后胫骨长段骨坏死治疗的有效方法。方法：对91例胫骨长段骨坏死者，在骨创面彻底清创的基础上，将坏向大部切除，仅保存后侧1/3骨骼以维持其相连性，保留骨支架的作用。再用血运丰富的皮瓣覆盖裸露的坏死骨及封闭全部创面，在坏死骨周围有新骨形成，新骨充填骨缺损并形成包壳骨，此期间的的死骨复活；有的死骨仍存在，将包壳骨开窗，取出死骨。结果：全部皮瓣均成活，其中89例伤口一期愈合，2例延期愈合。胫骨X线片检查结果，半年后在骨缺损周围有纵向新骨形成，4-5年后新生骨完全充填骨缺损，新生的胫骨与原胫骨等粗，骨髓腔再通。保存了患腿。结论：本方法是治疗胫骨长段骨坏死、保存肢体的有效方法。     

应用趾长伸肌瓣修复胫前创面的临床应用

目的 探讨应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖小腿中、下l／3胫骨外露创面的可行性。方法 应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖胫骨中下l／3骨外露肌瓣上再用游离皮片一期或二期消灭创面。结果 临床应用趾长伸肌瓣治疗创伤后所至小腿中下l／3骨外露3例，疗效满意。结论 应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖胫骨中、下l／3骨外露的方法手术操作简易，疗效可靠。     

大面积皮肤撕脱伤32例治疗分析

目的：观察大面积皮肤撕脱伤的治疗效果.方法：32例大面积撕脱伤患者,在早期抗休克、治疗脏器合并伤基础上,撕脱面积较小、创基血运好者直接原位缝合;挫伤严重、已游离的大面积撕脱皮肤组织切取后,反取成大张中厚皮片,原位缝合于创面.骨质裸露的创面,以腓肠肌肌瓣、趾长屈肌肌瓣、胫前肌肌瓣等转移覆盖骨,再植以反取的大张中厚皮片.术后第2天开始行高压氧治疗,疗程1周.结果：32例患者中12例植皮一次成活;17例移植皮片部分坏死,肉芽创面经换药后愈合;3例因回植皮片挫伤严重而片状坏死,后期肉芽创面植皮后愈合.对17例瘢痕增生及粘连较重者行肢体功能锻炼,并随访2年,功能基本恢复正常.结论：大面积皮肤撕脱伤伤情严重,需首先处理危及生命的颅脑损伤和休克,同时彻底清创,封闭创面,裸露的骨面用邻位健康的肌瓣覆盖后再植以大张游离皮片,治疗效果满意.     

肠腓肌内侧头肌瓣植皮修复胫骨中上段骨外露

[目的]应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移及游离植皮修复小腿中上段软组织缺损骨外露的临床效果.[方法]2003年5月～2007年5月,利用腓肠肌内侧头肌移位肌瓣上Ⅰ期游离中厚皮片植皮修复小腿中上段软组织缺损、骨外露11例,修复创面最大18 cm×10 cm,最小10 cm×6 cm.[结果]随访6～36个月,肌瓣全部成活,2例游离皮片少许坏死,经换药后愈合.[结论]应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移Ⅰ期植皮修复小腿中上段软组织缺损骨外露手术操作简单,风险小,成功率高,不损伤主要血管.特别对小腿中上段皮肢软组织缺损面积大而腓肠肌完整的患者疗效显著.     

骨膜瓣复合异体骨移植修复大段骨缺损

目的探讨带血管薄层皮质骨-骨膜瓣嵌入开窗的异体骨修复大段骨缺损的效果。方法将兔胫骨去抗原后制备异体骨标本,制作大段骨缺损动物模型。以带血管薄层皮质骨-骨膜瓣复合开窗的异体骨进行修复。将60只健康家兔随机分为3组:实验组、对照组及空白对照组。实验组以带血管薄层皮质骨-骨膜瓣嵌入开窗的异体骨进行修复;对照组以骨膜瓣直接包裹异体骨进行修复;空白对照组以异体骨直接进行修复。术后观察骨缺损大体标本及X线影像,对移植物及其周围软组织行组织学和免疫组织化学观察。结果实验组骨缺损骨痂形成并改造塑形,新生血管长入骨缺损处,其血管化、新骨形成和骨单位成熟均较对照组早。结论以带血管薄层皮质骨-骨膜瓣嵌入开窗的异体骨修复大段骨缺损的手术方法可缩短骨缺损修复的时间,优于以骨膜瓣直接包裹异体骨的方法。     

Effect of muscle flap coverage on bone blood flow following devascularization of a segment of tibia: an experimental investigation in the dog

Severe tibial fractures may be associated with soft tissue loss, devascularization of cortical bone, and significant morbidity. Local rotational muscle flap coverage is used to obtain coverage of acute open tibial fractures and to treat chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the longitudinal and cross-sectional regional blood flow characteristics of the canine tibia and (b) whether a muscle flap was superior to vascularized skin coverage in restoring blood flow to devascularized canine tibial cortex. A 2.5-cm segment of tibia between two standardized osteotomies was devascularized. The segment was replaced anatomically and stabilized with a plate. The animals were divided into two experimental groups: (a) skin coverage (n = 8), and (b) muscle flap coverage (n = 8). Thirty-one days postoperatively Ce141 microspheres were injected to measure bone blood flow. The tibial diaphysis was divided into proximal, middle (devascularized), and distal segments. The unoperated leg was used as a control. In the control tibiae, the middle segment was less vascular than either the proximal or distal segment and no difference between anterior and posterior cortical blood flow was observed. Blood flow to the devascularized segment of tibia was significantly greater when it was covered with a muscle flap (p less than 0.025). The most significant increase in bone blood flow in the muscle flap coverage group versus the skin coverage group occurred in the anterior cortex of the tibia (p less than 0.005). This may be clinically important since the soft tissues over the anterior tibia are commonly deficient following open fractures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Salvage of the lower leg using a reversed long free fibular flap

The advantages of end-to-side anastomoses have been well documented in microvascular surgery. The vessels of the fibular flap do not usually permit end-to-side anastomosis to recipient vessels in the proximal part of the lower leg because the pedicle length of the free fibular flap is usually too short. Therefore, vein grafts are used to elongate the vessels. If a harvested long free fibular flap that is used to bridge a massive defect of the tibia is reversed and placed into the medullary cavity of the tibia, the flap vessels can be anastomosed, using the end-to-side technique, to the recipient vessels without vein grafts in the distal part of the lower leg. Thus, the flap artery (the peroneal artery) fills in a retrograde fashion. The patient reported was reconstructed with a reversed long free fibular flap. The postoperative period was uneventful. The patient can stand and walk with a protective shoe 2 years postoperatively.     

带血管蒂的腓骨瓣移植和Ilizarov外固定骨牵引术治疗胫骨骨缺损骨不连的比较

目的 分析比较带血管蒂的腓骨瓣移植和Ilizarov外固定骨牵引术治疗胫骨骨缺损骨不连的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年5月我们收治的64例胫骨骨缺损骨不连患者的病例资料.2009年5月至2012年4月对30例患者采用Ilizarov外固定骨牵引术治疗(骨牵引术组);2012年5月至2013年5月对34例患者采用带血管蒂的腓骨瓣移植术治疗(腓骨瓣移植术组).对两组患者医疗指标和Johner-Wruhs胫骨干骨折疗效评价标准进行比较.结果 与腓骨瓣移植术组比较,骨牵引术组患者的手术时间、住院时间更短,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);但腓骨瓣移植术组的愈合时间较骨牵引术组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组患者的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗后的Johner-Wruhs评分,腓骨瓣移植术组优良率为82.4%(28/34),骨牵引术组为60.0%(18/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 对比Ilizarov外固定骨牵引术,带血管蒂的腓骨瓣移植术治疗胫骨骨缺损骨不连患者具有骨折愈合时间短、疗效更佳的特点,但是其手术时间以及住院时间均显著延长.     

自体与同种异体复合骨移植中腓骨肌袖自然转归的实验研究

目的研究带血管自体腓骨与同种异体骨复合移植术后，腓骨肌袖的自然转归及其规律。方法采用健康成年杂种犬36只．于双侧后肢胫骨结节下切除3．0cm长胫骨骨干、骨膜，制作骨缺损实验动物模型，随机分成实验组和对照组。实验组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨与带血管自体腓骨，对照组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨均用7孔93mm长AO加压钢板内固定及石膏外固定。术后1、2、3、4个月分别行X线摄片、ECT检查、大体标本及组织学观察。结果X检查显示实验组较对照组异体骨吸收、新骨形成明显。第4个月实验组宿主骨-异体骨接合部愈合率83.3％，对照组未见愈合。ECT检查：实验组较对照组骨代谢活跃，但变化规律相似，均为术后1、2个月活跃，于第2个月达高峰，第3、4个月呈下降趋势.组织学观察：实验组较对照组异体骨髓腔内壁及哈弗管内的骨吸收、成骨活动显著增强，至第4个月，异体骨髓腔内壁与腓骨之间充满环形骨痂，并呈成熟至不成熟明显的阶梯状排列．靠近异体骨髓腔内壁骨痂较成熟，由大量成熟骨细胞组成。近腓骨侧骨痂较不成熟，主要由软骨细胞、骨细胞组成，异体骨髓腔内带血管蒂腓骨周围肌袖的肌纤维基本消失。结论带血管自体腓骨与同种异体骨复合移植术后，腓骨周围肌袖的自然转归是骨化。     

带旋髂深血管的游离髂骨瓣移植修复胫骨骨不连

目的：探讨应用带旋髂深血管的游离髂骨瓣移植修复胫骨骨不连的临床疗效。方法2003-2013年对30例胫骨骨不连患者,治疗组15例应用带旋髂深动静脉的髂骨瓣或髂骨皮瓣移植修复,对照组15例采用单纯髂骨移植。结果长期随访发现,治疗组的髂骨瓣均成活,胫骨骨不连骨性愈合时间最早6个月;对照组移植骨再生时间最早9个月,骨髓腔再通时间最早1年。结论采用显微外科技术吻合带旋髂深血管的游离髂骨瓣修复胫骨骨不连,对比单纯髂骨移植,愈合时间明显缩短,疗效可靠。     

Repair of a large soft tissue defect in the leg with cross-leg bridge free transfer of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap: a case report

A 48-year-old man sustained a traffic accident injury to his left leg. It was an open fracture of the left tibia and fibula accompanied by a large soft tissue defect (27 cm×7 cm). Doppler examination revealed the posterior tibial artery was occluded due to thrombosis. Three weeks after injury, the latissimus dors myocutaneous flap was elevated with a T-shaped vascular pedicle and was interposed between the two vascular ends of the posterior tibial vessel of the contralateral leg. Two end to end anastomoses were performed between the two vascular ends of the posterior tibial vessel of the contralateral leg and the latissimus dors myocutaneous flap’s T-shaped vascular pedicle. The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap was used for repair of a large soft tissue defect of the left leg. The vascular pedicle was cut off after 28 days and the flap survived completely. After 3-years’ follow-up postoperatively, a good contour was confirmed at the recipient area. The right tibia and fibula fractures were confirmed healing radiologically. The posterior tibial artery of contralateral leg was demonstrated patent by clinical and Doppler examinations.     

游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后骨髓炎

目的 探讨游离肌皮瓣移植治疗难治性小腿和足部创伤后慢性骨髓炎的有效性.方法 2004年2月至2007年12月,应用游离肌皮瓣治疗小腿和足部创伤后慢性骨髓炎11例,男9例,女2例;年龄18～75岁,平均35岁;胫骨骨髓炎8例,跖骨骨髓炎3例.患者均接受过4～5次手术和长期抗生素治疗而骨髓炎仍然不愈.骨髓炎病程12～47个月,平均26个月.根据Cierny-Mader慢性骨髓炎分型:ⅢA型3例,ⅢBL型2例,ⅥA型4例,ⅥBL型2例.手术去除内固定,严格彻底清创后,即刻行游离肌皮瓣移植,9例行游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植,2例行游离腹直肌肌皮瓣移植;6例清创后形成胫骨骨缺损造成局部不稳定者采用单边外固定架固定.结果 术后随访1.5～5年,平均3.5年.2例患者的游离肌皮瓣发生部分坏死,经清创、游离植皮后愈合,余9例未出现严重手术并发症.4例胫骨缺损范围较大的患者行二期植骨,其中1例松质骨植骨者,骨愈合时间5个月;2例为骨块嵌入植骨,骨愈合时间8个月和10个月;1例骨缺损长度为10cm者,行游离腓骨瓣移植,骨愈合时间4个月.余7例未植骨,骨愈合良好.结论 治疗难治性慢性骨髓炎的关键是严格地清除感染的骨质、死骨、炎性及瘢痕组织;游离肌皮瓣移植能以血运丰富的组织消灭死腔、覆盖创面,是治疗小腿和足部慢性骨髓炎的有效方法.     

逆行供血的胸脐皮瓣游离移植修复胫骨外露创面

目的观察逆行供血的吻合血管胸脐皮瓣修复胫骨外露创面的临床效果.方法对44侧小腿动脉铸型标本进行了观测的基础上,于1993年5月～2000年7月,对临床收治的25例小腿中上段大面积软组织缺损,胫骨外露,其中18例有胫前或胫后血管长段受损栓塞,创面最大为28 cm×11 cm,最小为11 cm×9 cm.采用小腿远端胫前或胫后血管远端与腹壁下血管吻合的胸脐皮瓣移植修复创面.结果胫前动脉、胫后动脉和腓动脉三组主干型血管,三者彼此间在足踝部交通吻合十分丰富,有很好的相互代偿能力.术后移植皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽、质地良好,创面完全修复.结论只要小腿胫前或胫后主要血管之一正常,受损血管远端正常,逆行供血良好,即可采用吻合血管的胸脐皮瓣修复小腿中上段大面积软组织缺损.     

Bone transport with frozen devitalized bone: an experimental study using rabbits and a clinical application

We evaluated the feasibility of bone transport with frozen devitalized bone in the tibia of 20 adult female rabbits. A 1.5-cm segmental defect was created, followed by proximal tibial transverse osteotomy to remove a 2.5-cm segment to be transported after devitalization with liquid nitrogen. The proximal and distal tibia and the devitalized autogenous bone each were fixed with two half-pins. After 2 weeks, transport of the devitalized segment was initiated at 1mm/day. In a control group, callus formed at proximal and distal osteotomy sites, and distracted callus gradually maturated. The docking site fused and the medullary canal reappeared by 8 weeks after completing distraction. In the frozen-bone group, bone formation proceeded from the proximal tibial end, and the distraction callus slowly matured. The transported segment remained nonviable until revascularization proceeded from its periphery, evident 8 weeks after completion of distraction. Docking sites fused well without infection at pin sites. There was no sign of infection around the pin sites of the devitalized bone. We finally describe similar successful treatment of a 13-year-old girl with tibial deformity resulting from osteofibrous dysplasia who was treated successfully with this procedure. Therefore, bone transport using frozen devitalized bone can regenerate living bone. This experimental model represents the development of a new reconstruction technique of bone transport with devitalized bone.