促肝细胞生长素注射液细菌内毒素检查可行性研究

目的 :研究促肝细胞生长素注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可行性 ,以替代热原检查法。方法 :按《中国药典》(二部 )2000年版规定 ,用2个厂家生产的鲎试剂 (TAL)对促肝细胞生长素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验。结果 :促肝细胞生长素注射液经10倍稀释后对细菌内毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰作用。结论 :用凝胶法进行细菌内毒素检查是可行的。     

左亚叶酸钙注射液的细菌内毒素检查法

目的建立左亚叶酸钙注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法参照《中华人民共和国药典》(2005年版二部)收载的细菌内毒素检查法进行试验。 结果左亚叶酸钙注射液对鲎试验有干扰，但经7倍稀释后可排除干扰，用灵敏度为0.25 EU·mL^-1的鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素有效。 结论细菌内毒素检查法可以代替家兔法来控制左亚叶酸钙注射液的质量。     

甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法

目的 建立甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法 . 方法 采用2005年版《中华人民共和国药典》附录细菌内毒素检查法. 结果 甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液浓度≤5 mg.mL^-1时,用灵敏度为0.25 EU.mL^-1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响. 结论 甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为 5.8 EU.mg^-1,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查.     

维生素 B6 注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的建立维生素 B6 注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法按《中华人民共和国药典》2000年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法和《细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则》进行试验。结果维生素 B6 注射液浓度≤0.625 mg·mL^-1时无干扰作用，L＝0.4 EU·mg^-1。结论细菌内毒素检查法可用于维生素 B6 注射液中细菌内毒素的检查。     

注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素细菌内毒素检查

目的建立注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法按《中华人民共和国药典》2000年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法和《细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则》进行试验。结果注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素在＜3.0 mg·mL^-1浓度无干扰作用，L＝0.33 EU·mg^-1。结论 细菌内毒素检查法可代替热原检查法检查注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素细菌内毒素。     

18F-16α-17β-氟雌二醇注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的 建立¹⁸F-16a-17β-氟雌二醇(¹⁸F-FES)注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法 参照中国药典2010年版二部附录ⅥE收载的细菌内毒素检查法进行试验。结果 ¹⁸F-FES注射液稀释10倍时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰,其细菌内毒素限值为5 EU·mL^-1。10批样品的细菌内毒素检查均符合规定。结论 所建立的细菌内毒素检查法操作简单,重复性好,方法可靠,可用于¹⁸F-FES注射液的细菌内毒素检查。     

促肝细胞生长素细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的确定促肝细胞生长素用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔法的可能性.方法对样品进行干扰试验研究.结果促肝细胞生长素溶液不存在干扰作用,而注射用促肝细胞生长素存在明显的增强作用,且难以通过稀释法消除这种干扰.结论促肝细胞生长素溶液可用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法进行质量控制,但注射用促肝细胞生长素仍需用家兔法对其进行热原检验.     

注射用三磷酸腺苷二钠细菌内毒素检查

目的 建立注射用三磷酸腺苷二钠细菌内毒素的检查方法 . 方法 采用《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录收载的细菌内毒素检查法. 结果注射用三磷酸腺苷二钠稀释至浓度0.05 mg•mL^-1时对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用. 结论 可用细菌内毒素检查法代替注射用三磷酸腺苷二钠的热原检查法.     

HPLC测定大鼠海马中谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸的含量

目的 建立了邻苯二甲醛(OPA)柱前衍生高效液相荧光色谱法检测大鼠海马中谷氨酸(GLU)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量的方法。方法 采用Alltima C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为50 mmol·L^-1乙酸钠(pH 6.8)、甲醇、四氢呋喃梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。激发波长(λ_Ex)338 nm,发射波长(λ_Em)425 nm。结果 GLU、GABA线性范围分别为1.03~20.6 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 2)和1.13~22.6 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7);当信噪比为3时,GLU和GABA的检出限分别为5.27×10^-4μg·mL^-1和7.35×10^-4 μg·mL^-1;测得精密度RSD分别为3.4%和3.5%;加样回收率分别为90%~96%,85%~91%。结论 本方法简便、准确、灵敏,特异性强,重复性好,适用于海马中GLU和GABA的含量测定。     

细辛脑注射剂细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的 建立细辛脑注射剂的细菌内毒素检查法。方法 按中国药典2010年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法进行实验和结果判断。对不同厂家生产的供试品进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果 浓度为0.1 mg·mL^-1细辛脑注射剂溶液对鲎试剂与细菌内毒素的凝集反应有干扰作用,经稀释后可排除干扰。结论 本品最大不干扰浓度为0.05 mg·mL^-1,可采用细菌内毒素检查法进行质量控制。     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。