诃子提取物的吸湿性研究

目的 对诃子提取物的吸湿性进行研究,筛选出最优的辅料配方,并测得其临界相对湿度,为工业化生产提供合理的技术标准.方法 采用在25℃温度条件,不同的相对湿度下选用多种辅料,比较其吸湿性.结果 诃子提取物与微晶纤维素配伍(1∶0.2)为最合适处方,并测其临界相对湿度为61%.结论 利用以上结果可以解决工业生产中药浸膏易吸湿结块等问题.     

中药浸膏软化点对喷雾干燥影响的研究

目的:摸索中药浸膏喷雾干燥中产生黏壁的原因,并寻找出解决黏壁现象的方法。方法:利用熔点仪测定加入辅料前后中药浸膏的软化点,以软化点数据调节喷雾干燥的进风温度,并对加入辅料前后浸膏的喷雾干燥效果进行比较。结果:加入辅料可使中药浸膏软化点得到提高,并能克服喷雾干燥中的黏壁现象。结论:中药浸膏软化点低于喷雾干燥的进风温度是产生黏壁现象的主要原因,通过加入辅料提高浸膏软化点,可消除黏壁现象。     

乳糖研磨改性降低红景天提取物吸湿性的工艺与原理研究

该文以强吸湿性的红景天提取物为研究对象,以乳糖为改性剂,考察研磨改性法对红景天提取物吸湿性的影响,并通过粒径分布、微观结构、红外光谱、表面性质等方面对改性物予以表征。结果表明,红景天提取物与乳糖UP2等比例研磨5 min制备的改性物的吸湿初速度、吸湿加速度及临界相对湿度均显著低于原提取物及物理混合物;研磨改性物的粒径小于物理混合物,微观结构也明显不同于物理混合物,其红外光谱及表面性质亦与乳糖UP2更为类似。研磨改性使得乳糖粒子附着于红景天提取物表面是吸湿性显著降低的重要原因。     

制粒工艺对藿精片制备的影响

目的:考察采用中药提取物制备片剂生产过程中,制粒工艺参数对片剂质量的影响。方法:对选用的原辅料吸湿性进行测定,选择低吸湿性辅料与提取物混合,采用正交试验方法,对影响颗粒成型的乙醇浓度、用量和搅拌时间进行筛选。测定成品片的有效成分含量,并按中国药典2010年版附录规定测定片的脆碎度、崩解时限等。结果:选择低吸湿性辅料改善原料的吸湿性,通过正交试验选择出最佳制粒工艺参数,可避免因原料易吸湿潮解造成的粘网、黏冲等现象。结论:选择的制粒工艺参数对藿精片片剂有效成分含量及片质量无影响。     

空气湿度对中药浸膏喷雾干燥过程的影响及浸膏粉的稳定性预测

为解决中药浸膏喷雾干燥时易出现粘连和软化的问题,提出将除湿空气运用于中药浸膏喷雾干燥,并用玻璃化转变理论和水分活度理论预测浸膏粉储存稳定性的条件。以口炎清浸膏为模型药,分别对湿空气(RH 70%)和干空气条件进行喷雾干燥,同时考察干空气下不同压缩空气比对喷雾结果的影响及进风温度分别为100,110,120,130,140℃时对喷雾干燥粉粉体学性质(浸膏得粉率、粘连百分比、含水量、休止角、压缩度、粒径大小与分布)的影响。对理想粉末进行吸湿性和不同平衡含水量下玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的测定,分别用GAB方程和Gordon-Taylor模型对水分活度与平衡含水量之间以及平衡含水量与Tg之间进行拟合,得到口炎清浸膏粉的状态图,指导其合理储存条件。研究发现,干空气下浸膏粉含水量随着压缩空气比的增加而降低且压缩空气比为100%时喷雾效果最好。湿空气下浸膏粉的得率极低,其含水量和Tg分别为4.26%,16.73℃;其他相同仪器参数相同,干空气下浸膏粉的含水量和Tg分别为2.43%,24.86℃,与湿空气相比,含水量降低了42.96%,Tg提高了8.13℃。从状态图分析可知口炎清浸膏粉在25℃下达稳态时的临界含水量(X,c)为3.42%,临界水分活度(aw,c)为0.188。由此可见,水分降低了中药浸膏粉的Tg是造成其喷雾干燥粘壁和软化的主要原因,因此加入干空气对于中药浸膏喷雾干燥有重要的指导作用。     

防潮辅料对黄芪多糖吸湿性的影响

目的 为合理选择含多糖类成分的中药浸膏固体制剂的防潮辅料和生产条件提供实验依据.方法 以吸湿严重且应用广泛的黄芪多糖为模型药物,将黄芪多糖粉末与10种常用辅料配伍,在相对湿度为75%的条件下,25℃放置7d,绘制吸湿曲线,提取吸湿特征参数,并筛选出防潮辅料与药物的配比.结果 综合吸湿性和成型性,以乳糖和微晶纤维素与多糖1:1配比防潮效果最好.结论 筛选出的防潮辅料能有效的降低多糖类成分的吸湿性,提高中药制剂的稳定性.     

中药提取物吸湿特性的数据分析与表征

目的:对中药提取物的吸湿过程进行数据分析处理,并得到表征吸湿能力的特性参数.方法:中药提取物置恒温恒湿和恒温变湿环境中,每隔一定时间称重并计算吸湿增重,并对两组吸湿数据进行数学处理.结果:得到符中药提取物的吸湿时间曲线、吸湿等温曲线以及吸湿方程、吸湿初始速度、吸湿加速度和吸湿特性参数.结论:对吸湿过程的数据处理nf以为比较不同吸湿性提取物提供丰富的理论数据,新的吸湿特性参数可以直接表征中药提取物的吸湿能力,对后续的防潮工艺有较重要的指导作用.     

影响粉末直接压片的中药提取物物理性质研究

 目的 研究中药提取物物理性质对粉末直接压片的影响。方法 应用多元回归分析方法考察了粉末的休止角、压缩度（卡尔指数）、黏聚力、压片压力等参数与片剂抗张强度的相关关系。结果 压缩度、黏聚力及压片时的压力均与片剂的抗张强度呈明显的正相关关系。结论 中药提取物物理性质是影响粉末直接压片的重要物理性质参数,这些物理性质保证在一定的适宜范围内中药提取物方可进行直接压片。     

中药浸膏粉与辅料共混物的玻璃化转变温度对巨安神制剂干法制粒的影响

目的:运用玻璃化转变理论,研究干法制粒时物料玻璃化转变温度(T_g)对制粒效果的影响。方法:以巨安神制剂浸膏粉为模型药物,测定浸膏粉与辅料混合物的T_g,比较直接混合和共溶后喷雾干燥2种物料混合方式对干法制粒效果的影响,运用物料粒径和扫描电镜图谱分析喷雾粘壁和制粒粘轮机制。结果:当喷干粉的T_g为58.8℃和68.5℃时,即高于滚轮温度(42℃)时,在制粒过程中不会粘轮现象;直混物的T_g均42℃,会产生粘轮问题。选择麦芽糊精为巨安神颗粒的辅料,浸膏粉-麦芽糊精(1∶1)。结论:T_g的高低可作为干法制粒能否顺利进行的1个评价指标,为中药颗粒剂的制备提供指导和参考。     

流化工艺对益母草提取物粉体学性质的影响

采用不同的黏合剂对益母草提取物进行流化改造,使用粉体学方法对改造前后益母草提取物的吸湿性、流动性、填充性等物性指标比较分析,研究直压辅料与改造后益母草提取物在粉末可压性与成型性上的差异,结果表明,益母草提取物各物性指标接近微晶纤维素,综合流动性指数分布在61~75;流化工艺可以改善其吸湿性,样品各吸湿指标都明显低于原益母草提取物;以塑性常数、压缩比与屈服应力、Heckel方程与川北方程为指标考察可压性,发现水作黏合剂对增强益母草提取物的可压性效果优于其他方法;在中低压力下流化改性物可以成型为有一定强度的片剂,通过对益母草提取物的流化研究,发现流化改造对原益母草提取物各种性质影响较大,结果可以为中药提取物的片剂开发提供基础理论依据。     

丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量测定

[目的]对不同产地的丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量进行测定,为高品质丹参药材的筛选提供某种依据,并为中药材质量标准的建立提供一定的参考价值.[方法]样品经湿法消解后,用原子吸收分光光度法进行检测.[结果]超标率为:铅6.25%;镉100%;砷0;汞0;铜31.25%.[结论]不同产地的丹参药材中砷、汞含量较低,铅和铜的含量个别超标,镉含量严重超标.     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

反相高效液相色谱同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的含量

目的 :建立同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的 HPL C方法。方法 :用 VP-ODS150 mm× 4.6mm,5μm色谱柱 ,柱温 50℃ ,以甲醇 -水 -三乙胺 (55∶ 45∶ 0 .2 )为流动相 ,紫外检测波长 2 15nm,流速 0 .8ml/ min。结果 :在所确立的色谱条件下 4种生物碱得到很好地分离 ,标准曲线显示在 0 .1～ 0 .7μg范围内具有良好的线性关系 ,平均回收率为98.5%～ 10 1.0 %。结论 :该方法简便、快速、准确 ,可用于生药及制剂中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的同时测定     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定热毒宁注射液中有害元素铅砷镉汞铜的含量

目的: 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 测定热毒宁注射液中铅(Pb),砷(As),镉(Cd),汞(Hg),铜(Cu)5 种元素同时的方法。 方法: 样品经微波消解后,以ICP-MS同时测定上述5种元素,其中Cu,As以铬(Ge)作为内标, Cd以铟(In)作为内标,Hg,Pb以铋(Bi)作为内标进行定量以改善基体效应和干扰。 结果: 各元素的检出限在0.009~0.113 μg ·L^-1; 各元素的线性关系良好,Pb,As,Cd,Cu,Hg线性范围分别为0~20,0~20,0~10,0~200,0~5 μg ·L^-1。r均≥ 0.999;精密度RSD<1.9%;重复性良好,回收率在97.8%~110.9%,RSD<4.3%。20批样品中5种元素的含量均符合规定。 结论: 该方法操作简便,分析速度快,灵敏度高,各项分析性能指标均达到要求,适用于热毒宁注射液中Pb,As,Cd,Hg,Cu元素的测定。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants of Parinche valley,Pune district,Maharashtra, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Maharashtra is the third largest state in India with a large tribal population. Documentation of traditional knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for conservation and utilization of indigenous knowledge. Diarrhoeal diseases are the second largest cause of morbidity in rural India. Medicinal plants given by the traditional healers of Parinche in Pune district, Maharashtra are known to be efficacious for many common ailments, including diarrhoeal diseases.

Aim of the study

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants from Parinche valley towards the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge.

Materials and methods

Interviews and inquiries were conducted amongst traditional healers, indigenous communities and village elders.

Results

One hundred and eighty two plants used by tribes and natives for different ailments were documented of which 28 flowering plants were for diarrhoea. Leaf was the most preferred plant part. Amongst the 28 plants, antidiarrhoeal activity of five plants viz., Caesalpinia sepiaria, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Launaea pinnatifida, Syzygium rubicundum and Ziziphus jujuba has not been reported previously. Two species viz., Ziziphus xylopyra and Syzygium rubicundum are endemic to India.

Conclusion

Parinche valley is an ethnobotanically rich area with abundant availability and knowledge of medicinal plants that can serve as a model for low cost health care.     

从热毒湿瘀虚辨治小儿IgA肾病

IgA肾病病理机制复杂,热邪为IgA肾病诱发和加重的始动因素,湿毒内蕴是IgA肾病关键病机,瘀血为IgA肾病病理基础,气阴两虚为IgA肾病的根本病机。设立总治则为祛邪扶正,常用治疗方法有清热解毒、清热利湿、活血化瘀、益气养阴。     

血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP-43和NF-H表达的影响

目的:观察血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP43和NF-H表达的影响,探讨其促进周围神经再生的可能机制.方法:SD大鼠随机分为血竭给药组(灌服血竭的香油溶液)和空白对照组(等体积香油),制备血竭含药血清和空白对照血清.选取出生3 dSD大鼠双侧坐骨神经制备雪旺氏细胞;将培养的雪旺氏细胞分为血竭组和空白对照组,分别用10％血竭含药血清和空白对照血清干预培养.48 h后应用RT-PCR法检测各组雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF等基因mRNA表达水平.结果:镜下观察到大部分雪旺氏细胞呈双极梭形,细胞呈肩对肩或端对端排列,免疫细胞化学鉴定均呈阳性;与空白组比较,血竭组NGF,LNGFR,GDNF和GAP43 mRNA表达上调(P＜0.01),BDNF mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05),CNTF和TrkA的mRNA均下调(P＜0.01),NF-H mRNA无显著差异.结论:中药血竭可能是通过上调NGF,LNGFR,GDNF,GAP-43的mRNA的表达,同时下调BDNF,CNTF,TrkA mRNA来发挥其促进神经修复作用.