近踝足部肌腱与骨裸露创面显微外科修复方法的分析

目的评价近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面修复的简单实用手术方法。方法总结自1990年1月～2002年1月应用13种显微外科皮瓣修复治疗128例近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面病人,取得良好效果。手术时间:急诊一期修复53例,亚急诊修复28例,晚期修复47例。结果吻合皮瓣静脉修复皮肤逆行撕脱伤26例,完全成活19例,7例部分坏死;游离皮瓣移植19例,13例完全成活,皮瓣坏死3例,皮瓣部分坏死并感染3例;带蒂皮瓣转移83例,其中带腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣58例,该组所有皮瓣无1例完全坏死,5例术后出现静脉回流障碍,松解蒂部血运恢复,4例皮缘坏死,经换药愈合;其余带蒂皮瓣25例,成活21例,部分皮缘坏死3例,感染完全坏死1例。结论带腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,切取简单,不牺牲知名的血管,对供区侧肢体供血影响小,设计灵活,能为磨擦受压创面提供良好的覆盖,基本能够满足近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面修复需要。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道应用腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣修复足，足跟、踝、跟腱和胫前区骨，肌腱外露的软组织缺损的临床效果。方法 急诊或延期施行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣修复足，足跟、踝，跟腱和胫前区骨、肌腱外露的软组织缺损31例。结果 27例皮瓣全部成活，3例皮瓣部分边缘坏死，经换药自愈，1例皮瓣坏死。结论 腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣操作简便。成活率高，损伤轻，是修复足，足跟、踝、跟腱处和小腱下段胫前区软组织缺损，骨、肌腱外露的理想供区。     

应用VSD联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗儿童足踝部软组织撕脱伤

目的 探讨联合应用负压封闭引流(VSD)技术和腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复儿童足踝部软组织撕脱伤的临床效果. 方法 对9例儿童严重足踝部撕脱伤骨外露患者,创面行清创及负压封闭引流(VSD)治疗1～2个疗程,后期应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行移位修复足跟部的软组织缺损骨外露创面. 结果 经VSD治疗后,坏死组织少,创面感染得到控制,行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移位后,无感染发生,8例皮瓣全部成活,1例远端边缘部分坏死,经换药愈合.术后9例经6个月～5年随访,皮瓣外形及足部功能满意,恢复保护性感觉. 结论 负压封闭引流可以控制感染、刺激肉芽组织生长,为腓肠神经皮瓣移植提供良好的条件.腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可后期良好修复创面,两者联合应用是儿童足踝部部软组织撕脱的较好治疗方法.     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的:初步总结腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣在修复小腿中下段及足部创面的临床效果.方法:2006年1月～12月,我科采用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣共10例,皮瓣最大面积为18cm×13cm,最小为4.5cm×10cm;其中男9例,女1例.其中骨髓炎骨外露6例,肌腱外露4例.供区直接缝合或植中厚皮片.结果:术后皮瓣完全成活,个别病例术后较臃肿,待二期将皮瓣修薄.结论:应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下段及足部创面的临床效果可靠,手术操作简便,不牺牲小腿主要血管神经,对足部影响较小,便于推广开展.     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣临床应用

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣临床应用特点。方法应用腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣对小腿、踝周、足部皮肤缺损伴骨肌腱外露21例进行修复，其中4例修复前足背顺行皮瓣5例，逆行皮瓣16例。同时观察和测量腓肠神经的走行及合成以及腓动脉穿支的发出部位。结果21例皮瓣全部存活。腓肠神经（18例）吻合型12例，单干型4例，双干型2例，腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠外侧皮神经的交通支吻合点在踝上11～14cm者12例，其吻合点越低者，腓肠神经越短。腓动脉穿支18例其中15例在踝上4～7cm范围内，另3例最高分支点分别位于踝上10、11、11．5cm。结论腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣，切取简单，不损伤主要血管，是修复小腿、踝周、足部皮肤缺损骨肌腱外露的理想供区，修复足跟时必须吻合神经。     

腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损

目的：总结及探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损的疗效与经验。方法2007年3月—2014年3月,应用腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复合并肌腱和（或）骨外露的足部皮肤与软组织缺损108例,皮瓣面积：8.0 cm＆#215;15.0 cm～16.0 cm＆#215;27.0 cm。供区直接缝合27例,其余采用游离植皮修复。结果108例皮瓣移植104例全部成活,4例皮瓣远端部分坏死,2例经扩创换药后直接愈合,2例经再次植皮修复创面愈合。经3～18个月随访,皮瓣质地柔软,弹性好,无因皮瓣导致的足部功能障碍。结论采用腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复足部皮肤软组织缺损,皮瓣成活率高,手术操作简单,不损伤主干血管,是恢复足部功能的有效方法。     

皮瓣法分区修复足部骨肌腱外露创面

目的:探讨位于足部各不同分区骨肌腱外露创面修复的适宜皮瓣。方法:本组病例共23例,因恶性黑色素瘤根治、创伤性溃疡、烧伤、神经营养障碍等病因遗留足部骨肌腱外露创面。以跗跖关节为界,足部分为前后足底、前后足背和足踝跟腱区等五个修复区。我们采用十一种不同皮瓣修复各区创面。结果:所有皮瓣均存活,两例局部旋转皮瓣边缘部分坏死。随访3个月～5年7个月,发现皮瓣区具有保护性感觉,无磨损破溃,病人穿鞋行走正常。讨论:后足底部应用足底内侧皮瓣修复疗效最佳,腓肠神经伴行营养血管蒂皮瓣修复后足创面简单可靠。前足部大面积创伤,应采用游离皮瓣修复。足踝部和足底部创面不适合施行局部皮瓣转移修复。     

交腿皮瓣结合封闭式负压引流技术修复小腿及踝足部组织缺损

目的 通过封闭式负压引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)技术的运用,再探讨交腿皮瓣在小腿及踝足部组织缺损修复中的作用.方法 先用VSD和游离植皮的方法控制感染、缩小创面,再行交腿皮瓣手术修复复杂性小腿及踝足部组织缺损28例.其中传统交腿皮瓣2例,腓肠神经营养血管交腿皮瓣1例,隐动脉交腿皮瓣1例,隐神经营养血管交腿皮瓣22例,带部分比目鱼肌的隐神经营养血管交腿复合组织瓣逆行转位2例.结果 经VSD治疗后创面感染控制良好并明显缩小,交腿皮瓣均成活,其中4例出现皮瓣边缘坏死,1例带远端蒂的隐神经营养血管逆行交腿皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后愈合.经7～24个月随访,所有患者均恢复站立及行走功能,双小腿未发生膝踝关节僵硬.结论 交腿皮瓣手术简单、可靠、创伤小,加之VSD技术的运用,仍是修复小腿及踝足部组织缺损重要手段之一.     

携带跖肌腱腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部复合组织缺损

目的探讨携带跖肌腱腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部复合组织缺损的临床疗效。方法应用携带跖肌腱腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复12例足部复合组织缺损患者,创面缺损面积7 cm×4 cm~10 cm×7 cm,肌腱缺损长度2~6 cm,切取皮瓣面积:9 cm×6 cm~12 cm×9 cm,切取跖肌腱长度4~12 cm。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~18个月。12例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣臃肿,二期行皮瓣削薄术;其余皮瓣外形无明显臃肿,质地良好。皮瓣感觉恢复达S3+3例,S37例,S22例。AOFAS踝-后足功能评分:优6例,良6例。结论携带跖肌腱腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣切取简单方便、血供可靠,可一期修复足部肌腱、皮肤复合组织缺损,足部功能恢复良好。     

VSD技术配合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用封闭式负压引流技术配合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 一期采用VSD技术处理创面,二期应用吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损创面,临床应用13例.足部软组织缺损面积4.3 cm×5.5 cm～18.0 cm×9.2 cm,切取皮瓣面积6 cm×5 cm～20 cm×10cm.结果 术后随访10～24个月,皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地、外观良好,踝关节功能活动及下肢负重行走正常.结论 应用VSD技术配合吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损可获得良好的临床效果.     

Experience with the distally based sural neurofasciocutaneous flap supplied by the terminal perforator of peroneal vessels for ankle and foot reconstruction

The distally based sural fasciocutaneous flap has been proved an excellent option for coverage of the soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, ankle, and foot. In this article, we reported on a series of foot and ankle reconstructions with a distally based sural neurofasciocutaneous flap supplied by the terminal perforating branch of the peroneal artery. The vascular pedicle of the flap includes the terminal perforator branch of the peroneal artery and concomitant veins. The pivot point is approximately 5 cm above the tip of lateral malleolus. Fifteen patients with soft tissue defects of the foot and/or ankle underwent the procedures of reconstruction. The flaps were designed with the size measuring 8 x 9 cm to 13 x 31 cm. Thirteen flaps survived completely and 2 with partial or margin necrosis. Our experience has demonstrated that this sural flap with a thin perforator pedicle can be easily rotated, used for coverage of a large tissue defect including the forefoot area, and provide a good texture match and contour for the recipient area.     

顺行及逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣的临床应用体会

目的：探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转移修复足背、足跟、踝部、膝部甚至大腿中下段组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法：回顾我科临床应用带筋膜蒂的腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣经验,逆行应用修复足背、足跟、足底及踝部软组织缺损,顺行应用修复膝部甚至大腿中下段软组织的缺损。同时观察皮瓣的可切取范围、血液供应及静脉回流情况、血管蒂长度及血管蒂隧道的处理方法。结果：临床应用12例,皮瓣最大面积16cm×10cm,最长血管蒂14cm,转移皮瓣全部成活。结论：腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血液循环丰富,损伤小、成活率高,设计处理适当不失为修复下肢软组织缺损的理想选择。     

Lowering the pivot point of sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps to reconstruct deep electrical burn wounds in the distal foot

Due to the thinness of the skin and soft tissues in the foot, tendons and bones tend to become exposed and necrotic after injury; therefore, it is difficult to reconstruct foot injuries, especially distally. Reconstruction with free skin flaps is highly risky as it demands technologies and equipment, while patients suffer greatly from the use of cross-leg skin flaps. Sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps are often used for reconstruction of wounds in the lower leg, malleolus, and the proximal end of the foot but are not feasible for wound repair in the distal foot; this is because, with the pivot point of 5–7 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus, the flaps are not able to cover defects in the distal foot. In this study, we used a sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps with a lowered pivot point for reconstruction of distal foot wounds caused by electrical burns. An ultrasound flow detector and Doppler flow imaging were used to detect the diameter, the perforating point and the blood flow of the lateral retromalleolar perforator. Twelve patients with the perforator diameter greater than 0.6 mm and the peak systolic flow more than 0.15 m/s were included. The pivot point of sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps was lowered to 0–3 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus and the size of the flaps ranged from 6 cm × 5 cm to 12 cm × 18 cm. Eleven of the 12 flaps survived completely. One flap developed necrosis approximately 1 cm at the far point but was managed successfully by daily dressing. We demonstrated that lowering the pivot point of sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps is feasible for reconstruction of distal foot injury with the advantages of reliable blood supply and easy operation. The use of Doppler flow imaging provides useful information for the design of the flaps.     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣联合负压封闭吸引治疗足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣联合负压封闭吸引(VSD)技术治疗足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法 2004年2月至2010年2月,26例足踝部软组织缺损(22 cm×10 cm至4 cm×3 cm)患者经急诊清创后持续应用VSD技术5～7 d,待创面条件改善后采用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣(24 cm×12 cm至6 cm×5 cm)覆盖,其中带肌皮瓣8例。结果 26例患者经VSD技术治疗后,创面肉芽组织生长良好;术后所有皮瓣均完全存活,创面一期愈合,无皮瓣坏死、感染及瘘道形成等并发症。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意。结论远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣联合VSD技术能有效控制足踝部局部感染,降低皮瓣坏死风险,提高创面修复成功率。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的方法。方法1999年9月至2004年10月,应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复踝部、小腿、足背及足跟部软组织缺损29例,其中创伤致皮肤软组织缺损15例,烧伤(包括电击伤)创面及瘢痕切除后创面11例,慢性溃疡3例。皮瓣切取范围5cm×7cm～12cm×20cm,蒂长5～12cm。结果本组27例术后皮瓣全部成活,创面一期愈合,2例皮瓣远端部分淤血坏死,经清创换药后创面游离植皮愈合。术后21例经3个月至5年随访,皮瓣外观、血运、质地、弹性佳,踝关节功能恢复良好,皮肤感觉均有一定程度的恢复,两点辨别觉为10～15mm,平均12mm。结论腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的适应证明确,操作简便,无需牺牲小腿主要动脉,不需吻合血管,且皮瓣成活率高,供区易于封闭,是足踝部软组织缺损的较好修复方法。     

Der Einsatz des Neuro-Fasziokutanen Suralisinsellappens zur Defektdeckung im Bereich des Unterschenkels und des Fußes

BackgroundThe closure of soft tissue defects in areas of the distal third lower leg anterior, ankle, heel and foot dorsum especially with exposed bony or tendinous tissue, in case of infections or difficult healing tendency is still challenging. These defects need a stable and sufficient soft tissue cover.With the introduction of the Neuro-Fasciocutaneus suralis island flap (hereinafter called suralis flap) we do have a good alternative with stable results and less operation complexity.Material and methodsSince 2005 we are using this technique for the coverage of complicated defect wounds, especially for complete heel and extensive foot dorsum defects.The most frequent area was the lateral malleolus and the Achilles tendon area with and maximum dimension of 7 cm by 11 cm.Results2 suralis flaps get lost; in 6 cases we saw superficial skin necrosis.In most of the harvest areas we could directly close the defects, in 7 cases we had to close the defects with split skin grafts.Technically it is easy to learn the harvest of the suralis flap and none of ourpatient's complaint about the reduces sensitivity after necessitated cutting of the suralis nerve.ConclusionDefects in areas of the distal third lower leg anterior, ankle, heel and foot dorsum does need a stable and sufficient soft tissue cover, especially with exposed bony or tendinous tissue or in case of infections or difficult healing tendency.The suralis flap as an alternative to the commonly used free flaps and reduces the surgical effort.     

Tendocutaneous free flap transfer from the dorsum of the foot

Tendocutaneous free flap transfer has been used to treat troublesome wounds involving skin and tendons, with the dorsum of the foot being the most frequent donor site. Free flaps consist of the dorsalis pedis artery, saphenous vein, branch of the superficial peroneal nerve, long extensor tendons, and overlying skin. We analyzed 13 cases of skin and tendon loss from the dorsum of the hand and wrist that were treated with tendocutaneous free flap from the dorsum of the foot. The size of the flap was from 6 × 5 cm to 11.5 × 7.1 cm (average, 9.2 × 5.9 cm), and the transferred tendons ranged from 1 to 5 in number (average, 2.9), and 5 to 17 cm in length (average, 9.2 cm). The transferred flaps survived in all cases, and the transferred tendons were functioning well except in two cases of electrical burn. The complications included two cases of tendon adhesion, one case of marginal necrosis of the flap, and three cases of donor-site wound problem.     

足踝部皮肤缺损的修复

目的探讨足踝部皮肤缺损的修复方法及疗效。方法2000年1月~2005年10月,对36例足踝部皮肤缺损分别采用同侧外踝上皮瓣或逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣修复,其中男35例,女1例。年龄6~62岁,平均38岁。损伤原因:机器伤12例,车祸伤22例,感染1例,冻伤1例。其中急诊行皮瓣修复24例,12例于伤后7 d~1个月手术,修复部位包括足背、足跟、前足和内、外踝,皮肤缺损范围5 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。其中外踝上皮瓣15例15个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围5 cm×4 cm~15 cm×8 cm;逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣21例22个皮瓣,切取皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm~20 cm×10 cm。就其术后疗效及两种皮瓣的成活率进行比较。结果术后外踝上皮瓣完全成活10个,完全坏死3个,尖端部分坏死2个。逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣完全成活21个,其中3个尖端出现表皮坏死;1个在术中即出现动脉供血不足,改行其他方法修复。术后经3周~6个月随访,两种皮瓣修复后的疗效相似,皮肤质地、厚度与足踝部相接近,皮瓣的痛、触觉为S0~S1。修复足跟跖侧的两种皮瓣术后均较臃肿,皮瓣与跟骨之间存在滑动,皮瓣表面出现压迫性表皮坏死。结论外踝上皮瓣适用于内外踝部、足背近侧等距皮瓣供区较近的部位,皮肤缺损面积相对较小的创面;对于缺损较大或距离踝关节较远的足部创面,应采用逆行腓肠神经营养皮瓣,但有踝关节动脉网破坏严重时需谨慎应用。     

Reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with a cutaneous pedicle to cover distal lower limb soft tissue defects: experience of 109 clinical cases

Background

Soft tissue defects over the mid- and distal third tibia, heel, dorsum and plantar aspect of the foot and over the medial, lateral and posterior aspect of the ankle are a common scenario in clinical orthopaedic practice. In this article, we describe the utility of the reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with a cutaneous pedicle in 109 clinical cases with distal lower limb soft tissue defects.

Materials and methods

A total of 109 patients were operated on for moderate (5–15 cm) and large (more than 15 cm) soft tissue defects at various sites along the lower limb including foot, heel and sole with the reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap. The defects were secondary to trauma (61 cases), diabetic ulcers (12 cases), post-traumatic scar contracture (8 cases), venous ulcer (4 cases), wound dehiscence (10 cases), leprotic non-healing ulcer (1 case), post-infective wound (1 case), radiation-induced ulcer following radiotherapy for synovial cell sarcoma (1 case), post-fibromatosis excision (1 case), post-dermatofibrosarcoma excision (1 case), post-heel melanoma excision (1 case) and actinomycosis foot (1 case). Patients were assessed for flap uptake and healing of defects.

Results

Among the 102 cases analysed, 81 were male and 21 female with an average age of 32.7 years. The average size of the flaps was 148.10 ± 59.54 cm². The flap healed uneventfully in 89.21 % of patients. Edge necrosis occurred in 9 cases. Donor site regrafting was required in 7 patients.

Conclusion

The reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with a cutaneous pedicle is a quick, versatile, easy and safe soft tissue defect coverage technique to cover most of the soft tissue defects of the lower limb in common orthopaedic practice and does not require any microvascular repair, though it may be cosmetically unappealing in a few cases.

Level of evidence

IV (Case series)