推拿手法对腰椎髓核内压影响的实验研究

目的：比较临床上几种常用的腰部推拿手法对腰椎髓核内压力的影响。方法：用生物材料实验机对新鲜尸体腰椎标本施以计算机定量模拟的不同手法,观察髓核内压力变化情况。结果：模拟斜扳手法和坐位旋转手法,椎间盘髓核内压力均升高,模拟牵扳手法髓核内压下降,结论：牵手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症时较为安全。     

不同推拿手法下腰椎小关节应力变化的观察

目的：应用生物力学方法,研究不同腰部推拿手法时腰椎小关节应力变化。方法：将标本固定于生物材料实验机,应用计算机定量[控制,模拟3种推拿手法治疗时的状态（（1）斜扳手法;不加任何荷载3腰椎单位 单纯旋转15度;（2）坐位旋转手法：腰椎纵向压力400N,前屈15度,3腰椎单位单纯进行旋转15度,（3）牵皈手法：腰椎前屈15度,纵向牵引400N,3腰椎单位单纯旋转15度）,应用压敏片测量小关节的应力,结果：模拟三种手法时腰椎小关节内应力差异无显著性,不至发生关节内骨折,结论：在此旋转角度下,手法是安全的。     

腰椎斜扳手法时椎间盘的有限元分析

背景：利用计算机技术和有限元法分析法研究中医传统的脊柱推拿手法,来解释下法的作用机制、适应证和禁忌证,可为临床上常用的腰椎斜扳手法提供了客观的、科学的理论依据。目的：应用有限元法了解进行斜扳手法时腰椎间盘的内在应力及位移分布的特点。方法：使用正常腰椎CT片,以Mimics软件系统逐层重建,建立L4-5三维有限元模型。根据手法原理,将腰椎斜扳手法进行分解,把各项力学参数代入三维有限元模型进行计算分析。即时显示手法作用时腰椎间盘的位移和内在应力的变化。结果与结论：椎间盘的应力远小于后部结构;从椎间盘中心到右侧有一个向后的扭转矢量,使椎间盘产生变形。结果证明腰椎斜扳手法对椎间盘是安全的,并且在椎间盘突出的对侧进行手法操作更为合理;腰椎椎管狭窄的患者不宜使用腰椎斜扳手法。     

腰椎斜扳手法时椎间盘的有限元分析

背景:利用计算机技术和有限元法分析法研究中医传统的脊柱推拿手法,来解释手法的作用机制、适应证和禁忌证,可为临床上常用的腰椎斜扳手法提供了客观的、科学的理论依据。目的:应用有限元法了解进行斜扳手法时腰椎间盘的内在应力及位移分布的特点。方法:使用正常腰椎CT片,以Mimics软件系统逐层重建,建立L4～5三维有限元模型。根据手法原理,将腰椎斜扳手法进行分解,把各项力学参数代入三维有限元模型进行计算分析。即时显示手法作用时腰椎间盘的位移和内在应力的变化。结果与结论:椎间盘的应力远小于后部结构;从椎间盘中心到右侧有一个向后的扭转矢量,使椎间盘产生变形。结果证明腰椎斜扳手法对椎间盘是安全的,并且在椎间盘突出的对侧进行手法操作更为合理;腰椎椎管狭窄的患者不宜使用腰椎斜扳手法。     

坐位旋转手法对正常腰椎间盘内在应力和位移的实时监测的实验研究

目的:了解坐位旋转手法对正常腰椎间盘的内在应力及位移分布的特点.方法:使用正常L4-5腰椎CT片,以Mimics软件系统逐层重建,建立L4-5三维有限元模型.根据手法原理,将坐位腰椎旋转手法进行分解,把各项力学参数代入三维有限元模型进行计算分析.即时显示手法作用时腰椎间盘的位移和内在应力的变化.结果:纤维环旋转侧的前部所受压力和旋转对侧的后部受到张力都逐渐增加;旋转侧的前部出现明显垂直压缩,并向前、向外侧膨出移位;纤维环旋转对侧的后部出现拉伸变形,并向前、向内侧回缩移位.结论:模拟坐位腰椎旋转手法时,椎间盘在旋转侧的前部为压力主要集中区,同时在旋转对侧的后部为张力集中区.椎间盘的最大位移在旋转侧的前部上缘;旋转对侧的后部受到张力也相应出现拉伸.髓核内的应力和位移变化相对较小.     

平面力推拿揉法与腰椎间盘生物力学关系的有限元分析

目的通过腰椎三维有限元建模方法，研究平面力推拿揉法对腰椎间盘生物力学的影响。 方法选取1例女性健康受试者，采用Somatom Sensation16型螺旋CT扫描机采集数据，进行精确三维分割与模型重建，生成正常人体L3～S1节段独立的三维实体模型，结合解剖知识构建肌肉实体模型后，采用专用生物力学软件建立L3～S1节段腰椎三维有限元，根据推拿揉法的作用规律，按循环旋转方向在L4和L5棘突的外部肌肉处施加平面作用力50N，观察腰椎间盘纤维环和髓核的变化。 结果在推拿揉法的左右摆动作用下，纤维环和髓核在水平方向上产生一定的循环旋转运动，运动的主要趋势是向椎间盘的中部及周边集中，髓核水分也向中部及周边聚集，椎间盘内密度发生变化，中部及周边密度增高。整个模型中骨皮质的应力分布较为均匀，说明推拿揉法的力传递过程在很大程度上依靠腰椎实体肌肉的协同和拮抗作用，L4-5椎间盘的纤维环和髓核应力分布显示椎间盘中部及周边的两侧应力较大。 结论在平面力推拿揉法作用下，腰椎纤维环和髓核向椎间盘中部及周边集中，椎间盘中部及两侧的应力较大。     

推拿手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的机制

目的应用生物力学的方法研究推拿手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的机制。方法用5具新鲜尸体腰椎在生物力学材料实验机上,在计算机定量控制下模拟不同手法的作用条件,使用引伸仪测量神经根与临近椎间盘之间的位移。结果3种手法的位移分期为1.283±0.758m,1.411±0.769mm,1.348±0.774mm。结论腰椎间盘突出手法推拿的治疗机制是通过神经根相对位移来减轻或消除髓核突出症对神经根的刺激与压迫,松解突出的间盘与神经根两者之间的炎性粘连,是腰椎间盘突出物的"变位"作用,而非髓核的还纳复位。     

腰椎间盘突出症临床治疗机制探讨

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症非手术治疗的作用机制:手法推拿能否使突出的椎间盘还纳复位?究竟是机械性压迫致痛还是无菌性炎症致痛?腰椎管外软组织损害是否存在于发病的全过程?方法采用影像学、生物力学、不同治疗方法的药效比较分析、手术中观察神经根对机械性刺激的反应、椎管外软组织磷脂酶A2活性测定及临床肌电图追踪观察等综合手段,研究椎间盘突出的致痛机制。结果(1)牵板手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症,脊髓造影治疗前后对照26例,CT扫描前后对照58例,MRI检查前后对照12例,结果提示突出的椎间盘影像大小形态及部位均无确认的明显变化。(2)模拟腰部牵扳推拿手法时髓核内压的变化:L3～40.73kPa;L4～50.26kPa;L5～S10.11kPa。神经根位移的变化:同侧旋转位移距离(1.3±0.8)mm;对侧旋转位移距离(1.7±1.0)mm。(3)腰椎间盘突出症患者腰骶椎板处棘肌的磷脂酶A2活性测定,结果提示实验组样本活性测定数值显著高于对照组,电镜检查证实炎症反应的存在。结论(1)腰椎间盘突出的手法推拿治疗机制是间盘突出物的“变位”作用达到神经根松解,而非髓核的复位还纳。(2)单纯机械性压迫正常神经根不引起疼痛,而是产生麻木或麻痹,神经根鞘膜外和硬膜外脂肪组织的无菌性炎症病变所产生的化学性刺激是疼痛的原因。(3)腰椎间盘突出症患     

腰椎间盘突出症临床治疗机制探讨

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症非手术治疗的作用机制：手法推拿能否使突出的椎间盘还纳复位？究竟是机械性压迫致痛还是无菌性炎症致痛？腰椎管外软组织损害是否存在于发病的全过程？方法 采用影像学、生物力学、不同治疗方法的药效比较分析、手术中观察神经根对机械性刺激的反应、椎管外软组织磷脂酶A2活性测定及临床肌电图追踪观察等综合手段，研究椎间盘突出的致痛机制。结果 （1）牵板手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症，脊髓造影治疗前后对照26例，CT扫描前后对照58例，MRI检查前后对照12例，结果提示突出的椎间盘影像大小形态及部位均无确认的明显变化。（2）模拟腰部牵板推拿手法时髓核内压的变化；L3-4 0.73kPa;L4-5 0.26kPa;L5-S1 0.11kPa。神经根位移的变化：同侧旋转位移距离（1.3&;#177;0.8)mm；对侧旋转位移距离（1.7&;#177;1.0)mm。（3）腰椎间盘突出症患者腰骶椎板处棘肌的磷脂酶A3活性测定，结果提示实验组样本活性测定数值显著高于对照组，电镜检查证实炎症反应的存在。结论 （1）腰椎间盘突出的手法推拿治疗机制是间盘突出物的“变位”作用达到神经根松解，而非髓核的复位还纳。（2）单纯机械性压迫正常神经根不引起疼痛，而是产生麻木或麻痹，神经根鞘膜外和硬膜外脂肪组织的无菌性炎症病变所产生的化学性刺激是疼痛的原因。（3）腰椎间盘突出症患者均存在椎管外软组织损害，其引起的炎症反应可能是引发腰腿疼痛的重要因素。     

腰椎斜扳手法所致“咔哒”声时推扳力的研究

摘要 目的：研究腰椎斜扳手法所致咔哒声响时推扳力的大小，为手法提供定量化依据。方法：使用压力检测系统，测量并记录向左右分别进行斜扳手法出现咔哒声响时作用在肩部和臀部的推扳力。结果：以出现咔哒声响作为腰椎斜扳手法成功的标志，此刻对左右肩部平均推扳力分别为12.552±1.715kg和12.748±1.645kg，对左右臀部平均推扳力分别为13.587±1.631kg和13.274±1.200kg。结论：向左右分别进行斜扳手法时，对左右肩部或臀部的平均推扳力无显著差异（P＞0.05），但对臀部的推扳力大于对肩部的推扳力（P=0.016）。 关键词 斜扳手法；推拿；手法；咔哒声响；推扳力 中图分类号：R244.1,R49 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-1242(2008)-03-0202-03     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.