老年肺栓塞患者的临床特点分析

目的探讨老年肺栓塞的临床特点和诊断方法,减少误诊率和漏诊率。方法回顾性分析我院确诊的60例老年(≥65岁)肺栓塞的高危因素、临床表现和辅助检查结果。结果老年肺栓塞的危险因素为下肢静脉血栓(DVT,33.3%)、手术外伤(25.0%)、长期卧床(23.3%)。呼吸困难为最常见症状(80.0%),96.7%患者临床症状缺乏特异性。螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)结果显示老年患者肺栓塞部位主要为右下叶肺动脉(38.9%)、右肺动脉(35.2%)和左下叶肺动脉(29.6%),53.7%的患者为多支血管受累。核素肺通气/灌注扫描(V/Q扫描)的阳性率为73.9%,CTPA的阳性率为65.2%,43.5%的患者V/Q扫描和CTPA均为阳性,二者联用的检出率为95.7%。结论老年肺栓塞表现为多处、主要血管受累,以右肺动脉和双下叶肺动脉多见。提高老年肺栓塞的诊断水平,及时正确的诊断和治疗可改善预后,降低病死率。推荐联合使用V/Q扫描和CTPA检查。     

老年人肺栓塞26例临床分析

目的: 探讨老年人肺栓塞的临床特点、诊断方法及治疗方案的选择。方法: 对26例老年人肺栓塞的危险因素、临床特点、辅助检查、不同治疗方案及临床结果进行总结分析。结果: 老年人肺栓塞均有2种或2种以上危险因素,以下肢深静脉血栓、卧床、高血压居多。临床表现无特异性,最常见为劳力性呼吸困难。心电图、胸部X线片、超声心动图异常多见,多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)为主要确诊手段;首诊中92.3%误诊为呼吸循环系统疾病。溶栓治疗4例,治愈及好转3例;单纯抗凝治疗16例,治愈及好转11例;未采用溶栓及抗凝治疗6例,治愈及好转2例。结论: 老年人肺栓塞临床表现无特异性,应提高诊断意识,减少误诊率,CTPA可作为确诊的首选检查方法,选择合理规范的抗凝或溶栓治疗,可降低病死率。     

肺栓塞患者178例临床特征及误诊分析

［摘要］目的　分析肺栓塞患者的临床资料,总结肺栓塞的临床特征,以提高诊断率,改善预后．方法　回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月在昆明医科大学第二附属医院住院治疗并确诊为肺栓塞的178例患者的临床资料,对相关危险因素、临床表现、客观检查资料、误诊以及预后等情况等进行分析．结果　患者有明显的肺栓塞相关基础疾病和危险因素,患者的临床症状、体征和心电图、血气分析等常规检测显示患者存在缺氧和心血管损伤,但是缺乏特异性;患者的初诊误诊率为48.88%,误诊为COPD 22例、肺炎18例和冠心病16例,老年患者误诊率为56.36%,中青年患者误诊率为36.80%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;CTPA可以准确的观察肺动脉栓塞后出现的肺血管充盈缺损,进而确诊肺栓塞,本组病例均通过CTPA而确诊;老年患者院内死亡11人,病死率10%,中青年患者院内死亡2人,病死率为2.9%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）．结论　尽管患者肺栓塞相关的危险因素较多,但基础疾病多且复杂,症状、体征和常规检查的特异性较差,首诊误诊率高,患者预后差;CTPA检查对于诊断肺栓塞可靠,临床上应加强对存在肺栓塞风险患者的CTPA的检查,提高患者的诊断率,改善预后．     

肺栓塞12例临床分析

目的提高对肺栓塞的临床认识,降低其误诊率及病死率。方法对12例肺栓塞患者进行回顾性临床分析,总结临床特点及与诊治相关的因素。结果本组12例患者,1例因呼吸衰竭死亡;其余11例患者治疗后心功能均改善,呼吸困难,胸闷等症状基本缓解,出院前复查CTPA肺动脉栓子明显减少,血气分析指标恢复正常,咯血、胸腔积液消失。结论肺栓塞是临床常见病,最常见的危险因素为慢性疾病、恶性肿瘤、手术和制动,其临床表现及辅助检查缺乏特异性,CT肺动脉造影是主要的确诊手段,D二聚体具有重要的排除诊断价值,抗凝治疗是肺栓塞患者最基本治疗。增加对肺栓基的认知和理解,建立规范化诊疗体系,不断提高肺栓塞的诊疗水平,降低病死率。     

青年肺栓塞105例临床分析

目的分析青年肺栓塞患者的临床特点,提高临床医生对青年肺栓塞的诊断意识,从而早期干预、规范治疗,降低死亡率、致残率。方法收集2000年1月～2012年5月河南科技大学第一附属医院住院青年肺栓塞患者105例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果青年肺栓塞患者无危险因素者28%;危险因素中,下肢深静脉血栓32%,外科手术后30%,无基础病者83%;临床表现中,症状以呼吸困难(84%)、咳嗽咳痰(51%)、胸痛(49%)多见,体征以发热(50%)、紫绀(33%)、肺部听诊湿啰音(31%)多见;误诊漏诊43%;64层CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)确诊者59%。结论青年肺栓塞患者多有危险因素,以DVT、外科手术为主,基础病少见。临床表现缺乏特异性,误诊漏诊率高,做出诊断的关键是提高临床医生的诊断意识。CTPA已作为确诊检查的首选方法。     

肺血栓栓塞症的诊断及误诊原因分析

目的:提高肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的诊断水平.方法:将本院自2001年1月至2003年11月期间确诊为PTE的29例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:29例患者均存在发病的危险因素,临床表现多样化,误诊率达72.4%,最后确诊行螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查11例,CTPA 肺核素灌注显像15例,肺动脉造影3例.结论:肺血栓栓塞症是一种不少见而容易误诊的疾病,加强对PTE的认识,对疑似病例及时行特异性检查有助于降低PTE的误诊率和病死率.     

21例肺动脉栓塞症的临床分析

目的总结肺栓塞临床表现与诊疗体会,提高对肺栓塞的认识,减少临床漏诊及误诊率。方法回顾性分析21例肺栓塞患者的临床表现,诊断及治疗方法比较。结果21例患者中1例临床诊断,20例由CT肺动脉造影（CT-PA）确诊。其中7例接受溶栓＋抗凝治疗,13例仅接受抗凝治疗,两组治疗有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论肺栓塞的临床表现缺乏特异性,D-二聚体阴性可以基本除外急性肺栓塞,CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）是首选的确诊手段。提高对PE患者的诊断意识,及时有效的规范化治疗,是临床提高PE患者救治成功率的关键。     

64层螺旋CT血管造影诊断肺栓塞的临床效果评价

目的评价CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）诊断PE的临床效果。方法将2006年3月～2009年11月,临床疑似肺栓塞,且在抗凝和（或）溶栓治疗前同时接受了64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影且病历资料完整的180例患者作为研究对象。结果 180例患者中CTPA诊断PE的敏感性、特异性、符合率分别为90.5%、91.5%、91.1%。CTPA诊断PE的κ值为0.680。结论 CTPA诊断PE价值高,可作为临床疑诊肺栓塞病例的首选检查方法。     

35例肺血栓栓塞症回顾性临床分析

[目的]探讨急性肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点及早期诊断的线索.[方法]对35例确诊为肺血栓栓塞症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.[结果]35例肺血栓栓塞症中存在基础疾病和易患因素的有33例(94%),其中以肿瘤、心血管疾病、下肢静脉血栓形成、吸烟和长期卧床多见.临床症状、体征和常规的胸部X线、心电图检查表现多样且缺乏特异性.超声心动图和D二聚体具有一定的特异性和敏感性,但确诊须依靠特殊检查如选择性肺动脉造影、螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)、磁共振造影增强血管造影(MRA)等.[结论]当存在肺血栓栓塞症的高危险因素及基础疾病而临床表现不能以其他疾病解释时,须行选择性肺动脉造影、CTPA或MRA检查来明确是否肺血栓栓塞症.     

螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查在肺栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 评价螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查在肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值.方法 对临床怀疑肺栓塞、经螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查而确诊的10例患者病例进行回顾性分析.结果 10例患者共累及56处肺动脉,栓塞受累部位分布广泛,其中肺段动脉受累最多,占59.11%.栓塞在CT上表现为不同形态的充盈缺损.结论 螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)对亚段及亚段以上肺栓塞是安全、无创、快捷和可靠的诊断方法,且可作为治疗的依据和评价溶栓或抗凝治疗的效果,适于广泛应用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.