微型外固定支架的临床应用

目的：应用微型外固定支架治疗上肢短骨骨折。方法：本组１２例１５处骨折，均采用手法或切开复位，微型外固定支架固定。结果：本组骨折全部愈合。随访６～１２月，骨折无移位，无断钉及外固定架松动，关节稳定，活动范围正常。３例钉孔有少量渗出，拆除固定钉后钉孔即愈合，无深部感染。结论：微型外固定器体积小，重量轻，稳定性好，损伤小，可以进行早期功能锻炼，关节功能佳，是治疗上肢短骨骨折一种较为理想的固定器材。     

闭合复位微型外固定支架治疗掌指骨骨折

自2002年3月～2005年3月，我们采用闭合复位微型外固定支架固定治疗手部掌指骨骨折，取得了满意疗效，现报告如下。     

微型外固定支架治疗掌指骨骨折

目的探讨应用微型外固定支架治疗掌、指骨骨折的方法。方法本组69例98处骨折,均采用手法或切开复位,微型单侧多功能外固定支架固定。指骨钻孔使用克氏针钻孔。结果本组骨折全部愈合,随访3～12月,骨折无移位,无断钉,外固定稳固,关节稳定,活动范围佳,无感染。其中1例病理性骨折大块骨移植用支架固定,疗效满意。结论固定器具小,重量轻,操作简单,稳定性好,适用范围广,使用无螺纹的克氏针钻孔对软组织损伤轻微,避免了用螺纹钻头钻孔时对肌腱、神经等的缠绕损伤,对指远端血运干扰小,针孔无感染,利于支架下护理及早期功能训练,术后关节功能佳。     

自制微型外固定支架在指骨骨折中的应用

目的探讨应用自制微型外固定支架治疗指骨骨折的临床效果。方法自2014年6月至2017年6月,应用自制微型外固定支架治疗指骨骨折16例。术后定期随访,复查X线片,测量指间关节活动度。根据手指总的主动活动度(TAM)、疼痛数字评分表(NPRS)、晨僵3个指标评估患者骨折愈合情况和功能恢复情况。结果本组16例中有1例术后6周复查时,骨折端仍有压痛和异常活动,予拆除外固定支架,切开复位克氏针固定后愈合。其余15例随访48~72周,平均58周,骨折愈合,未出现骨髓炎、钢针断裂及松动。骨折临床愈合时间14~16周,平均15.5周。根据TAM、NPRS系统和晨僵进行评定:优11例,良4例。结论自制微型外固定支架适用于指骨骨折的治疗。它能够维持骨折端的稳定性,提供关节侧副韧带及关节囊所需的张力,可以实现早期功能锻炼的目的,是一种较为理想的治疗方法。     

微型外固定支架与钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的比较研究

目的 比较采用微型外固定支架、钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌、指骨骨折的临床效果.方法 微型外固定支架组21例、25处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5个月.钢板固定治疗组病例17例、20处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5月.克氏针固定治疗组19例、23处骨折.术后随访5～9个月,平均7个月.以RAFS标准评价术后掌指关节及指间关节功能和术后感染及骨折愈合时间.结果 外固定支架优良率为88%(22/25),钢板固定组优良率75%(15/20),克氏针固定组优良率为70%(16/23),三组均有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 从术后关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率以及骨折愈合时间相比,外固定支架的疗效明显优于其它两组.     

小腿骨折的单侧多功能外固定支架治疗

目的 探讨临床应用单侧多功能外固定支架治疗小腿骨折的手术方法、适应证、优缺点、主要合并症的防治及术后护理。方法 自1996～2004年对39例复杂、开放性小腿骨折、邻近关节的小腿骨折、小腿骨折内固定术后合并感染行单侧多功能外固定支架治疗。结果 所有病例均达到骨性愈合。平均愈合时间为4个月，去除外固定支架时间为6个月。结论 外固定支架治疗小腿骨折具有独特的优越性。     

三维可调骨折外固定支架治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的：通过三维可调外固定支架对胫腓骨骨折治疗的疗效。探讨处理多发开放粉碎骨折的治疗手段。方法：胫腓骨骨折患者４２例（４７侧肢体），均采用三维可调外固定支架治疗，步骤为骨折复位穿针和安装固定。术后平均随访１８个月。结果：骨折愈合率９７％。结论：三维可调外固定支架地严重软组织损伤或伤口污染严重的开 折，有感染的骨折具有早期可固定，晚期性固定的特点。     

超关节外固定支架治疗桡骨远端C型骨折

目的研究超关节外固定支架治疗桡骨远端AO分型C型骨折的疗效。方法采用超关节外固定支架治疗桡骨远端C型骨折3l例。结果治疗后平均随访6．5个月。骨折愈合时间平均为6．5周。根据Jakim评分标准评定疗效，优14例，良12例，优良率为83．87％。结论超关节外固定支架治疗不稳定型桡骨远端关节内骨折具有操作简单、复位满意、固定坚强、功能优良的优点。     

外固定支架简易内固定治疗Pilon骨折18例

目的报道应用外固定支架简易内固定治疗pilon骨折的临床效果.方法从1996年至2001年,我们应用外固定支架和钢丝、螺丝钉、钢针等简易内固定物治疗Pilon骨折18例.结果临床和X线影象随访1～5年,骨折全部愈合,其中一期愈合率95%,平均愈合时间5.6个月;关节功能优良率达88.9%.结论外固定支架加简易内固定是治疗Pilon骨折的一种有效方法,操作简单,固定牢固,能够促进骨折愈合,允许早期功能锻炼,提高了关节功能恢复的优良率.     

介绍一种近节指骨骨折的外固定方法

介绍一种近节指骨骨折的外固定方法徐德海，王光平，刘保华近节指骨骨折，常因外固定困难、不稳定而造成成角畸形愈合，屈指肌腱粘连，影响伸屈功能。作者自１９９１年１月～１９９４年４月，采用指握小空瓶和指背石膏条外固定治疗近节指骨骨折１１８例，取得满意疗效。１...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.