2001-2005年四川省燃煤型氟中毒哨点监测分析

目的了解四川省燃煤污染型氟中毒病情变化趋势、防治措施落实进度及降氟设施使用管理情况,为制定地氟病防治策略提供科学依据。方法每年1次监测病区8～12岁儿童氟斑牙、儿童尿氟、玉米、辣椒氟含量及病区改灶降氟措施完成和使用情况调查。结果5年间儿童氟斑牙平均患病率为68.05%,其中以2002年最高(75.85%),2003年最低(61.16%),儿童尿氟均值为1.51mg/L(0.14～21.46mg/L)。玉米含氟量均值为9.34mg/kg(0～246.3mg/kg),辣椒氟含量均值为222.57mg/kg(0.71～5944.3mg/kg)。两点改灶完成率22.18%,炉灶完好率为66.8%。结论四川省燃煤污染型氟中毒病情仍然严重,提高降氟炉灶使用率,改变病区居民辣椒干燥方式,加大健康教育力度等是防治燃煤污染型氟中毒的重要手段。     

2002年四川省燃煤型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解地氟病病情及改炉改灶防治效果，为制定地氟病防治策略提供科学依据。方法 按照“四川省燃煤型氟中毒监测方案(1999—2003)”进行儿童氟斑牙患病率调查，尿氟浓度、玉米和海椒氟含量测定。结果 8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为63．06％，Dean指数为1．39，尿氟几何均值为1．08mg／L(0．11～40．13mg／L)。玉米氟含量均值为4．13mg／kg(0．03～33．20mg／kg)，海椒氟含量均值为131．41mg／kg(0．71～1074．80mg／kg)。结论 氟中毒病情呈下降趋势，但部分地区病情依然严重。提高降氟灶使用率，改变病区居民饮食结构及海椒干燥方式，加大健康教育力度等综合治理方法是防治燃煤型地方性氟中毒的重要手段。     

1991-2007年古蔺县地氟病监测结果分析

目的了解古蔺县地氟病变化趋势和防治措施落实情况。方法1991-2007年每年监测1次病区粮食、辣椒氟含量、儿童氟斑牙、儿童尿氟及病区改灶降氟措施完成和使用情况。结果儿童氟斑牙检出率呈逐年下降,17年下降了22个百分点,氟斑牙指数下降了41.45%;尿氟呈下降趋势,均值波动在1.39~3.90 mg/L之间,其中以1999-2003年间最高;氟骨症2006年检出22.10%,X线检出率为44.23%;玉米、辣椒氟含量严重超出国家标准,单份样品达2 058.25 mg/Kg;实施改灶后,空气氟明显下降,日均浓度多数达到国家标准;古蔺病区改灶完成率为41.64%。结论古蔺地氟病病情明显下降,但危害仍严重,急需加强改灶降氟措施和健康教育工作。     

汉中市燃煤污染型氟中毒病区改炉改灶12年效果评价

目的了解汉中市燃煤污染型氟中毒病区改炉改灶12年后儿童氟斑牙病情现状、居民防氟炉灶使用和相关行为形成情况及评价其防治效果。方法 2018年在汉中市辖区镇巴县的42个燃煤型氟中毒病区随机抽取8个行政村进行调查。在抽中的每个病区村各随机抽取10户家庭,调查炉灶使用及相关行为转变情况;在8个调查村中随机选择3个村对所有8～12岁学生进行氟斑牙患病调查,并在每个村随机抽取50名学生进行尿氟含量测定。结果 80户家庭均采取了不同形式的防氟措施,防氟炉具使用呈现多元化,改良炉灶使用率大幅下降,清洁能源得到了快速普及,使用率达到98%以上,正在使用的改良炉、改良灶的合格率和正确使用率均为100%,玉米辣椒的正确干燥率和保管率均在95%以上,玉米、辣椒食用前的淘洗率均在95%以上;儿童氟斑牙检查210人,检出率1.43%,氟斑牙指数0.04,显示氟斑牙未达到流行状态;共采集儿童尿样150份,尿氟在0.05～0.68 mg/L之间,几何均值为0.18 mg/L。结论汉中市燃煤型氟中毒病区改炉改灶12年防治成效显著,病区已达消除水平。持续加强健康教育、全面推广清洁能源的使用和开展病情监测是巩固防治成效的有效措施。     

贵州省燃煤污染型地氟病2007年度监测报告

目的:掌握贵州省2007年度燃煤型病区地氟病病情现状、消长和发展趋势以及降氟措施落实进度及降氟设施使用管理情况,为制定燃煤污染型防治策略提供科学依据。方法:按照全国地氟病监测方案规定的方法和要求进行监测,选择了毕节市海子街镇坪山村、普定县补郎乡等堆村、普安县青山镇范家寨村作为监测点,调查监测县降氟改炉改灶措施落实进度、降氟炉灶使用情况;采集居民户室内空气,测定空气中含氟量;采集居民点主要食物,酸浸电极法测定含氟量;采集8~12周岁儿童尿样,离子选择电极法测定含氟量;以Dean氏法诊断8~12周岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况;抽查成人拍X片检查氟骨症。结果:在实施中央财政专项资金防治地氟病项目的毕节、普定县,完成改良炉灶91169户;3个监测点的室内空气含氟量均超过国家标准;玉米、辣椒含氟量普遍超过国家标准,玉米最高含氟量均值超过国家标准14倍,辣椒最高含氟量均质超过国家标准427倍;儿童尿氟值毕节坪山村、普定县等堆村超过标准1 mg/L;儿童氟斑牙检出率较高,其中普安县范家寨儿童氟斑牙检出率>90%;成人氟骨症检查率>50%,以I度居多。结论:2007年在实施防治地氟病项目的监测县防治措施落实进度有较大增长,但是病区室内空气和玉米、辣椒氟污染依然严重,仍需加强项目的落实和健康教育,才能使氟中毒病情得到有效控制。     

1991～2000年洛阳市燃煤污染型氟病区监测报告

目的 了解洛阳市燃煤污染型氟病区改灶降氟防治措施的效果。方法 于1991～2000年在洛阳市燃煤污染型氟病区——新安县江庄村动态观察了实施改灶降氟措施后室内空气、粮食(玉米和小麦)、蔬菜(辣椒、萝卜和白菜)中氟化物含量及8～12岁儿童尿氟浓度和氟斑牙患病情况，并与改灶前的1990年进行了比较。结果 采取改灶降氟措施后，虽各年度监测数据有波动，但总体上室内空气、粮食、蔬菜氟化物含量以及8～12岁儿童尿氟浓度和氟斑牙患病率呈下降趋势，达到非病区控制标准。结论 改灶降氟措施有效地防止了燃煤型氟病区空气、粮食和蔬菜的氟污染，控制了病情。     

2004-2005年四川省地氟病全国重点监测报告

目的 了解地氟病的变化趋势和防治措施落实情况.方法 每年1次监测病区粮食、辣椒氟含量、儿童氟斑牙、儿童尿氟及病区改灶降氟措施完成和使用情况.结果 古蔺病区改灶完成率为25.67%,完好率为97.22%,玉米、辣椒氟含量下降明显,但仍超出国家标准,单份样品达599.31 mg/kg,儿童氟斑牙检出率达74.72%,尿氟均值达1.68～2.05 mg/L,2005年较2004年病情有所下降.结论 古蔺地氟病仍危害严重,仍需继续加强改灶降氟措施和健康教育工作.     

2010年安康市燃煤污染型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的:掌握安康市燃煤污染型氟中毒病区病情变化、防氟炉灶使用和相关行为形成情况,评价防治效果,为燃煤型氟中毒防治工作提供理论依据。方法:2010年对安康市岚皋、平利县6个自然村进行监测。采用单纯随机抽样方法,在2个监测县实施改炉改灶的病区村中各随机抽5个病区村,在抽中的每个病区村和6个监测村各抽取10户家庭,调查炉灶使用及相关行为转变情况;调查监测村所有8~12岁学生氟斑牙患病情况,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean氏法。同时对8~12岁学生每年龄段采集10份尿样,检测尿氟,尿氟测定采用尿中氟的离子选择电极法(WS/T 30-1996),依据《人群尿氟正常值》WS/T256-2005进行评价。对监测村25周岁以上人群,按每个年龄段随机抽取20人进行氟骨症X线检查。诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS192-2007)。结果:病区普遍使用铁炉和改良灶,铁炉、改良灶的合格率及正确使用率均较低;玉米、辣椒正确干燥率和保管率均不高;玉米、辣椒加工前淘洗率均在95.00%以上;6个检测村8~12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为59.00%(118/200);共采集儿童尿样200份,尿氟在0.55~2.02 mg/L,几何均数1.09 mg/L;X线共拍片576人,氟骨症检出率为16.23%(93/576)。结论:安康市燃煤污染型氟中毒呈流行态势,防氟炉灶损坏较为严重,健康行为形成率较低,加强病情监测、防氟炉具后期管理和健康教育干预工作是防治燃煤污染型氟中毒的关键。     

2009年广西燃煤污染型氟中毒病区防治现况调查结果分析

目的了解广西燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区防治现况,为合理防治地氟病提供科学依据。方法选取燃煤型地方性氟中毒病区县,即罗城县和合山市,抽取全部未实行改炉改灶的病区村。采用Dean’s法对所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙患病情况检查,入户调查并每个村随机采集5户居民的玉米、辣椒及饮用水测定氟含量。结果共检查8～12岁学生5 367名,入户调查24 778户,检测玉米123份,辣椒18份,水样137份。病区儿童氟斑牙检出率为41.85%,氟斑牙指数0.63;玉米含氟均值为51.97±186.54mg/kg,超标率为71.54%;辣椒含氟均值为403.71±1 166.72mg/kg,超标率100%。结论当地居民摄氟途径已发生改变,但目前病情仍不乐观,应采取以降氟改炉改灶为主的综合防治措施。     

2009~2013年陕西省燃煤污染型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的:了解陕西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区防氟改炉改灶、病情变化和防治措施落实情况,为上级部门及时调整防治策略提供科学依据。方法:在燃煤污染型氟中毒病区随机抽取平利、岚皋和镇巴县,每县随机抽取3个病区村作为固定监测点,每个监测点抽取10户家庭,调查炉灶使用及相关行为转变情况;依据dean's法检查每个监测村所有8~12周岁学生的氟斑牙患病情况,同时按每年龄组采集10份尿样测定氟含量;每5年开展一次氟骨症X线检查。结果:固定监测村共监测450户,铁炉合格率占92.04%,改良灶合格率占95.02%。改良铁炉正确使用占85.67%,改良灶正确使用占81.00%。共监测8~12岁儿童1734人次,氟斑牙总检出率为42.10%。检测儿童尿氟1734人次,尿氟几何均值为0.62 mg/L。检查成人氟骨症871人次,检出率17.22%。结论:改炉改灶是燃煤型氟中毒病区预防氟中毒流行的有效措施,能有效降低病区病情流行状况。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.