双酚A对人胚肝细胞DNA损伤和修复功能的影响

[目的]研究双酚A(BisphenolA,BPA)对人肝L-02细胞DNA损伤修复功能的影响。[方法]分别以1、10、50、100μmol/LBPA和100μmol/LBPA+30μg/LVitC处理L-02细胞,比较处理和未处理的人胚肝L-02细胞在DNA损伤程度、切除修复鼠缺陷交叉互补蛋白1(ERCC1)、尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶(UDG)、错配修复hMSH2基因(hMSH2)、DNA依赖蛋白激酶复合物(DNA-PKcs)及O6-甲基鸟嘌呤甲基转移酶(MGMT)表达水平的差异。每组细胞数均为1×106个/ml。[结果]BPA处理后,彗星试验显示BPA在低剂量(10μmol/L)时即具有DNA损伤作用(P<0.05),随着剂量增大,DNA损伤效应增加。100μmol/LBPA+30μg/LVitC组DNA损伤效应降低,显示抗氧化剂VitC可减缓BPA所致的DNA损伤效应,氧化损伤是BPA所致DNA损伤的方式之一。5种DNA损伤修复酶表达水平在1μmol/L、10μmol/L、50μmol/L剂量组依次降低,在100μmol/L、100μmol/L+VitC组依次增加,50μmol/L组各种DNA损伤修复酶表达水平最低。BPA50μmol/L组与溶剂对照比较,5种DNA损伤修复酶均有明显降低,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。100μmol/L组的表达水平均高于50μmol/L组,100μmol/L+VitC组均高于100μmol/L组。除DNA-PKcs与hMSH2外,其他DNA损伤修复酶在100μmol/L+VitC组与溶剂对照组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]BPA对L-02细胞具有氧化损伤作用,并可导致DNA损伤,多种DNA损伤修复酶参与修复双酚A所导致的DNA损伤。VitC可减缓双酚A的DNA损伤作用。     

双酚A及纳米二氧化钛对人胚肝L-02细胞内活性氧含量及DNA损伤的联合作用

[目的]观察双酚A（BPA）、纳米二氧化钛（nano-TiO2）单独及联合作用对人胚肝L-02细胞内活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）含量及DNA损伤的影响。[方法]生长良好的L-02细胞，分别单独加入0．1、1、10μmol／L的BPA，1、5、10mg／L的nano-TiO2，以及上述各浓度的BPA和nano-TiO2混合染毒24h；采用流式细胞仪检测各组L-02细胞内ROS含量，采用彗星试验观察各组DNA断裂损伤程度。[结果]10μmol／L BPA单独染毒组，1mg／L nano-TiO2与1、10μmol／L BPA，以及5、10mg／L的nano-TiO2分别与0．1、1、10μmol／L BPA联合作用于L-02细胞后，均可引起ROS含量升高，DNA断裂损伤加重，与阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；而nano-TiO2单独染毒组对于L-02细胞ROS的升高、DNA损伤作用与阴性对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。析因分析结果显示两种受试物混合染毒存在协同作用。[结论]BPA和nano-TiO2联合作用可增加各自对L-02细胞内ROS水平和DNA损伤断裂水平的影响，对细胞的损伤作用增大。     

镉与汞联合作用对人胚肝细胞凋亡和DNA损伤的影响

目的 研究镉与汞单独及联合染毒对人胚肝细胞(L02细胞)凋亡及DNA损伤的作用.方法 以0.01～100μmol/L的氯化镉、氯化汞以及等浓度的氯化镉、氯化汞混合液对L02细胞染毒24 h,采用MTT法测定细胞的存活率,根据Finney法判断镉与汞对L02细胞的联合作用类型;采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)和流式细胞术(FCM)检测L02细胞的DNA损伤和细胞凋亡情况.结果 0.01 μmol/L的氯化镉、氯化汞单独及联合染毒可以刺激细胞的生长,但≥1μmol/L的氯化镉、氯化汞单独及联合染毒可显著抑制细胞的生长;且联合作用表现为相加作用.镉、汞单独及联合作用可致L02细胞的DNA损伤率和细胞凋亡率均显著高于对照组;且随着染毒浓度的升高,L02细胞的DNA损伤率和细胞凋亡率均呈上升趋势.结论 镉汞联合染毒引起的DNA损伤和细胞凋亡可能存在一定的协同效应,这可能是由于镉、汞诱导细胞发生氧化应激所致.     

铅对原代培养海马神经细胞DNA损伤作用

目的 通过检测细胞生长抑制和凋亡相关的DNA损伤蛋白在大鼠原代培养海马细胞中的表达与原代培养海马细胞DNA损伤的相关性,探讨铅的神经毒理作用机制.方法 原代培养的海马神经细胞,于培养7 d全量更换培养液后加入不同浓度醋酸铅0.2、1.0、10 μmol/L,置于37℃、5%CO2培养箱继续培养24 h;蛋白免疫印迹(western blot)方法检测生长抑制DNA损伤诱导因子(GADD 153)表达;彗星实验检测大鼠海马原代培养神经细胞DNA损伤程度.结果 与对照组比较,随着染铅浓度增高,原代培养的海马神经细胞中的DNA的尾距(OTM)和彗尾值增大,0.2、1.0μmol/L染铅组GADD 153蛋白表达较弱,染铅浓度为10 μmol/L时,表达明显增加.结论 细胞DNA损伤与GADD 153蛋白表达呈一定相关性.     

亚砷酸钠对L-02肝细胞的氧化损伤作用

[目的]探讨亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)对体外培养的人肝细胞株(L-02)的氧化损伤作用. [方法]用不同浓度NaAsO2(50,100,150 μmol/L)染毒L-02肝细胞24 h,MTT法检测NaAsO2对L-02肝细胞生长的影响;流式细胞仪检测L-02肝细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;钼酸铵法测定过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性;单细胞凝胶电泳(single-cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法检测DNA损伤. [结果]NaAsO2作用L-02肝细胞24h后,50、100、150 μmol/L浓度NaAsO2组的L-02肝细胞存活率和CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.01).且呈剂量-反应关系;100、150μmol/L浓度NaAsO2组ROS生成量显著增多(P<0.01);50 μmol/L的NaAsO2即可引起出现彗星现象的细胞数明显高于对照组,拖尾细胞阳性率明显升高(P<0.01),且呈剂量-反应关系. [结论]NaAsO2对L-02肝细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用,可引起L-02肝细胞内ROS增多和CAT活性降低,引起细胞DNA损伤.     

莲房原花青素对乙醇诱导肝细胞损伤的拮抗作用

目的:研究莲房原花青素(LSPC)对乙醇诱导的人胚肝细胞株L-02损伤的拮抗作用。方法:观察5、10、25mg/L的LSPC与200mmol/L乙醇共同作用于肝细胞L-0224h后,对细胞的生存率,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、凋亡率以及DNA损伤等指标的影响。结果:与乙醇组相比,5mg/L和10mg/LLSPC使细胞的生存率由73.14%上升到84.79%和90.52%,提高了细胞SOD、CAT、GSH的含量(P<0.01),降低MDA的生成;有效降低细胞的凋亡率,降低细胞p53和生长抑制DNA损伤基因(GADD)34、45β、153的表达,但高剂量组(25mg/L)对乙醇的拮抗作用不明显。结论:适量浓度的莲房原花青素对乙醇诱导的肝细胞L-02的损伤有拮抗作用。     

氢醌对L-02肝细胞DNA损伤及细胞周期的影响

目的 探讨氢醌(HQ)对体外培养L-02肝细胞DNA损伤及细胞周期的影响.方法 将L-02肝细胞用不同浓度(0、5、10、20、40、80、160和320 μmol/L)的HQ作用24 h,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定L-02肝细胞的相对存活率,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测细胞DNA的损伤状况,并采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布状况.结果 在0～80 μmol/L的范围内,HQ对L-02肝细胞的存活率没有明显的影响(P＞0.05);当染毒剂量超过160μmol/L时,其存活率则明显地下降(P＜0.01).随着HQ作用浓度的升高,L-02肝细胞DNA链的断裂程度也随着逐渐增加.0～80μmol/L范围内的HQ作用24h后,L-02肝细胞的细胞周期也发生了明显的改变,表现为S期细胞比例明显增加,G1期细胞的比例下降.结论 HQ对L-02肝细胞DNA具有损伤作用,并且在体外能够引起明显的S期细胞阻滞.     

滴滴涕与纳米二氧化钛对人胚肝细胞DNA损伤作用的协同效应

[目的]观察滴滴涕（DDT）及纳米二氧化钛（nano-TiO2）单独及联合体外染毒对人胚肝细胞株（L-02）内活性氧（ROS）含量及DNA损伤的影响。[方法]生长良好的L-02细胞,分别加入0.001、0.01、0.1μmol/L的DDT,0.01、0.1、1μg/mL的nano-TiO2,以及上述各浓度的DDT和nano-TiO2联合剂量,染毒时间均为24 h;运用DCFH-DA作为荧光探针,采用流式细胞检测技术检测DDT与nano-TiO2联合作用下L-02细胞内ROS含量,运用碱性和中性两种彗星试验检测各组DNA断裂损伤程度。[结果]0.01μmol/L以上浓度组DDT单独作用24 h引起ROS升高（P〈0.05）和DNA损伤增加（P〈0.05）;各浓度nano-TiO2单独染毒均不能引起DNA损伤增加（P〉0.05）,但1μg/mL单独染毒可引起ROS升高（P〈0.05）。各剂量组单独染毒24 h后均无明显的DNA双链损伤（P〉0.05）,但可导致DNA单链断裂损伤。析因分析结合反应曲面模型显示两种受试物联合染毒可协同增加ROS水平与DNA损伤作用（P〈0.05）。[结论]DDT和nano-TiO2联合作用可协同增加各自对DNA单链断裂水平的影响,诱导产生ROS导致DNA损伤是DDT和nano-TiO2引起机体损伤的主要机制之一。     

肝肿瘤发生中过氧亚硝酸阴离子标志物作用

目的比较过氧亚硝酸阴离子（ONOO^-）对正常人胚肝细胞株L-02和肝母细胞瘤细胞株HepG2 DNA损伤和细胞毒性差异，探索ONOO^-在肝肿瘤发生中的作用及可能标志物。方法0．01，0．05，0．1mmol／L ONOO^-作用细胞后，检测ONOO^-对2株肝细胞的细胞生存率，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）含量变化，DNA损伤，生长抑制DNA损伤基因（GADD）表达的影响差异。结果ONOO^-使2种肝细胞的生存率下降、SOD含量降低（P〈0．05）和CAT、GSH的显著变化，显著升高MDA的含量；DNA损伤程度和GADD45、GADD153基因表达水平在2株肝细胞均随着剂量的增加显著升高。2种肝细胞相比，各浓度组L-02细胞损伤程度大于HepG2细胞，但只有GADD基因表达水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论ONOO^-对正常肝细胞和肝癌细胞均显示细胞毒性作用，引起DNA损伤，诱导GADD表达。GADD基因表达水平在不同肝细胞中差异有统计学意义，可能是ONOO^-细胞损伤效应的标志物。     

氢醌对L-02肝细胞损伤的研究

[目的]探讨氢醌(HQ)对L-02肝细胞损伤及其可能的作用机制。[方法]应用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测浓度分别为0、5、10、20、40、80、160和320gmol/L的HQ作用24h后对L-02肝细胞存活率的影响;利用万能倒置显微镜观察不同浓度HQ染毒之后L-02肝细胞的形态学改变并摄影成像;利用全自动生化分析仪检测不同浓度HQ染毒24h后L-02肝细胞的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性,以观察HQ对L-02肝细胞膜完整性的影响。[结果]在0～80μmol/L浓度的范围内染毒24h后,HQ对L-02肝细胞的存活率没有明显的影响(P>0.05);浓度≥160μmol/L时,染毒24h后,存活率则明显下降(P<0.01),LDH漏出率、ALT和AST活性均有随着HQ浓度的增加而升高的趋势;160和320μmol/L组LDH漏出率与对照组比较有明显升高(P<0.01)。但ALT和AST活性只在320μmol/L组与对照组比较才有明显增加(P<0.01)。此外,160和320μmol/L组L-02肝细胞的形态与对照组相比发生了明显的改变。[结论]HQ可能是通过损伤细胞膜而对L-02肝细胞产生毒性影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.