2015～2016年呼吸内科铜绿假单胞菌感染/定植情况调查及耐药性分析

目的：了解2015～2016年呼吸内科患者铜绿假单胞菌感染／定植状况及铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性,为铜绿假单胞菌医院感染预防与控制及临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集2015～2016年呼吸内科患者临床微生物检验报告,凡是临床微生物检验报告检出铜绿假单胞菌患者,均查阅临床资料。统计分析30株铜绿假单胞菌的感染／定植情况及耐药性。结果30株铜绿假单胞菌中16株为定植菌株,定植率为53.33％;14株为感染菌株,感染率为46.67％。30株铜绿假单胞菌多数为多重耐药菌,体外药敏试验结果显示对头孢类、氨基糖苷类、青霉素类、碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物均产生不同程度耐药,耐药率分别为63.33％、53.33％、53.33、43.33％、13.33％。结论铜绿假单胞菌是引起医院感染的重要条件致病菌,常常引起呼吸系统疾病,并且具较强的耐药性。因此,临床应加强对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌医院感染预防和控制。     

2010年至2014年我医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的：分析我院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药性及5年来的变化趋势,为临床的合理用药提供科学依据。方法收集2010年1月至2014年12月我院临床送检的感染患者标本,分离铜绿假单胞菌,采用黑马迪尔的96NE板对铜绿假单胞菌菌株进行药敏试验,分析其耐药性及变化趋势。结果从临床标本中共分离出486株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,主要来源于痰液(占72.2％),科室主要分布于重症监护病房(ICU)、呼吸内科和神经外科等。2010年至2014年铜绿假单胞菌对12种常用抗生素的耐药性呈现出不同程度的上升趋势,其中多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌为70株(占14.4％)。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星的耐药率最低,分别为9.5％和10.9％,对替卡西林/克拉维酸的耐药率最高,为32.7％。结论医院内感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率很高,临床医师在治疗时,应结合药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性的对比分析

目的对比分析不同时期患者感染铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况。方法常规方法进行细菌培养鉴定,K—B法检测铜绿假单胞菌对12种抗菌药物的敏感结果。结果2004--2006年、2007--2009年以及2010--2012年3组107例铜绿假单胞菌其耐药率分别为7．6％～98．2％、8．5％～99．5％以及9．6％～100．0％,耐药率低的抗菌药物是头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南;铜绿假单胞菌对每种药物的耐药率在不同时期结果不同。结论铜绿假单胞菌为非发酵菌属中最常见的感染细菌,也是医院感染的主要病原菌,对多种抗菌药物存在高耐药性,而且耐药率逐年在增长,指导临床合理用药,药敏检测工作具有非常重要的意义。     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离及耐药性变迁

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌在临床的感染、分离情况及近年来铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性变迁。方法以API20NE鉴定系统及VITEK32细菌鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定,以纸片扩散法进行分离菌株的药敏试验。结果铜绿假单胞菌以呼吸系统标本分离率最高,在临床标本中分离率呈逐年上升趋势,其耐药性普遍呈现多重耐药,对临床常用抗生素的耐药率逐年上升。结论应重视临床铜绿假单胞菌的感染与分离,谨防多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的院内感染及暴发流行。     

医院获得性患者铜绿假单胞菌感染分布及药敏试验情况

目的：研究医院获得性患者铜绿假单胞菌分布特点以及药敏试验情况,为临床治疗提供参考。方法对484例医院获得性痰标本进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,研究铜绿假单胞菌的感染情况及药敏特点。结果484例医院获得性肺炎革兰阴性杆菌检出389株,占80.37％,以铜绿假单胞菌为主,检出207株,占42.77％,革兰阳性球菌95株,占19.63％,革兰阴性杆菌与革兰阳性球菌构成比差异有统计学意义（χ2＝354.38,P ＝0.000,P ＜0.05）。铜绿假单胞菌感染呈现增长态势;年龄分布51岁以上老人居多,占42.51％;药敏试验头孢呋辛、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星及替卡西林／克拉维酸耐药率较高,分别达96.6％、65.3％和49.3％、49.3％,亚胺培南未发现耐药菌株。结论铜绿假单胞菌为引起医院获得性感染的重要菌群,多重耐药常见,临床治疗过程中应根据药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物。     

铜绿假单胞菌感染的临床分布及耐药性变迁

目的了解2006～2008年分离的铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物耐药性的动态变迁以及感染病例科室分布,为临床治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染提供参考。方法用全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统对分离的铜绿假单胞菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果3年来共分离出2038株铜绿假单胞菌,主要发生在呼吸内科（28．4％）、老年病区（26．3％）、重症监护病房（19．2％）,对20种抗菌药物耐药率逐年上升,只有哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、哌拉西林、亚胺培南、美罗培南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星等的耐药率小于30．0％。结论铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物具有较高的耐药性,其耐药问题日趋严重,临床上可选用敏感性较高的抗生素治疗。     

铜绿假单胞菌1069株对12种抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的：分析医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药特点,指导临床合理用药。方法：将2006-03／2008—09自平煤医疗集团总医院分离的1069株铜绿假单胞菌的药敏试验结果,应用WHONET5．4软件进行分析。结果：1069株铜绿假单胞菌分离株中,12种抗菌药物的耐药率均〉30％,其中对亚胺培南耐药率达到35．8％。结论：铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,应加强对铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性监测,临床要依据药敏试验结果合理用药。     

耐环丙沙星铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离及耐药性分析

目的了解宿迁地区耐环丙沙星铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离及药物敏感情况。方法用德国西门子公司AutoScan4微生物鉴定和药敏系统对90株铜绿假单胞菌进行鉴定和药敏检测,其中耐环丙沙星铜绿假单胞菌（耐药菌株）40株,环丙沙星敏感铜绿假单胞菌（敏感菌株）50株。对,临床常用抗菌药物的药敏情况进行分析。结果在临床常用的抗菌药物中,耐药株对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦的敏感率最高为70．0％,另外敏感率大于50．0％的还有阿米卡星（60．0％）和哌拉西林（55．0％）;耐药株较敏感株对9种抗菌药物的敏感性明显降低,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论耐环丙沙星铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗菌药物的敏感性降低,并呈多重耐药,对其引起的感染,哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和阿米卡星、哌拉西林,可作为对经验性治疗的首选药物。     

2010～2012年南京地区儿童感染铜绿假单胞菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解2010～2012年南京地区儿童感染铜绿假单胞菌的分布特征以及耐药情况。方法回顾性分析3年来南京市儿童医院各类临床标本中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌的分离率、分布特点、药敏结果。结果3年共检出铜绿假单胞菌1004株，分离率为2．9％；标本来源主要是痰液及咽拭子；主要分布在呼吸科、外科、重症监护室等；铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林完全耐药，对头孢唑啉、头孢西丁等耐药严重，对氨曲南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南等耐药性较低。结论铜绿假单胞菌是医院感染的主要细菌之一，其耐药情况严重；应加强监测铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的危险因素与合理用药的研究

目的：探讨多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌（MDRP）医院感染的危险因素与耐药性分析,为临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法对临床标本分离的586株铜绿假单胞菌采用黑马迪尔的96NE板进行药敏试验,分析其耐药性,并对其感染的危险因素采用单因素分析（χ2检验与t检验）和多因素分析logistic回归方法进行分析。结果586株铜绿假单胞菌中多重耐药菌有84株（占14.3%）。单危险因素及多危险因素分析得出既往入住ICU治疗、机械介入、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的独立危险因素。12种常用抗菌药物中,多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,为27.4%,对庆大霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率最高,分别为90.5%、92.9%。多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶的耐药率由2008年的61.5%下降到2012年的39.1%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南和替卡西林/克拉维酸的耐药率由2008年的38.5%、38.5%、46.2%上升到2012年的52.2%、52.2%、78.3%。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性已十分严重,临床应重视监测药敏结果,根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物,同时还应重视多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的各种危险因素,以减少和控制细菌耐药的发生。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.