Alberta婴儿运动量表在脑损伤高危儿康复随访中的应用

目的 探讨在脑损伤高危儿康复随访评估中Alberta婴儿运动量表(AIMS)结果与Peabody运动发育量表-2(PDMS-2)结果的相关性。 方法 选取脑损伤高危儿43例（0~6月龄）,平均月龄为（3.20±1.44）个月,分别采用AIMS量表及PDMS-2量表对患儿进行随访评估。6月龄内患儿每月随访评估1次,大于6月龄患儿每3个月随访评估1次。对患儿首次就诊、6月龄、12月龄评估时的AIMS总分与PDMS-2粗大运动各项指标［包括反射（RE）、姿势（ST）、移动（LO）］原始分进行Spearman相关性分析;对AIMS百分位与PDMS-2粗大运动商（GMQ）进行定性分析（参照Kappa值）。 结果 本研究43例入选患儿首次评估时AIMS总分均值为(8.42±4.96)分,AIMS总分与PDMS-2反射（RE）、姿势（ST）、移动（LO）各项原始分均呈高度正相关（相关系数分别为0.905,0.823,0.913）;42例患儿在6月龄随访时其AIMS总分均值为(18.50±6.72)分,AIMS总分与PDMS-2反射（RE）、姿势（ST）、移动（LO）各项原始分均呈高度正相关（相关系数分别为0.819,0.809,0.887）;32例患儿在12月龄随访时其AIMS总分均值为(37.16±13.80)分,AIMS总分与PDMS-2反射（RE）、姿势（ST）、移动（LO）各项原始分均呈高度正相关（相关系数分别为0.922,0.913,0.952）;在首次评估、6月龄及12月龄随访评估时AIMS百分位与PDMS-2 GMQ均呈中度相关（kappa值分别为0.567,0.618,0.625）。 结论 AIMS与PDMS-2在0~6月龄脑损伤高危儿康复随访评估中具有较高一致性。     

Alberta婴儿运动量表与Peabody运动发育量表-2在脑损伤高危儿中的一致性研究

目的探讨Alberta婴儿运动量表(AIMS)与Peabody运动发育量表-2(PDMS-2)在1-9个月脑损伤高危儿的平行效度。方法 1-9个月脑损伤高危儿60例,均接受AIMS和PDMS-2评估。AIMS总分与PDMS-2粗大运动原始总分(GMS)进行Spearman相关性分析,AIMS百分位与粗大运动商(GMQ)根据Kappa值进行定性分析。并对两个量表检查时间进行比较。结果 AIMS总分与PDMS-2 GMS的相关系数为0.91(P<0.001),AIMS百分位与PDMS-2 GMQ的相关系数为0.6。AIMS评估时间平均(10.47±3.63)min,PDMS-2评估时间平均(26.5±7.77)min(t=28.895,P<0.001)。结论 AIMS与PDMS-2在1-9个月脑损伤高危儿的运动发育评估中具有较高的一致性。     

Alberta婴儿运动量表与Peabody粗大运动发育量表在高危儿中的预测能力研究

目的:探究Alberta婴儿运动量表(Alberta Infant Motor Scale, AIMS)及Peabody粗大运动发育量表(Peabody Developmental Gross Motor Scale-2, PDGMS-2)在小月龄高危婴儿发育监测中的灵敏度和特异度。方法:58例符合纳入标准的高危儿加入本研究,平均月龄(4.46±0.97)个月(月龄范围2—6个月)。3名有AIMS和PDGMS-2评估经验的治疗师加入本研究。同一评估者对同一婴儿分别进行AIMS和PDGMS-2评估,并记录评估结果。47例高危儿在2岁时接受随访检查。将2岁时的诊断结果与6个月内的量表评估结果进行对应分析,计算灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测率和阴性预测率。结果:在对小于6月龄的高危儿进行评估时,AIMS的灵敏度是0.857、特异度是0.731、阳性预测率是0.720、阴性预测率是0.864。PDGMS-2的灵敏度是0.524、特异度是1.000、阳性预测率是1.000、阴性预测率是0.722。结论:针对高危婴儿运动发育的评测,AIMS具有较高的敏感度,适用于高危儿的早期监测;但是其特异度不高,提示对AIMS异常的婴儿应进行动态监测,谨慎判定。     

PDMS-2运动发育量表与Gesell儿童发育量表一致性研究

目的:研究Peabody运动发育量表第2版(Peabody developmental motor scales 2,PDMS-2)与Gesell儿童发育量表在脑瘫高危儿运动发育评测中的一致性。方法:47例具有高危病史(病理性黄疸、早产、低出生体重、窒息等)及异常临床表现的患儿作为研究对象(≤6个月23例,>6个月24例),平均月龄(7.29±3.17)个月(3个月-13个月),由同一名评估者在同一时间,或在一周之内,进行PMDS-2与Gesell的评估。利用SPSS13.0统计软件将PDMS-2与Gesell的粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商进行分别比较,观察两者的相关性。结果:47例患儿PDMS-2与Gesell粗大运动发育商的相关系数为0.76(P<0.001),精细运动发育商的相关系数为0.61(P<0.001)。在≤6个月的月龄组中,两者粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商的相关系数分别为0.53(P=0.01)和0.62(P=0.001);在>6个月的月龄组中,两者的相关系数分别为0.88(P<0.001),0.74(P<0.001)。结论:在3个月—13个月的高危儿中,PDMS-2与Gesell的粗大运动发育商和精细运动发育商有显著的相关性,尤其在月龄稍大的患儿中相关性更为突出。     

Alberta婴儿运动量表在高危儿中的信度研究

目的:了解Alberta婴儿运动量表(AIMS)在高危儿中应用时的组间信度及组内信度。方法:在我院就诊的44例高危婴幼儿参与本研究,平均月龄(8.95±4.16)个月(最大月龄16个月,最小月龄3个月),其中男婴29例,女婴15例。将婴幼儿分为四个年龄亚组,即:<4个月龄的11例,5—8个月龄的9例,9—12个月龄的13例,13—16个月龄的11例。共有3名评估者加入本研究。在组间信度的研究中,1名评估者应用AIMS对婴幼儿进行现场运动评估并摄像,其余2名评估者通过观看录像对婴幼儿进行独立评分,通过3个评估者对同一婴幼儿的AIMS评分计算组间信度。在组内信度的研究中,与第一次评估至少间隔1个月以上,其中2名评估者分别通过观看录像对婴幼儿进行第二次评估,通过计算评估者对同一婴幼儿两次评估的AIMS评分计算组内信度。通过计算相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)检测信度。结果:在组间信度研究中,总体ICC=0.994,各年龄亚组ICC=0.970—0.993,任意两个评估者之间的总体ICC=0.986—0.995;在组内信度的研究中,总体ICC=0.993—0.999。结论:AIMS在评估高危婴幼儿运动发育水平时具有较高的信度。     

Hammersmith婴儿神经学检查在高危儿粗大运动发育随访中的应用研究

目的 探讨Hammersmith婴儿神经学检查（HINE）对高危儿粗大运动发育结局的预测效度。 方法 选取在矫正3、6、9、12月龄均完成HINE和Gesell发育诊断量表（GDS）评估的高危儿207例,根据矫正12月龄时其粗大运动发育结局将其分为发育正常组和发育迟缓组,以2组患儿各随访月龄HINE总分差异确定区分效度;计算各随访月龄HINE总分与GDS粗大运动发育商的Spearman系数（rs）,并分析二者的同时效度;通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)确定各随访月龄HINE预测矫正12月龄时粗大运动发育迟缓的总分临界值,计算曲线下面积（AUC）、敏感度、特异度以评价其预测效度。 结果 各随访月龄粗大运动发育迟缓组HINE总分均低于发育正常组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。HINE总分与GDS粗大运动发育商的同时效度在矫正6月龄时最高,9、12月龄时次之,3月龄时相对最低（rs值分别为0.751、0.681、0.680、0.549,P＜0.001）。HINE预测矫正12月龄时粗大运动发育迟缓的总分临界值分别为60、67、71、71分;AUC分别为0.884、0.924、0.897、0.905;敏感度分别为0.932、0.886、0.773、0.659;特异度分别为0.712、0.841、0.822、0.920（P＜0.001）。 结论 HINE对高危儿出生后第1年粗大运动发育迟缓具有良好的预测价值;其总分临界值可作为高危儿神经运动发育结局的辅助诊断参考。     

Alberta婴儿运动量表在正常婴儿中的信度研究

目的：了解Alberta婴儿运动量表（Alberta infant motor scale, AIMS）在中国北京城区正常足月婴儿中应用时的组间信度及组内信度。方法：在中国北京城区居住的45名正常足月婴儿加入本研究,平均月龄（6.89±2.97）个月（最小月龄4个月,最大月龄12.5个月）;其中男婴26例,女婴19例;小于6个月龄的婴儿23例,大于6个月龄的婴儿22例。3名评估者（评估者A、B、C）加入本研究。在组间信度的研究中,评估者A应用AIMS对婴儿进行现场运动评估并摄像,评估者B、C分别通过录像进行独立地AIMS评分,通过三者对同一婴儿的AIMS评分计算组间信度。在距第一次评估至少1个月以上,评估者B、C分别根据录像再次对每个婴儿进行AIMS评估,通过同一评估者对同一婴儿两次评估的AIMS评分计算组内信度。通过计算组内相关系数（intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC）检测信度。结果：在组间信度的研究中,总体ICC=0.995,小于6个月龄组ICC=0.903,大于6个月龄组ICC=0.974;在组内信度的研究中,总体ICCs=0.997—0.999,小于6个月龄组ICCs=0.892—0.972,大于6个月龄组ICCs=0.987—0.998。结论：AIMS在评估中国北京城区正常足月婴儿运动发育水平时具有较高的信度。     

脑瘫高危儿Peabody运动发育量表与Bayley婴幼儿发育量表运动发育指数相关性研究

目的:研究Peabody运动发育量表(PDMS-2)与Bayley婴幼儿发育量表(BSID)运动发育指数在脑瘫高危儿运动发育评测中的相关性。方法:随机抽取6个月龄的脑瘫高危儿(宫内窘迫或窒息)30例,对同一患儿分别进行PDMS-2与BSID中运动发育量表的评分,利用SPSS13.0统计软件对下列数据进行相关性分析:①PDMS-2中粗大运动发育商(GMQ),精细运动发育商(FMQ)和总体运动发育商(TMQ)分别与BSID中精神运动发育指数(PDI);②PDMS-2粗大运动中反射、姿势和移动标准分分别与PDI;③PDMS-2精细运动中抓握和视觉运动整合标准分分别与PDI。结果:①PDMS-2中GMQ,FMQ和TMQ与BSID中PDI的相关系数分别为0.674,0.555,0.701(P0.01);②粗大运动中反射、姿势和移动标准分分别与PDI的相关系数分别为0.558,0.560,0.717(P0.01);③精细运动中抓握和视觉运动整合标准分分别与PDI的相关系数分别为0.466,0.634(P0.01);其中移动相关性最高,抓握相关性最低。结论:对6个月龄的脑瘫高危儿,Peabody运动发育量表与BSID中运动发育量表多数项目具有中度相关性,少数属于低度相关性;PDMS-2中粗大运动比精细运动与PDI运动的相关性更密切;提示需慎重选择量表用于脑瘫的诊断和治疗。     

Alberta婴儿运动量表在高危儿早期干预中的应用分析

目的:应用Alberta婴儿运动量表(AIMS)对高危儿各体位下的发育水平进行评估,评价其在指导训练高危儿运动技能的应用价值。方法:采用随机单盲对照试验,选取3.1—10.5个月在我院儿童神经康复科门诊就诊的高危儿57例,用AIMS进行评估,随机分为观察组(29例)及对照组(28例)。观察组根据首次评估结果制定康复训练方案予早期干预,对照组按生长发育里程碑顺序指导家长家庭训练。间隔3个月再次对两组患儿予AIMS评估。评估者不知道评估对象是否经过早期干预。结果:两组高危儿干预前比较,其性别、月龄、高危因素、各体位AIMS评分、AIMS总分、百分位数的差异均无显著性意义(P0.05)。两组高危儿干预后比较:观察组俯卧位的AIMS评分明显高于对照组(P0.01),观察组仰卧位的AIMS评分及AIMS总分高于对照组(P0.05)。干预后两组AIMS得分对应百分位数小于10%所占例数比较,观察组明显少于对照组(P0.01)。而两组在坐位和立位干预前后AIMS评分无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:经过干预治疗,观察组的运动发育水平在俯卧位、仰卧位及总体水平上较对照组有显著性意义上的进步。提示AIMS对高危儿具有评估-训练指导-再评估的作用。     

北京大学第一医院Alberta婴儿运动量表及高危儿早期干预培训班暨Peabody发育评估与干预方案培训班招生通知

内容:1Alberta婴儿运动量表由加拿大Alberta大学Martha Piper和Johanna Darrah创制,是一个通过观察来评估0—18个月龄婴儿运动发育的工具,与以往经典的里程碑式的运动发育量表相比,它更注重对婴儿的运动质量的评估,因此可以较早地识别运动发育不成熟或运动模式异常的婴儿,适用于高危儿早期监测,并为干预方案的制定提供有价值的参考信息;2以多系统动态发育理论、发育生物力学、任务导向性训练和运动学习理论等为指导,讲授高危儿早期干预思路和技术要点;3通过     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.