膝骨关节炎患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力及其与功能的相关性

目的观察膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力变化及其与膝关节功能的关系。方法23 例双侧KOA患者及14 名正常人进行膝屈伸肌等速肌力检查、五次坐-起试验(FTSST)、静态平衡测试、步态分析。KOA组还完成疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及WOMAC骨关节炎指数评定。结果KOA组伸肌及屈肌峰力矩、峰力矩均值、平均功率、单次最佳做功及总功主患侧均小于对侧(P<0.05);峰力矩屈肌/伸肌(H/Q)百分比主患侧大于对侧(P<0.05)。组间比较,伸肌所有观察指标、屈肌平均功率KOA组均小于正常对照组(P<0.05);峰力矩H/Q 百分比KOA组大于正常对照组(P<0.05)。KOA组伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步行速度、步行距离、跌倒指数、VAS 评分、WOMAC-疼痛评分之间存在相关性(P<0.05),屈肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步态参数、跌倒指数、VAS评分、WOMAC评分之间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论KOA患者伸肌及屈肌等速肌力主患侧较对侧减弱,伸肌等速肌力较正常人减弱,膝伸屈肌肌力变化不同步。KOA患者伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与膝关节疼痛、功能之间存在相关性。     

等速测试在腰椎间盘突出症患者康复评定中的应用

目的 通过对腰椎间盘突出症（PLID）患者的下肢膝屈伸肌力的等速测试，定量评定患者的下肢膝屈伸肌力的变化，为制定PLID患者的康复计划提供依据。方法 20例PLID患者，肌电图提示均有根性神经损害。采用Cybex330型等速运动测试装置，测试60&;#176;/s，180&;#176;/s,300&;#176;/s3种速度膝屈伸肌向心性等速运动峰力矩（PT）、平均功率（AP）、总做功量（TW）和力矩加速能（TAE），选用t检验比较双侧膝屈伸的PT、AP、TW和TAE比较有无差异。结果 患侧3种速度膝屈伸的峰力矩、平均功率、总做功量和力矩加速能均低于健侧，差异均显著（P＜0．05－0．01）。结论 PLID患者患侧膝屈伸肌力均明显下降，当患者症状缓解，进行康复治疗训练腰痛肌、腹肌的同时，还应加强患侧下肢膝屈伸肌力的训练。     

单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术前膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试研究

目的：通过对将行单侧全膝关节置换术（TKR）的骨性关节炎（OA）患者患侧、健侧膝关节肌力及同年龄组健康者膝关节肌力的测试研究,找出三者的关系,为围手术期膝关节功能康复提出指导意见。方法：以18例准备进行单侧TKR的患者为观察组进行健侧、患侧膝关节等速向心肌力测试,以峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩/体重（PT/BW）、单次最大做功和屈/伸肌肌力比值（H/Q）为观察指标,并以15例健康者为对照组进行相同测试。结果：在低速（60°/S）和高速（180°/S）测试中,观察组患侧膝关节伸肌峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩体重比（PT/BW）、单次最大做功均较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）,患侧膝关节屈肌各观察指标中除单次最大做功在高速测试中较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）外,其余指标均与健侧比较没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）;健侧膝关节除H/Q比值在低速测试时没有显著性差异外（P〉0.05）,其余各观察指标均较对照组膝关节有显著下降（P〈0.01）。结论：患者健、患侧膝关节肌肉功能均比健康人差,患侧膝关节肌肉功能的下降以伸肌最为显著,提示TKR患者围手术期功能训练患侧应以伸肌训练为主,同时兼顾健侧肢体屈伸肌训练。     

等速测试在腰椎间盘突出症患者康复评定中的应用

目的通过对腰椎间盘突出症(PLID)患者的下肢膝屈伸肌力的等速测试,定量评定患者的下肢膝屈伸肌力的变化,为制定PLID患者的康复训练计划提供依据。方法20例PLID患者,肌电图提示均有根性神经损害。采用Cybex330型等速运动测试装置,测试60°/s、180°/s、300°/s3种速度膝屈伸肌向心性等速运动峰力矩(PT)、平均功率(AP)、总做功量(TW)和力矩加速能(TAE),选用t检验比较双侧膝屈伸的PT、AP、TW和TAE比较有无差异。结果患侧3种速度膝屈伸的峰力矩、平均功率、总做功量和力矩加速能均低于健侧,差异均显著(P<0.05～0.01)。结论PLID患者患侧膝屈伸肌力均明显下降,当患者症状缓解,进行康复治疗训练腰背肌、腹肌的同时,还应加强患侧下肢膝屈伸肌力的训练。     

下肢闭链等速测试系统在慢性下腰痛患者康复评价中的应用

目的通过对慢性下腰痛(CLBP)患者的下肢肌力的闭链等速测试,定量评价患者的下肢肌力的变化并探讨该项测试技术的意义.方法采用BIODEX-2AP闭链测试系统对36例慢性下腰痛患者的下肢进行测试.结果在60°/s、120°/s、180°/s限速条件下,患侧下肢屈伸肌的峰力矩、下肢屈伸肌峰力矩占体质量的比值和平均功率均较健侧有明显下降(P＜0.001);患侧的下肢屈伸肌肌力(峰力矩)比值与健侧比较差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论CLBP患者的患侧下肢屈伸肌力有不同程度的下降,同时用闭合链测试系统对CLBP患者进行下肢肌力等速测试,不失为一种反映其运动功能较全面的客观指标.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌等速肌力测试研究

目的：通过对脑卒中患者肘关节等速运动的测试分析，探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节肱二头肌、肱三头肌的功能，为脑卒中后偏瘫上肢的临床治疗和训练提供科学依据。方法：选择14例脑卒中轻偏瘫或处于恢复期的患者．观察在进行肘关节低速（60°/s）、中速（120°/s）、高速（180°/s）等速运动时，肘关节屈曲和伸展运动时的峰力矩、峰力矩，体重比、屈伸肌峰力矩比。比较肘关节高速运动测试时肘屈肌和伸肌的平均功率、做功量和到达峰力矩时间。结果：在低、中、高速3种运动速度测试时，肘屈、伸肌峰力矩及峰力矩体重比，患侧均较对侧减弱．两侧相比差异有显著和非常显著性意义；肘关节屈伸力矩比，在低速运动测试时患侧大于对侧（P〈0．05），中速和高速运动测试时患侧也有增大趋势，但无显著性差异；偏瘫患者在高速运动测试时，患侧肘关节不论是屈肌还是伸肌，其平均功率、做功量均较对侧明显下降，差异有显著性意义；到达峰力矩时间患侧伸肌明显延长，差异有显著性意义．患侧屈肌也较对侧有延长趋势，但无显著性差异。结论：轻偏瘫患者，其患侧肘关节屈伸肌肌力、肌肉耐力、肌肉做功效率均较对侧降低．而伸肌侧下降更明显。提示脑卒中后偏瘫上肢应以训练伸肌肌力为主。     

膝关节骨关节炎膝屈伸肌训练效果的差异性

目的 探讨膝关节骨关节炎患者屈、伸膝肌练习效果的差异性。方法 18例膝关节骨关节炎患者(26个患膝)进行3～6周、每周3次的肌力练习,伸膝肌和屈膝肌练习的程度相同。练习前、后测定60°/s、120°/s和180°/s等速运动的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能。结果 屈膝肌参数(包括60°/s的单次最佳做功,120°/s的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能,180°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能)均较伸膝肌参数有显著增加。结论 膝关节骨关节炎患者的伸膝肌和屈膝肌的练习效果不同,屈膝肌力改善程度好于伸膝肌。伸膝肌在功能性活动中起的作用更大,必须更注重伸膝肌的练习。     

骨关节炎性肌力减弱训练效果可能有选择性

目的观察肌力训练减轻膝关节骨关节炎肌肉抑制的效果,探讨存在肌群抑制的情况下选择性同等肌力训练可否产生不同的效果。方法18例膝骨关节炎患者(26膝)进行3～6周每周3次的肌力训练,伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练程度同等。前后测定60°/s、120°/s和180°/s等速运动的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能。结果屈膝肌参数包括60°/s的单次最佳做功、120°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能及180°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能,均较伸膝肌有显著增加。结论膝骨关节炎的伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练效果不同,屈膝肌力改善程度好于伸膝肌。     

偏瘫患者膝关节伸屈肌等速肌力测试研究

目的了解偏瘫病人恢复独立行走后患肢和健肢的肌力、屈伸肌力比,探讨膝关节不稳定的原因.方法采用CybexNORM系统对10例脑卒中偏瘫病人进行膝伸、屈肌等速肌力测试.结果3种角速度60、120、180(°/8)向心和60°/s离心伸屈肌峰力矩平均值健侧均高于患侧,伸肌120°、180°/8和屈肌60°、180°/s健侧峰力矩显著高于患侧(P值均＜0.05),离心伸肌60°/s时(P＜0.05);离心收缩大于向心收缩,峰值比(H/Q)均在40%～70%范围.60°/s膝10°位向心和离心伸肌力矩健侧显著高于患侧(P均＜0.05).结论偏瘫病人伸、屈肌肌力不足是造成行走时患膝不稳(膝过伸)的重要原因.     

不同体位肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定的重测信度研究

摘要 目的：利用Biodex?多关节等速力量测试和训练系统研究肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定在不同测试体位下的重测信度,为临床应用提供参考。 方法：28名健康受试者,选择向心/向心收缩模式,在60°/s和180°/s速度下分别进行坐位（肩关节外展45°、前屈30°,肩胛骨平面）与仰卧位（肩关节外展45°）肩关节旋转肌群的等速肌力评定,并于1周后由同一操作人员复测。使用组内相关系数（ICC）及测量标准误（SEM）比较不同体位重复测试的相对信度及绝对信度。 结果：峰力矩、总功、平均功率以及平均峰力矩在坐位与仰卧位测试中均显示了中度至高度的相对重测信度（ICC：0.83—0.98）;相对峰力矩（ICC：0.71—0.94）及外旋与内旋肌群肌力比值（ICC：0.29—0.84）的相对重测信度为低度至高度。总体绝对信度良好（SEM：6.8%—27.0%）,其中仰卧位的数值（SEM：6.8%—23.1%）较坐位的数值（SEM：7.2%—27.0%）更佳。 结论：坐位（肩关节外展45°、前屈30°,肩胛骨平面）及仰卧位（肩关节外展45°）两种体位进行肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定均具有良好的重测信度,其中仰卧位测试的信度较坐位更佳;在使用肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定结果评价受试者指标变化时,可能需要将测量标准误差考虑在内。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.