劳拉西泮联合低频重复经颅磁刺激对慢性失眠障碍的效果

目的探讨劳拉西泮联合低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对慢性失眠障碍的临床疗效,为慢性失眠障碍的治疗提供参考。方法纳入符合《中国失眠障碍诊断和治疗指南》慢性失眠障碍诊断标准的患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为劳拉西泮联合低频rTMS治疗组(研究组)与劳拉西泮联合伪低频rTMS治疗组(对照组)各60例。于治疗前和治疗第4周末进行多导睡眠监测(PSG),于治疗前和治疗第1、2、4周末进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定。结果①治疗第4周末,研究组PSQI评分低于对照组(t=-3. 506,P=0. 001),研究组睡眠质量疗效的显效率和有效率均高于对照组(χ~2=4. 658、5. 926,P均0. 05);研究组实际睡眠总时间、睡眠效率均高于对照组(t=2. 333～3. 784,P均0. 05),睡眠潜伏期、觉醒时间、觉醒次数、快速眼球运动睡眠潜伏期均低于对照组(t=-2. 903～-2. 214,P均0. 05)。②治疗第4周末,研究组HAMA评分低于对照组(t=-2. 072,P0. 05);治疗第1、2、4周末,研究组HAMD-17评分均低于对照组(t=-2. 190～-1. 701,P均0. 05)。结论劳拉西泮联合低频rTMS可能有助于改善慢性失眠障碍患者的睡眠质量,并缓解其抑郁、焦虑等负性情绪。     

失眠的认知行为治疗对失眠障碍患者睡眠质量和认知功能的影响

背景 失眠障碍已成为当前社会的一种常见疾病,失眠的认知行为治疗（CBTI）是失眠障碍的非药物治疗方法之一,其对失眠障碍患者睡眠质量和认知功能影响的研究有限。目的 探索CBTI对失眠障碍患者睡眠质量和认知功能的影响,为失眠障碍的非药物治疗提供参考。方法 选取2021年1月-2022年10月在四川省精神卫生中心就诊、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）诊断标准的47例失眠障碍患者为研究对象。患者接受为期6周的CBTI治疗。治疗前,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项（HAMD-24）和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定患者的抑郁和焦虑症状,在治疗前及治疗6周后采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评定患者的睡眠情况和认知功能。采用Spearman相关分析考查治疗后失眠障碍患者PSQI总评分减分值与MoCA总评分增分值的相关性。结果 治疗6周后,失眠障碍患者PSQI的主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍因子评分及PSQI总评分均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（t=5.569~15.290,P均<0.01）,MoCA的视空间与执行功能、命名、注意力、语言能力、抽象思维、记忆力因子评分及总评分均高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（t=-11.273~-4.277,P均<0.01）。Spearman相关分析显示,经6周CBTI治疗后,失眠障碍患者PSQI总评分减分值与MoCA总评分增分值呈正相关（r=0.323,P=0.027）。结论 CBTI可能有助于改善失眠障碍患者的睡眠质量和认知功能。CBTI干预后,失眠障碍患者睡眠质量的提高可能与认知功能的改善存在一定的关联。     

高频rTMS联合度洛西汀对青年首发广泛性焦虑障碍的疗效及认知功能的影响

目的探讨高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合度洛西汀对青年首发广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)的临床疗效、安全性及对认知功能的影响。方法将符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)广泛性焦虑障碍诊断标准的90例首发青年患者分为研究组和对照组,研究组接受高频rTMS(10 Hz)联合度洛西汀治疗,对照组接受伪经颅磁刺激联合度洛西汀治疗,观察期4周。于治疗前采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁状况,治疗前和治疗第1、2、4周末采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,治疗前和治疗第4周末使用MATRICS共识认知成套测验(MCCB)评定认知功能,治疗第4周末采用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果治疗后各时点,两组HAMA评分均较同组治疗前低(P均0.01)。治疗4周末,研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(88.89%vs.73.81%,χ~2=2.100,P=0.040),研究组推理及问题解决、社会认知领域评分均高于对照组(P均0.05)。治疗后,两组TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义[(2.48±0.86)分vs.(2.14±0.78)分,χ~2=0.640,P=0.420]。结论高频rTMS联合度洛西汀对GAD的疗效更好,且有助于改善推理及问题解决、社会认知等认知功能。     

唑吡坦治疗老年原发性失眠的开放性前瞻性多中心自身对照研究

目的 评价唑吡坦5 mg每日1次治疗老年原发性失眠的疗效和安全性.方法 采用开放性、前瞻性、固定剂量、多中心、自身对照的研究方法.115例符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版原发性失眠诊断标准的老年门诊患者每日1次服用固定剂量唑吡坦5 mg,疗程3周.以治疗第1周末匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评分(PSQI)相对于基线的差值作为研究的主要疗效评价指标,次要疗效指标包括:治疗第3周末PSQI评分相对于基线的差值,治疗第1周末和第3周末主观睡眠有效参数评分(睡眠潜伏期、总的睡眠时间、睡眠质量)相对于基线的差值,治疗第3周末17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评分和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分相对于基线的差值.结果 治疗第1周末,PSQI量表总分较基线下降2.8分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗第3周末,PSQI评分较基线下降3.2分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗第1周末和第3周末主观睡眠有效参数均有明显改善:睡眠潜伏期缩短(P＜0.01),睡眠时间延长(P＜0.01),日间功能提高(P＜0.01);治疗第3周末,患者的HAMD-17和HAMA评分较基线均有降低(P＜0.01);不良事件的发生率为19.1%,主要为头晕、头痛、困倦、恶心、乏力等,程度为轻、中度.结论 每日1次服用固定剂量唑吡坦5 mg治疗老年原发性失眠安全有效.     

舍曲林联合小剂量奥氮平对抑郁焦虑共病患者的疗效

目的观察舍曲林联合小剂量奥氮平对抑郁焦虑共病的疗效、安全性及其对患者睡眠质量的影响,为抑郁焦虑共病的治疗提供参考。方法纳入2019年10月-2020年8月在甘肃省天水市第三人民医院和天水市复退军人精神病疗养院门诊就诊、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁发作和广泛性焦虑障碍诊断标准的121例患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为研究组(n=61)和对照组(n=60),研究组采用舍曲林联合小剂量奥氮平治疗,对照组采用舍曲林治疗,观察期8周。于治疗前和治疗后第1、2、4、6、8周采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定病情严重程度,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评定睡眠质量,采用副反应量表(TESS)评定药物不良反应。结果治疗后,两组HAMD-17、HAMA和PSQI评分均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);治疗后各时点,研究组HAMD-17、HAMA和PSQI评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论舍曲林联合小剂量奥氮平与单一舍曲林对抑郁焦虑共病的治疗均有效,但联合用药在改善焦虑和失眠症状方面的效果更好、安全性更高。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激合并艾司西酞普兰治疗老年难治性抑郁症对照研究

目的 探讨高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）合并艾司西酞普兰对老年难治性抑郁症的治疗价值和安全性.方法 将70例老年抑郁症患者随机分为研究组和对照组各35例,两组患者均服用艾司西酞普兰15 mg/d,疗程4周;研究组合并rTMS治疗.治疗前后使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、贝克抑郁量表（BDI）、大体功能评定量表（GAF）及匹茨堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定疗效.结果 研究组有效率高于对照组（x2=6.97,P＜0.01）.研究组治疗4周后GAF量表评分与治疗前比较显著升高（P＜0.01）,而BDI、HAMD、PSQI量表评分均明显下降（P＜0.01）;对照组治疗4周后HAMD、PSQI量表评分与治疗前比较明显下降（P＜0.01）.治疗后GAF量表研究组评分显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;而BDI、HAMD、PSQI量表评分研究组显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 高频重复经颅磁刺激合并艾司西酞普兰治疗老年难治性抑郁症效果明显,无明显不良反应.     

右佐匹克隆与阿普唑仑辅助治疗抑郁症睡眠障碍对照研究

目的探讨右佐匹克隆辅助治疗抑郁症睡眠障碍的疗效及安全性。方法选取符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版》（CCMD-3）抑郁症诊断标准的门诊或住院抑郁症伴失眠患者,按随机数字表分为右佐匹克隆组和阿普唑仑组,二组均观察2周。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗后第2周末采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI）评定;在治疗前、治疗后第2周末采用汉密尔顿抑郁量1表-24（Hamihon Depression Rating Scale,HAMD-24）评定;在治疗后第1、2周末采用副反应量表（Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,TESS）评定。以PSQi的减分率判定疗效。结果右佐匹克隆组和阿普唑仑组治疗后PSQI评分经t检验（t=-3．58,P〉0．05）差异无统计学意义;但两组各因子分比较,治疗后日间功能障碍因子分右佐匹克隆组显著低于阿普唑仑组（t=5．18,P〈0．05）。右佐匹克隆组嗜睡、头昏各1例,阿普唑仑组嗜睡10例、头昏6例,两组经x。检验差异均有统计学意义（X^2=6．67、3．89,P〈0．01或0．05）;结论右佐匹克隆辅助治疗抑郁症睡眠障碍疗效显著,与阿普唑仑相比疗效没有差异。对日间功能的影响显著低于阿普唑仑,不良反应发生率少于阿普唑仑。     

心智化家庭治疗对青少年抑郁障碍患者抑郁症状及非自杀性自伤行为的影响

背景青少年抑郁障碍患病率高,且患者多伴有非自杀性自伤（NSSI）行为。改善青少年抑郁障碍患者病情已成为临床关注的重点。目的 探讨心智化家庭治疗（MBFT）对青少年抑郁障碍患者抑郁症状及NSSI行为的影响,为促进青少年抑郁障碍患者康复提供参考。方法 于2022年1月—12月选取武汉市精神卫生中心收治的符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）抑郁障碍诊断标准的90例青少年抑郁障碍患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组（n=44）和对照组（n=46）。两组均接受常规干预,研究组在此基础上接受为期8周、每周1次、每次60 min的MBFT干预。分别于干预前和干预第1、2、4、8周末,对两组患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版（HAMD-24）、自我效能感量表（GSES）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）以及渥太华自我伤害调查表（OSI）评定。结果 重复测量方差分析结果显示,干预前和干预第1、2、4、8周末,两组HAMD-24评分（F=69.621、15.428、29.623,P均?0.05）、OSI总评分（F=176.642、37.682、21.873,P均?0.05）、GSES评分...     

伴失眠的抑郁症患者睡眠认知特征及其对睡眠质量的影响

目的 了解伴失眠的抑郁症患者对睡眠的信念与态度，并探讨其对睡眠质量的影响。方法 纳入在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院就诊、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第4版）》（DSM-IV）诊断标准的伴失眠的抑郁症患者（n=61）和原发性失眠患者（n=62）为研究对象，并招募健康对照组（n=64）。三组被试均接受睡眠功能失调信念和态度量表（DBAS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定，伴失眠的抑郁症患者同时接受汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评定。采用协方差分析比较三组被试PSQI和DBAS评分。采用多元线性回归分析探讨伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分的影响因素。结果 伴失眠的抑郁症组和原发性失眠组PSQI评分均高于对照组（t=18.932、18.610，P均<0.01），两组DBAS评分均低于对照组（t=-5.561、-5.791，P均<0.01）。以伴失眠的抑郁症患者PSQI评分作为因变量，建立的多元线性回归方程具有统计学意义（F=14.095，R²=0.327，P<0.05），DBAS中对睡眠的预测与控制因子和年龄是患者睡眠质量的影响因素（B=-0.100、-0.279，P<0.05或0.01）。结论 伴失眠的抑郁症患者比正常人存在更多的睡眠相关负性认知，且不良认知可能是其睡眠质量的影响因素。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合度洛西汀治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍

目的：观察重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）联合度洛西汀治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍的疗效及安全性。方法将56例持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍患者随机分为2组,研究组采用rTMS联合度洛西汀治疗,对照组单用度洛西汀治疗,治疗前及治疗后2、4、6周末采用简易McGill疼痛量表（SF‐MPQ）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定疗效,不良反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果2组治疗后SF‐MPQ的PPI总分及 HAMD评分均较治疗前有显著下降（P＜0.01）,而且治疗2、4、6周末研究组SF‐MPQ的PPI总分均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,治疗2周末研究组 HAMD评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;2组不良反应发生率比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论 rTMS联合度洛西汀治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍疗效好,起效快,不良反应轻微。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]