青少年抑郁障碍患者非自杀性自伤行为诊断性预测模型的建立及验证

目的 建立青少年抑郁障碍患者非自杀性自伤（NSSI）行为诊断性预测模型,以期对青少年抑郁障碍患者NSSI行为的早期识别提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月1日-12月31日在深圳市康宁医院儿少科住院的抑郁障碍患者（n=366）临床资料。根据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）诊断标准,将患者分为伴NSSI行为组（n=289）和不伴NSSI行为组（n=77）。将366例患者按7∶3随机分为训练集（n=258）和验证集（n=108）。使用Logistic回归分析筛选青少年抑郁障碍患者NSSI行为的独立危险因素,建立预测模型。使用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）评估训练集和验证集模型的区分度,使用校准曲线评估训练集和验证集模型的校准度,使用Homser-Lemeshow(HL)检验评估模型的拟合优度,使用临床决策分析（DCA）曲线评价模型的临床获益情况。结果 性别（β=1.734,OR=5.561,95%CI:2.678～11.964）、受教育程度（β=0.864,OR=2.737,95%CI:1.174～4.795）、自杀未遂史（β=0.932,OR=2.53...     

湖南省严重精神障碍患者肇事肇祸行为的影响因素分析

目的 探讨严重精神障碍患者肇事肇祸的主要影响因素。方法 在湖南省严重精神障碍信息管理系统中筛选出2019年11月～2020年10月期间有肇事肇祸行为的患者489例作为研究组,随机抽取无肇事肇祸行为的患者489例作为对照组,共978例患者作为研究对象。采用χ2检验及二元逐步Logistic回归分析肇事肇祸行为的影响因素。结果 男性、中青年(18～44岁、45～60岁)、文化程度低、户别为城镇、自知力缺乏、服药不规律、不参加社区康复服务是患者发生肇事肇祸行为的危险因素,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 应重点关注自知力缺乏、服药不规律、男性、18～60岁、文化程度低、户别为城镇、不参加社区康复服务的严重精神障碍患者,采取针对性措施,降低肇事肇祸行为发生率。     

深圳市社区严重精神障碍不服药患者发生暴力行为的影响因素分析

目的分析深圳市社区严重精神障碍不服药患者暴力行为发生的相关因素。方法利用深圳市精神卫生防治工作信息管理系统收集严重精神障碍患者个案资料和随访资料,描述分析不服药患者暴力行为的发生现状,应用Logistic回归模型分析其影响因素。结果3163例社区严重精神障碍不服药患者中9.1%(288/3163)的患者发生暴力行为。多元Logisitic回归分析显示,急性起病(OR=1.589,95%CI 1.181~2.139)为暴力行为发生的危险因素;有共同居住者(OR=0.596,95%CI 0.410~0.867)、精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍(OR=0.432,95%CI 0.199~0.938)、申请监护补助(OR=0.440,95%CI 0.319~0.606)、签约家庭医师服务(OR=0.642,95%CI 0.492~0.838)和社区面访(OR1-2次=0.633,95%CI 0.466~0.861;OR3-4次=0.546,95%CI 0.368~0.811)为暴力行为发生的保护因素。结论急性起病的严重精神障碍不服药患者暴力行为发生率较高。提升社区精神卫生综合服务水平,制定有针对性的干预措施,有助于降低社区严重精神障碍不服药患者暴力行为的发生。     

老年高血压脑出血患者再出血的风险预测模型构建与验证

目的 构建老年高血压脑出血患者再出血的风险预测模型,并验证其效能。方法 回顾性分析郑州大学第五附属医院2019-01-2021-12收治的336例老年高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,随机分为建模集（n=224）与验证集（n=112）。随访12个月,根据是否发生再出血将建模集分为发生组（n=40）和未发生组（n=184）,Logistic回归分析探讨再出血的危险因素;R软件rms程序包绘制风险预测列线图模型,Bootstrap法和受试者工作特征（ROC）对构建的模型的预测效能进行验证。结果 再出血发生率18.15%,建模集与验证集再出血发生率分别为17.86%、18.75%,且多发生于发病后1周内;发生组高血压病程长于未发生组[（15.15±3.20）a比（10.28±2.04）a,P<0.05）],脑出血量多于未发生组[（79.91±15.56）mL比（51.12±10.58）m L,P<0.05）],血肿形态不规则、合并糖尿病、凝血功能障碍、降压治疗不依从占比均高于未发生组（42.50%比22.83%,45.00%比23.91%,35.00%比15.76%,27.50%比10...     

基于机器学习算法构建缺血性卒中3个月死亡预测模型研究

目的 探讨基于机器学习算法XGBoost构建缺血性卒中发病3个月死亡预测模型的应用价值。 方法 选择中国国家卒中登记（China National Stoke Registry，CNSR）数据库中缺血性卒中患者为研 究对象。按照7∶3比例随机分为训练集和测试集，训练集用于构建预测模型，测试集用于评价模型效 果。分别采用XGBoost和Logistic回归方法构建缺血性卒中发病3个月死亡预测模型，通过ROC曲线下面 积（area under the curve，AUC）评价两种模型的预测价值。 结果 共纳入10 645例缺血性卒中患者，平均年龄65.18±12.23岁，女性4045例（38.0%），入院 NIHSS评分4（2～9）分,3个月死亡患者447例（4.48%）。XGBoost和Logistic回归预测模型的AUC分别为 0.8539、0.8278（P =0.0835），灵敏度分别为0.7413、0.7133，特异度分别为0.8286、0.8040。 结论 基于机器学习算法XGBoost构建的缺血性卒中死亡预测模型表现良好且稳定。     

基于机器学习算法的脑出血相关肺炎预测模型研究

目的 建立基于机器学习的脑出血相关肺炎预测模型。 方法 选择中国国家卒中登记Ⅱ（China National Stoke Registry Ⅱ，CNSRⅡ）数据库中发病7 d内的急 性脑出血住院患者为研究对象，登记时间为2012年5月-2013年1月，研究覆盖我国219家医院。研究对 象按照8∶2比例随机分为训练集和测试集。采用多因素Logistic回归分析，筛选出候选预测因子。应用 基于机器学习的Logistic回归、CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM算法构建诊断预测模型，比较4种方法构建 的模型对脑出血相关肺炎的预测诊断价值。 结果 本研究共筛选2303例患者，平均年龄62.1±12.7岁，其中男性占62.1%。患者随机分为训 练集（n =1841）和测试集（n =462），两组脑出血相关肺炎发生率分别为15.6%和15.8%（χ 2=0.007， P =0.934）。根据多因素Logistic回归分析，候选预测因子为年龄（OR 1.03，95%CI 1.02～1.04）、NIHSS 评分（OR 1.02，95%CI 1.00～1.04）、白细胞计数（OR 1.11，95%CI 1.07～1.16）和吞咽功能障碍（OR 6.85，95%CI 5.01～9.39）。Logistic回归、CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM四种模型灵敏度分别为75.34%、 50.68%、80.82%和80.82%；特异度分别为68.64%、86.12%、52.96%和57.33%；ROC曲线下面积分别 为0.776、0.692、0.736和0.767。Logistic回归和LightGBM模型诊断效果显著高于CatBoost和XGBoost模型 （DeLong test，P <0.05）。 结论 基于机器学习建立的脑出血相关肺炎风险预测模型有较高的诊断价值，年龄、NIHSS评分、白 细胞计数和吞咽功能障碍为模型的候选预测因子，可将模型纳入脑出血相关肺炎诊断决策。本研究 结果的临床应用价值有待于更大样本的外部队列进行验证。     

住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者自知力水平的保护性因素

目的 探讨住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者自知力水平及其保护性因素。方法 在广州市4家精神科住院部连续入组符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）双相障碍或精神分裂症诊断标准的患者465例。采用自编人口学及临床特征问卷、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）进行调查，比较不同自知力水平患者的人口学和临床特征，采用两分类Logistic回归分析探讨自知力的保护因素。结果 年龄小（OR=0.977）、男性（OR=1.705）、曾经结婚或同居（OR=1.677）、诊断为双相障碍（OR=2.185）、最近一个月有悲观厌世（OR=2.663）、每天睡眠时间≥7小时（OR=1.620）、每周运动1~2次（OR=1.770）是住院双相障碍和精神分裂症患者自知力的保护因素。结论 住院双相障碍和精神分裂症患者自知力水平与多种人口学特征及临床特征相关。     

伴混合特征的抑郁障碍患者发生非自杀性自伤的危险因素分析

目的 探讨抑郁障碍伴混合特征（DMX）患者发生非自杀性自伤（NSSI）的危险因素。 方法 选取 2021 年 5 月 4 日至 2022 年 7 月 29 日在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院抑郁症门诊就诊的 100 例 DMX 患者为研究对象，根据自我伤害行为问卷中近 1 年是否发生 NSSI 行为将患者分为 NSSI 组 （n=39）和非 NSSI 组（n=61）。采用 17 项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-17）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、杨 氏躁狂量表（YMRS）和哥伦比亚自杀量表（C-SSRS）4 个他评量表评估患者的抑郁、焦虑、躁狂严重程 度和自杀意念风险等级。采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）、广泛性焦虑障碍量表（GAD-7）和斯奈 思 - 汉密尔顿快感量表（SHAPS）3 个自评量表评估患者的抑郁、焦虑和快感缺失严重程度。采用多因 素 Logistic 回归模型分析 DMX 患者发生 NSSI 的危险因素。结果 两组患者年龄、居住方式、起病年龄、 HAMD-17 得分、PHQ-9 得分、SHAPS 得分以及自杀意念风险等级比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）。 多因素 Logistic 回归分析结果显示，年龄小（OR=0.900，95%CI=0.829～0.977，P=0.012）、HAMD-17 得分高 （OR=1.361，95%CI=1.013～1.829，P=0.042）、SHAPS 得分高（OR=1.147，95%CI=1.078～1.215，P＜ 0.001） 是 DMX 患者伴 NSSI 的危险因素。结论 年龄小、抑郁程度重、快感缺失程度重是 DMX 患者 NSSI 发生 的危险因素，在临床中应关注伴有此特征的 DMX 患者，尽早干预，以减少 NSSI 的发生。     

北京市怀柔区社区严重精神障碍患者免费服药依从性相关因素分析

目的 探索了解北京市怀柔区社区居家严重精神障碍患者免费服药依从性的相关因素。 方法 采用简单随机抽样的方法，对 2018 年 3 月至 2019 年 3 月期间，登记在“北京市怀柔区精神卫生管 理系统”的社区免费服药的严重精神障碍患者 600 例进行 Morisky 自我报告服药依从性问卷（MAQ-8）调 查，依据调查情况分为依从性差（MAQ-8 得分＜ 6 分）组与依从性好（MAQ-8 得分 6～8 分）组。收集所有 对象的一般特征（性别、年龄、工作情况、居住环境、婚姻状态、居住方式、躯体疾病、家族史、药敏史、疾 病类型、家庭收入、受教育年限、住院次数等）以及影响服药依从性的因素。采用访谈法对 15 例严重精 神障碍患者进行个案访谈，通过现象学分析法对资料进行分析，得到影响服药依从性的 9 个主题；采用 t检验和χ2 检验分析依从性差组与依从性好组患者一般特征的差异，采用多因素 Logistic 回归分析方法 分析影响患者依从性的因素。结果 本次研究共筛查 600 例，采集有效信息 435 例，其中 325 例（74.7%） 服药依从性好，110 例（25.3%）服药依从性差；未按医嘱服药的原因中，选择率最高者为忘记服用（60.0%， 66/110），其次为无监护人管理督促（43.6%，48/110）和自知力缺乏（35.5%，39/110）。多因素 Logistic 回归 分析结果显示，居住环境在平原区的患者服药依从性劣于山区的患者（OR=2.41，95%CI：1.14～5.10，P＜ 0.05）；家庭月收入＜ 3 000 元的患者服药依从性优于家庭月收入≥ 5 000 元的患者（OR=0.36，95%CI： 0.19～0.70，P＜ 0.01）；受教育程度低是服药依从性的危险因素（OR=13.81，95%CI：2.82～67.7，P＜ 0.01）。 结论 北京市怀柔区的居家免费服药的严重精神障碍患者中，居住环境、家庭月收入、受教育年限是影 响依从性的主要影响因素。未按医嘱服药的原因主要为各种原因忘记服用，其次为无监护人管理督促 而未服药和自知力缺乏。     

老年期情感性精神障碍患者自杀危险因素的随访研究

目的 探讨老年期情感性精神障碍患者自杀的危险因素。方法 采用队列内病例对照研究方法，对符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版修订本中情感性精神障碍诊断标准出院的72例老年患者，进行为期6－7年的随访、自杀危险因素的单因素分析和非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 18例（25％）患者发生过自杀，其中自杀未遂15例（21％），自杀死亡3例（4％）。自杀危险因素为双相昆合或快速循环型、频繁发作和自杀未遂史，保护因素为多次住院。结论 有潜在自杀危险因素的老年情感性精神障碍患者应加强自杀的预防，住院为有效的预防措施之一。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.