北京海淀街道3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血现状分析

目的 了解北京市海淀街道6个月至3岁散居儿童缺铁性贫血流行状况及相关因素.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,检测末梢血红蛋白.结果 北京市海淀街道2006至2010年6个月至3岁儿童缺铁性贫血的患病情况呈逐年下降趋势(x2=4.530,P＜0.05),以轻度贫血为主;6个月至3岁散居儿童随着年龄的增高,贫血的患病率逐渐降低(x2=12.128,P＜0.01);按照常规添加辅食的月龄统计,添加辅食越早、种类越多,贫血患病率越低;6个月龄婴儿不同的喂养方式对儿童贫血患病率有影响,母乳喂养组与混合喂养组差异有统计学意义(x2=5.862,P＜0.05),母乳喂养组与人工喂养组差异有统计学意义(x2=6.452,P＜0.05).结论 重视缺铁性贫血的监测和管理,及时正确添加辅食、适当的喂养方式、合理均衡的膳食是预防儿童贫血的重要措施.     

甘肃农村已婚妇女宫颈癌及妇科疾病患病现状分析

目的 通过对甘肃省农村妇女进行宫颈癌筛查,掌握本省农村妇女病及宫颈癌患病情况.方法 对475 845例年龄35～ 59岁的农村已婚妇女进行宫颈癌检查,并进行统计分析.结果 475 845例被检查者中,生殖道感染患病率为55.934％;宫颈癌前病变患病率为0.363％;原位癌患病率0.025％;浸润癌患病率为0.030％.生殖道感染患病率最高为陇东地区(71.543％),最低为中部地区(37.382％),各地区患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=36 718.430,P＜0.01).陇东地区CINⅡ和CINⅢ患病率分别为0.109％和0.104％,均显著高于河西、中部和南部3个地区(CINⅡ陇东地区与河西、中部、南部比较,x2值分别为13.804、13.728、22.308; CINⅢ陇东地区与河西、中部、南部比较,x2值分别为89.078、11.324、12.175,均P＜0.01).河西地区CINⅢ患病率显著低于中部、南部和陇东地区x(2值分别为44.168、26.022、89.078,均P＜0.01).南部地区与中部地区CINⅡ和CINⅢ患病率比较差异无统计学意义x(2值分别为4.061、0.762,均P＞0.05).本省宫颈癌患病率为30.262/10万,各地区患病率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=25.194,P＜0.01),南部地区患病率显著高于河西地区和中部地区(x2值分别为23.743、11.900,均P＜0.01).结论 甘肃省妇女病患病率较高,宫颈癌患病率高于全国平均水平.     

不同地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血与膳食组成关系的调查研究

采用血红蛋白(Hb),红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)及血清铁蛋白(SF)等多项血液学指标,对六个省区不同民族的学龄前儿童进行了缺铁性贫血患病情况的调查,同时结合膳食组成的调查,分析其与缺铁性贫血患病的关系。结果发现:铁缺乏症平均为59.1％,缺铁性贫血患病率为16.4％,年龄分布以6个月和1岁组最高,分别为28.7％及22.7％。通过膳食组成调查分析,发现不同地区小儿缺铁性贫血患病率与当地的膳食组成有密切关系。除膳食铁外,摄取动物性食品及蛋白质较高的地区,其缺铁性贫血患病率较低。     

散居与集体儿童贫血状况调查分析

目的了解散居与集体3～6岁儿童贫血状况.方法用氰化高铁法检测血红蛋白(Hb).结果散居儿童与集体儿童贫血患病率分别为34.92%、25.03%,差异非常显著(x2=13.83,P＜0.01).结论改善饮食方式避免儿童偏食、厌食现象的发生,实时添加富含铁质、蛋白质、维生素等营养成分的食物,是降低3～6岁儿童贫血患病率的根本措施.     

河北省任县2668名干部职工血脂异常及并发症调查

目的 调查分析河北省任县干部职工血脂异常与并发症发病情况,为制定其预防与控制措施提供依据.方法 以河北省任县2668人在职和离退休干部职工为调查对象,对高血脂、高血压、高血糖、超重与肥胖、颈动脉脂质沉积、脂肪肝、眼睑黄色瘤、脑梗死患病情况和放置冠脉支架情况进行流行病学调查.结果 在2668名被调查者中,男性血脂异常标化患病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(x2=16.33,P＜0.01).在男性血脂异常患者中,20～29、30 ～ 39岁、40 ～49岁年龄段血脂异常患病率明显高于女性,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.89、16.68、11.22,P＜0.01).在50岁以后,男女血脂异常患病率的差异无统计学意义(x2=1.23、2.36,P＞0.05).在血脂异常患者中,常见的慢性并发症高血压、高血糖、超重与肥胖、颈动脉脂质沉积、脂肪肝、眼睑黄色瘤、脑梗死和放置冠脉支架者明显高于血脂正常者,差异均有统计学意义(x2=98.69、92.23、92.83、187.57、162.32、67.88、12.65、13.96,P＜0.01).结论 该县干部职工血脂异常患病率较高,血脂异常与眼睑黄色瘤、心脑血管疾病以及糖尿病等慢性疾病的患病率有关.     

2016-2020年金湖县体弱儿管理状况及影响因素

目的 了解金湖县体弱儿童管理状况,为系统规范管理体弱儿提供科学依据.方法 选取2016-2020年金湖县儿保门诊发现的0～3岁体弱儿,了解其疾病分类和分布情况,并对其健康现状及其影响因素进行分析.结果 2016-2020年,金湖县系统管理0～3岁婴幼儿11671人,筛出体弱儿1037例,体弱儿发生率8.89％,结案率97.01％.5年间,体弱儿发生率呈逐年减少趋势,结案率呈逐年升高趋势(x2趋势=36.24、10.33,P值均＜0.05).男性体弱儿发生率(9.86％)高于女性(7.78％),差异有统计学意义(x2=15.48,P＜0.01).0岁组体弱儿发生率(7.33％)高于1岁组(1.04％)和2岁组(0.51％),差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).农村户籍体弱儿发生率(12.10％)高于城镇居民(7.76％),差异有统计学意义(x 2 =50.83,P＜0.01).营养性缺铁性贫血位居疾病分类首位,占67.89％.结论 金湖县体弱儿发生率相对较低,疾病以营养性缺铁性贫血为主,应进一步加强体弱儿专案管理,加强营养监测和健康教育.     

广西壮族自治区农村居民精神分裂症患病率及影响因素分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区农村地区≥15岁居民精神分裂症患病率的分布特征和影响因素,为保护当地居民身体健康提供科学依据.方法 2007年7-12月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取10个县13910名≥15岁的农村居民为调查对象进行入户调查.以中国疾病预防控制中心提供的中文版本的复合性国际诊断问卷(CIDI3.0)为筛查工具,以国际疾病及相关健康问题分类第10版(ICD-10)为诊断标准.结果 广西农村≥15岁居民精神分裂症终生患病率为9.20‰.精神分裂症终生患病率在不同年龄之间差异有统计学意义(x2=21.653,P=0.001),25～岁组患病率(17.26‰)最高.不同教育水平人群的精神分裂症终生患病率差异有统计学意义(x2=5.008,P=0.025),高中及以上文化程度人群的患病率(4.74‰)低于初中及以下人群(10.12‰).不同婚姻状况的精神分裂症终生患病率差异有统计学意义(x2=58.770,P＜0.01),未婚人群患病率(22.56‰)最高.不同性别和不同民族间精神分裂症终生患病率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,年龄、教育水平、婚姻状况3个因素进入回归模型,是影响广西农村地区精神分裂症患病的主要因素.结论 广西农村地区25～34岁、初中及以下文化程度者和未婚人群精神分裂症患病率较高,是广西农村精神分裂症防治的重点人群.     

河北省6月～5岁儿童贫血患病率现况分析

目的:了解河北省6月～5岁儿童贫血患病状况,为今后开展儿童贫血防治工作提供科学依据。方法:采用分层随机整群抽样法,以河北省24个县、3个城市6月～5岁儿童为研究对象,进行体格测量和血红蛋白(Hb)含量测定。结果:共检测儿童3 992人,平均Hb含量为(123.5±11.7)g/L,贫血人数为835人,贫血患病率为20.92%,以轻度贫血为主,占88.9%。农村儿童贫血患病率(22.71%)高于城市(11.69%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=39.9,P=0.000)。男孩贫血患病率为24.18%,女孩为23.02%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.92,P=0.17)。6～24月龄儿童是贫血患病的高峰阶段,最高峰在12～18月龄,为32.51%。贫血儿童低体重患病率和生长发育迟缓率明显高于不贫血儿童,RR=1.68和RR=1.80。结论:河北省6月～5岁儿童的贫血状况不容乐观,重点地区在农村,重点年龄是2岁以下。今后应加强儿童贫血防治力度,采取相应干预措施,改善河北省儿童贫血状况。     

内蒙古牧区蒙汉两民族55岁以上人群轻度认知功能障碍的患病率调查

目的 了解内蒙古牧区蒙、汉族≥55岁人群轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的患病情况及分布特点.方法 根据美国精神病学会精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版修订版(DSM-Ⅳ)中MCI的临床诊断标准,对牧区≥55岁蒙、汉族人群进行MCI患病情况调查.结果 蒙、汉族≥55岁人群MCI粗患病率为19.48％ (1782/9146),标化患病率为18.98％;蒙、汉族MCI粗患病率分别为17.46％(标化患病率为16.99％)和20.60％(标化患病率为19.98％).蒙、汉族人群MCI粗患病率与年龄具有明显的相关性,MCI粗患病率随年龄增长而明显增加,蒙古族从55～59岁的12.17％上升至85岁的27.78％,汉族从55 ～59岁的15.50％上升至85岁的23.53％.蒙古族人群MCI患病率与汉族人群比较差异有统计学意义(x2=13.229,P=0.000),汉族人群高于蒙古族人群.蒙古族女性与男性相比,MCI患病差异无统计学意义(x2=2.376,P=0.123);汉族女性与男性相比,MCI患病差异有统计学意义,女性患病风险高于男性(x2=24.470,P=0.000).结论 内蒙古牧区蒙、汉族老年人群MCI患病率较高,不同年龄、不同性别人群MCI患病率存在差异.     

百色市苗、汉族居民高血压及代谢综合征患病分析

目的 探讨苗、汉族高血压(PH)和代谢综合征(MS)的患病特点.方法 于2009年2-12月分层随机抽取广西省隆林县新州镇和者浪乡苗族1102人和汉族2068人进行调查.结果 苗族PH患病166例,患病率为15.06％(男性129例,患病率为18.75％;女性37例,患病率为8.94％);汉族PH患病486例,患病率为23.50％(男性365例,患病率为27.36％;女性121例,患病率为16.49％);苗族PH患病率低于汉族(x2=31.326,P＜0.01),苗、汉族男性均高于女性(x2=19.452、31.155,P＜0.01);苗族MS患病128例,患病率为11.62％(男性94例,患病率为13.66％;女性34例,患病率为8.21％);汉族MS患病363例,患病率为17.55％(男性275例,患病率为28.11％;女性88例,患病率为11.99％);苗族MS患病率低于汉族(x2=19.365,P＜0.05),苗、汉族男性均高于女性(x2=7.479、24.342,P＜0.01);苗族肥胖、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)和空腹血糖(FBC)异常率均低于汉族(x2=5.425～86.553,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);苗族PH患者对PH的知晓率、治疗率均低于汉族患者(x2=37.991、13.679,P＜0.01).结论 苗族居民PH和MS患病率均低于当地生活的汉族居民,其伴发慢性血管疾病危险因素也较少,对PH知晓率、治疗率低.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.